Axial Skeleton Structure List

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AXIAL SKELETON STRUCTURE LIST You are responsible for all structures in these lists, and the lecture notes. Be able to identify all structures on bones in lab, diagrams and photos from your text. SKULL cranium ethmoid bone temporal fossa calvarium cribriform plate frontal bone crista galli nasal septum frontal squama perpendicular plate perpendicular plate superciliary arch orbital plate vomer supraorbital margin superior nasal concha sutures supraorbital foramen (notch) middle nasal concha coronal glabella zygomatic bone sagittal parietal bone temporal process squamous temporal bone maxilla lambdoid temporal squama palatine process occipito-mastoid mastoid process infraorbital margin holes styloid process incisive fossa optic canal zygomatic process inferior nasal concha superior orbital fissure external acoustic meatus palatine bone inferior orbital fissure internal acoustic meatus palatine foramina supraorbital foramen petrous portion lacrimal bone infraorbital foramen mandibular fossa nasolacrimal duct mental foramen occipital bone nasal bone mandibular foramen foramen magnum vomer foramen magnum basilar portion (clivus) mandible stylomastoid foramen occipital condyles body , ramus, angle jugular foramen external occiptal protuberance mandibular condyle carotid canal inferior, superior nuchal lines coronoid process foramen lacerum sphenoid bone mandibular notch foramen spinosum greater wing mandibular foramen foramen ovale lesser wing foramen rotundum sella turcica orbit hypoglossal canal hypophyseal fossa frontal external acoustic meatus dorsum sellae zygomatic internal acoustic meatus tuberculum sellae maxilla incisive fossa pterygoid processes ethmoid olfactory foramina medial , lateral pterygoid plates sphenoid lacrimal VERTEBRAL COLUMN RIBS and STERNUM individual vertebra 7 true ribs vertebral body 3 false ribs vertebral arch 2 floating ribs pedicle rib head lamina rib tubercle transverse process costal cartilage spinous process superior articular process sternum inferior articular process manubrium vertebral canal xiphoid process intervertebral foramen sternal (jugular) notch transverse foramen cervical vertebra C1-C7 atlas C1 lateral mass anterior arch and tubercle posterior arch and tubercle axis C2 dens / odontoid process thoracic vertebra lumbar vertebra hyoid bone greater cornu lesser cornu sacrum sacral base sacral body sacral ala sacral promontory sacral canal sacral hiatus sacral foramina sacral crests coccyx intervertebral disc nucleus pulposus annulus fibrosus .

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Gross Anatomy Assignment Name: Olorunfemi Peace Toluwalase Matric No: 17/Mhs01/257 Dept: Mbbs Course: Gross Anatomy of Head and Neck
GROSS ANATOMY ASSIGNMENT NAME: OLORUNFEMI PEACE TOLUWALASE MATRIC NO: 17/MHS01/257 DEPT: MBBS COURSE: GROSS ANATOMY OF HEAD AND NECK QUESTION 1 Write an essay on the carvernous sinus. The cavernous sinuses are one of several drainage pathways for the brain that sits in the middle. In addition to receiving venous drainage from the brain, it also receives tributaries from parts of the face. STRUCTURE ➢ The cavernous sinuses are 1 cm wide cavities that extend a distance of 2 cm from the most posterior aspect of the orbit to the petrous part of the temporal bone. ➢ They are bilaterally paired collections of venous plexuses that sit on either side of the sphenoid bone. ➢ Although they are not truly trabeculated cavities like the corpora cavernosa of the penis, the numerous plexuses, however, give the cavities their characteristic sponge-like appearance. ➢ The cavernous sinus is roofed by an inner layer of dura matter that continues with the diaphragma sellae that covers the superior part of the pituitary gland. The roof of the sinus also has several other attachments. ➢ Anteriorly, it attaches to the anterior and middle clinoid processes, posteriorly it attaches to the tentorium (at its attachment to the posterior clinoid process). Part of the periosteum of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone forms the floor of the sinus. ➢ The body of the sphenoid acts as the medial wall of the sinus while the lateral wall is formed from the visceral part of the dura mater. CONTENTS The cavernous sinus contains the internal carotid artery and several cranial nerves. Abducens nerve (CN VI) traverses the sinus lateral to the internal carotid artery.
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Skeletal System
1 Name___________________________________ Date____________________________________ Laboratory Report Skeletal system: Axial skeleton and bony landmarks: Review each bone and landmark/s during lab. Skull- Cranial Bones: Frontal Bone supraorbital foramen frontal sinuses supraorbital margins glabella Parietal Bones sagittal suture coronal suture squamous suture lambdoid suture Temporal Bones zygomatic process mandibular fossa external auditory meatus mastoid process styloid process internal acoustic meatus carotid canal jugular foramen Occipital Bone: foramen magnum external occipital protuberance nuchal lines (superior and inferior) occipital condyle hypoglossal canal condylar canal Sphenoid: sella turcica tuberculum sellae dorsum sellae hypophyseal fossa greater wing lesser wing optic foramen superior orbital fissure pterygoid processes Foramen associated with the sphenoid: foramen ovale foramen lacerum* foramen rotundum foramen spinosum *found between sphenoid, temporal and occipital bones Ethmoid Bone: crista galli cribiform plate perpendicular plate cribiform/olfactory foramina superior nasal conchae/turbinates middle nasal conchae/turbinates 2 Skull- Facial Bones: Nasal Bones Palatine Bones Inferior Nasal chonchae/turbinates Vomer Maxillae: Intermaxillary suture Infraorbital foramen alveolar processes incisive foramen Zygomatic Bones temporal arch zygomaticofacial foramen Lacrimal Bones lacrimal fossa Mandible body rami angle condyloid process coronoid process mandibular foramen mental foramen alveolar process mandiubular condyles mandiubular notch Orbits (eye sockets) Formed by seven skull bones: 3 cranial; 4 facial: Frontal Sphenoid Ethmoid Zygomatic Maxillae Lacrimal Palatine Associated structures include: optic foramen superior orbital fissure inferior orbital fissure Bones associated with the skull Hyoid Bone: greater cornu lesser cornu body Auditory Ossicles: Malleus Incus Stapes 3 1. Label the following illustration of the skull (anterior view): 4 2. Label the following illustration of the skull (midsagittal view): 5 3.
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Morfofunctional Structure of the Skull
N.L. Svintsytska V.H. Hryn Morfofunctional structure of the skull Study guide Poltava 2016 Ministry of Public Health of Ukraine Public Institution «Central Methodological Office for Higher Medical Education of MPH of Ukraine» Higher State Educational Establishment of Ukraine «Ukranian Medical Stomatological Academy» N.L. Svintsytska, V.H. Hryn Morfofunctional structure of the skull Study guide Poltava 2016 2 LBC 28.706 UDC 611.714/716 S 24 «Recommended by the Ministry of Health of Ukraine as textbook for English- speaking students of higher educational institutions of the MPH of Ukraine» (minutes of the meeting of the Commission for the organization of training and methodical literature for the persons enrolled in higher medical (pharmaceutical) educational establishments of postgraduate education MPH of Ukraine, from 02.06.2016 №2). Letter of the MPH of Ukraine of 11.07.2016 № 08.01-30/17321 Composed by: N.L. Svintsytska, Associate Professor at the Department of Human Anatomy of Higher State Educational Establishment of Ukraine «Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy», PhD in Medicine, Associate Professor V.H. Hryn, Associate Professor at the Department of Human Anatomy of Higher State Educational Establishment of Ukraine «Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy», PhD in Medicine, Associate Professor This textbook is intended for undergraduate, postgraduate students and continuing education of health care professionals in a variety of clinical disciplines (medicine, pediatrics, dentistry) as it includes the basic concepts of human anatomy of the skull in adults and newborns. Rewiewed by: O.M. Slobodian, Head of the Department of Anatomy, Topographic Anatomy and Operative Surgery of Higher State Educational Establishment of Ukraine «Bukovinian State Medical University», Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor M.V.
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Lab Week 7 Part 1 Radius and Ulna
11/7/2018 Lab Week 7 Part 1 Radius and Ulna Part 1 Activities 1. Observe bones and structures from list 2. Bones of the Forearm worksheet in packet 3. Bones of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs worksheet in packet Part 2 Femur, Tibia, & Fibula 1 11/7/2018 Part 2 Activities 1. Observe bones and structures from list 2. Bones of the Lower Limbs worksheet in packet 3. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs worksheet in packet Functions of the Skull • Support • Movement Part 3 • Protection Skull Notes may be found in your packet: SS 27-28 The Skull The Skull 22 bones, 2 groups 2. Facial bones (14 bones) 1. Cranial bones (8) • Framework of face • Enclose the brain in the cranial cavity • Cavities for special sense organs of sight, taste, and • Provide sites of attachment for head and neck muscles smell • • Provide support Openings for air and food passage • Sites of attachment for teeth and muscles of facial expression 2 11/7/2018 Sutures Bones of cranium (cranial vault) • Immovable joints Coronal suture – Become more complex with age Squamous • Fontanelles suture – Soft regions of connective tissue holding bones together at birth • Permits – Brain growth Lambdoid Facial suture bones – Entry into birth canal Occipitomastoid – Normally replaced by bone by about 1 year of age suture Cranial and facial divisions of the skull Foramina Sinuses • Allow passage of blood vessels and nerves • Cavities lined with mucous membranes & ciliated epithelium – • About 85 named openings (foramina, canals, Frontal sinus – Sphenoidal sinus fissures) – Maxillary
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Anatomical Considerations of the Endonasal Transsphenoidal
48 Artigo Original Anatomical Considerations of the Endonasal Transsphenoidal Approach Considerações anatômicas na abordagem transesfenoidal endonasal Alvaro Campero1,2 Abraham Campero2 Carolina Martins1 Alexandre Yasuda1 Albert Rhoton1 ABSTRACT RESÚMEN The sellar contents are separated from the sphenoidal sinus by Los contenidos de la silla turca se encuentran separados del a tiny sheath of bone that compris es the sellar floor, making seno esfenoidal por una delgada lámina de hueso que es el the transsphenoidal approach the most used surgical route to piso selar, haciendo que la vía transesfenoidal sea la ruta qui- intrasellar lesions. The transsphenoidal approach can be ini- rúrgica más utilizada para lesiones intraselares. El abordaje tiated in three different ways: 1) cutting the mucosa over the transesfenoidal puede ser iniciado de tres diferentes maneras: alveolar part of maxilla (sublabial transsphenoidal), 2) cut- 1) cortando la mucosa sobre la parte alveolar del maxilar su- ting along the anterior nasal mucosa adjacent to the columella perior (sublabial transesfenoidal), 2) cortando la mucosa na- (transeptal transsphenoidal), and 3) cutting the mucosa over sal anterior, adyacente a la columena (transseptal transesfe- the sphenoidal rostrum (endonasal transsphenoidal). Each noidal), y 3) cortando la mucosa sobre el rostro del esfenoides cavernous sinus has four dural walls. The lateral, superior (endonasal transesfenoidal). Cada seno cavernoso tiene 4 pa- and posterior walls are composed of endosteal and periosteal redes durales. Las paredes lateral, superior y posterior están dura leaflets. Unlike the other dural walls, the medial wall is compuestas por dos hojas (endosteal y perióstica), mientras formed of a single, thin dural sheath, an anatomical fact that que la pared medial posee una sola hoja dural, muy delgada, help explains the lateral expansion of a pituitary adenoma.
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NASAL CAVITY and PARANASAL SINUSES, PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA, and ORAL CAVITY (Grant's Dissector [16Th Ed.] Pp
NASAL CAVITY AND PARANASAL SINUSES, PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA, AND ORAL CAVITY (Grant's Dissector [16th Ed.] pp. 290-294, 300-303) TODAY’S GOALS (Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses): 1. Identify the boundaries of the nasal cavity 2. Identify the 3 principal structural components of the nasal septum 3. Identify the conchae, meatuses, and openings of the paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal duct 4. Identify the openings of the auditory tube and sphenopalatine foramen and the nerve and blood supply to the nasal cavity, palatine tonsil, and soft palate 5. Identify the pterygopalatine fossa, the location of the pterygopalatine ganglion, and understand the distribution of terminal branches of the maxillary artery and nerve to their target areas DISSECTION NOTES: General comments: The nasal cavity is divided into right and left cavities by the nasal septum. The nostril or naris is the entrance to each nasal cavity and each nasal cavity communicates posteriorly with the nasopharynx through a choana or posterior nasal aperture. The roof of the nasal cavity is narrow and is represented by the nasal bone, cribriform plate of the ethmoid, and a portion of the sphenoid. The floor is the hard palate (consisting of the palatine processes of the maxilla and the horizontal portion of the palatine bone). The medial wall is represented by the nasal septum (Dissector p. 292, Fig. 7.69) and the lateral wall consists of the maxilla, lacrimal bone, portions of the ethmoid bone, the inferior nasal concha, and the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone (Dissector p. 291, Fig. 7.67). The conchae, or turbinates, are recognized as “scroll-like” extensions from the lateral wall and increase the surface area over which air travels through the nasal cavity (Dissector p.
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Splanchnocranium
splanchnocranium - Consists of part of skull that is derived from branchial arches - The facial bones are the bones of the anterior and lower human skull Bones Ethmoid bone Inferior nasal concha Lacrimal bone Maxilla Nasal bone Palatine bone Vomer Zygomatic bone Mandible Ethmoid bone The ethmoid is a single bone, which makes a significant contribution to the middle third of the face. It is located between the lateral wall of the nose and the medial wall of the orbit and forms parts of the nasal septum, roof and lateral wall of the nose, and a considerable part of the medial wall of the orbital cavity. In addition, the ethmoid makes a small contribution to the floor of the anterior cranial fossa. The ethmoid bone can be divided into four parts, the perpendicular plate, the cribriform plate and two ethmoidal labyrinths. Important landmarks include: • Perpendicular plate • Cribriform plate • Crista galli. • Ala. • Ethmoid labyrinths • Medial (nasal) surface. • Orbital plate. • Superior nasal concha. • Middle nasal concha. • Anterior ethmoidal air cells. • Middle ethmoidal air cells. • Posterior ethmoidal air cells. Attachments The falx cerebri (slide) attaches to the posterior border of the crista galli. lamina cribrosa 1 crista galli 2 lamina perpendicularis 3 labyrinthi ethmoidales 4 cellulae ethmoidales anteriores et posteriores 5 lamina orbitalis 6 concha nasalis media 7 processus uncinatus 8 Inferior nasal concha Each inferior nasal concha consists of a curved plate of bone attached to the lateral wall of the nasal cavity. Each consists of inferior and superior borders, medial and lateral surfaces, and anterior and posterior ends. The superior border serves to attach the bone to the lateral wall of the nose, articulating with four different bones.
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Estimation of Nasal Cavity and Conchae Volumes by Stereological Method
Folia Morphol. Vol. 71, No. 2, pp. 105–108 Copyright © 2012 Via Medica O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E ISSN 0015–5659 www.fm.viamedica.pl Estimation of nasal cavity and conchae volumes by stereological method M. Emirzeoglu1, B. Sahin1, M. Celebi2, A. Uzun1, S. Bilgic1, H.O. Tontus3 1Anatomy Department, Medical Faculty, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey 2ENT Department, Mehmet Aydin Research Hospital, Samsun, Turkey 3Medical Education Department, Medical Faculty, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey [Received 16 February 2012; Accepted 23 February 2012] Background: Studies evaluating the mean volumes of nasal cavity and concha are very rare. Since there is little date on the mentioned topic, we aimed to carry out the presented study to obtain a volumetric index showing the relation between the nasal cavity and concha. Material and methods: The volumes of the nasal cavity and concha were measured in 30 males and 30 females (18–40 years old) on computed tomo- graphy images using stereological methods. Results: The mean volumes of nasal cavity, concha nasalis media, and concha nasalis inferior were 5.95 ± 0.10 cm3, 0.56 ± 0.22 cm3, and 1.45 ± 0.68 cm3; 7.01 ± 0.18 cm3, 0.67 ± 0.31 cm3 and 1.59 ± 0.98 cm3 in females and males, respectively. There were statistically significant differences in the volume of the nasal cavity and concha nasalis media (p < 0.05) between males and females, except for concha nasalis inferior (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Our results could provide volumetric indexes for the nasal cavity and concha, which could help the physician to manage surgical procedures related to the nasal cavity and concha.
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Terminology List for Skeleton
Terminology Lists for Skeletal System Anatomy Bone Tissue: periosteum, haversian canal, Volkmann’s canals, lamellae, canaliculi, lacunae, osteocytes, endosteum Cartilage Tissue: hyaline cartilage: matrix, lacunae, chondrocytes Types of bones: long, short, flat, irregular Typical long bone: epiphyses, diaphysis, medullary cavity, articular cartilage, periosteum, endosteum, spongy bone, compact bone, trabeculae, yellow marrow, red marrow Fontanels: frontal (anterior), occipital (posterior), sphenoid, mastoid fontanels Axial skeleton General Skull Features: sutures: sagittal, coronal, squamous, lambdoidal; orbits; zygomatic arch Bones & Markings of the Skull: frontal: sinus, supraorbital margin parietal temporal: zygomatic process, mastoid process, styloid process, petrous portion, mandibular fossa, carotid canal, jugular foramen, external auditory (=acoustic) meatus, internal auditory (=acoustic) meatus occipital: foramen magnum, occipital condyles sphenoid: sella turcica, greater wing, lesser wing, sinus, optic foramen, orbital fissures ethmoid: crista galli, cribriform plate, olfactory foramina, perpendicular plate, superior and middle nasal conchae, sinus maxilla: alveoli in alveolar margin, palatine process, inferior orbital fissure, sinus mandible: body, ramus, condylar process, mandibular foramen, coronoid process, alveoli in alveolar margin, mental foramen, mandibular notch palatine zygomatic: temporal process, zygomatic arch lacrimal: lacrimal canal nasal inferior nasal conchae vomer hyoid bone Bones & Markings of the Vertebral
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Axial Skeleton 214 7.7 Development of the Axial Skeleton 214
SKELETAL SYSTEM OUTLINE 7.1 Skull 175 7.1a Views of the Skull and Landmark Features 176 7.1b Sutures 183 7.1c Bones of the Cranium 185 7 7.1d Bones of the Face 194 7.1e Nasal Complex 198 7.1f Paranasal Sinuses 199 7.1g Orbital Complex 200 Axial 7.1h Bones Associated with the Skull 201 7.2 Sex Differences in the Skull 201 7.3 Aging of the Skull 201 Skeleton 7.4 Vertebral Column 204 7.4a Divisions of the Vertebral Column 204 7.4b Spinal Curvatures 205 7.4c Vertebral Anatomy 206 7.5 Thoracic Cage 212 7.5a Sternum 213 7.5b Ribs 213 7.6 Aging of the Axial Skeleton 214 7.7 Development of the Axial Skeleton 214 MODULE 5: SKELETAL SYSTEM mck78097_ch07_173-219.indd 173 2/14/11 4:58 PM 174 Chapter Seven Axial Skeleton he bones of the skeleton form an internal framework to support The skeletal system is divided into two parts: the axial skele- T soft tissues, protect vital organs, bear the body’s weight, and ton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton is composed help us move. Without a bony skeleton, we would collapse into a of the bones along the central axis of the body, which we com- formless mass. Typically, there are 206 bones in an adult skeleton, monly divide into three regions—the skull, the vertebral column, although this number varies in some individuals. A larger number of and the thoracic cage (figure 7.1). The appendicular skeleton bones appear to be present at birth, but the total number decreases consists of the bones of the appendages (upper and lower limbs), with growth and maturity as some separate bones fuse.
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1 1 Foramina of Skull
FORAMINA OF SKULL: PART ONE © 2019zillmusom The skull is rigidly structured to protect the brain but has many foramina (openings) for passage of nerves (nn.), arteries (aa.) and veins (vv.); knowledge of the foramina of the skull is ESSENTIAL to understanding head and neck anatomy. The foramina are listed below according to how one can view them on a skull. Each entry indicates the bone the foramen is in, the areas it connects and structures that pass through it; many foramina are doubly listed as they can be seen from the inside or outside of the skull. I. FACE 1. Supraorbital notch or foramen - in frontal bone; connects orbit and forehead; contains Supraorbital n., a. and v. 2. Infraorbital foramen - in maxillary bone; connects orbit and face; contains Infraorbital n., a. and v. 3. Mental foramen - in mandible; connects mandibular canal to face; contains Mental n., a. and v. II. CALVARIUM AND CRANIAL VAULT 1. Parietal foramen - in parietal bone on either side of sagittal suture; connects; diploe in bone to scalp; contains Emissary veins. III. INTERIOR OF SKULL 1. Olfactory foramen - located in cribriform plate of ethmoid bone in anterior cranial fossa; connects anterior cranial fossa and nasal cavity; contains branches of Olfactory nerve (fila olfactoria) (I). 2. Optic foramen and canal - located at base of Lesser wing of sphenoid bone in middle cranial fossa; connects middle cranial fossa to orbit; contains Optic nerve (II) and Ophthalmic artery. 3. Superior Orbital fissure - located between Greater and Lesser wings of Sphenoid bone in Middle Cranial fossa; connects middle cranial fossa and orbit; contains Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV), Abducens (VI) nerves and Ophthalmic division of Trigeminal nerve (V1) and Ophthalmic veins.
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Bone Handout”)
The Skeletal System (“Bone Handout”) Bone Markings - as in Table 6.1, know categories, names, descriptions and categories of bone markings Common Fractures - as in Table 6.2, identify type from pictures The Axial Skeleton Skull Cranial bones frontal (supraorbital foramen) parietal temporal (mastoid process, external auditory(acoustic) meatus, styloid process, zygomatic process, stylomastoid foramen) occipital (foramen magnum, hypoglossal canal, occipital condyles) sphenoid (optic canal, superior orbital fissure, sella turcica, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum , greater wings, lesser wings) ethmoid (olfactory foramina) Relevant Figures: 7.4, 7.6, 7.7a, 7.9 Facial bones nasal maxilla (infraorbital foramen, inferior orbital fissure) zygomatic mandible (mental foramen, body, ramus, mandibular condyle) lacrimal (lacrimal fossa) palatine inferior nasal conchae vomer Relevant Figures: 7.4, 7.6, 7.7a Sutures coronal sagittal lambdoid squamous Relevant Figures: 7.4, 7.5 Paranasal Sinuses frontal sphenoidal maxillary ethmoidal Relevant Figures: 7.15 Fontanels anterior posterior sphenoidal mastoid Relevant Figures: 7.28 Hyoid bone Relevant Figures: 7.17 1 Vertebrae Parts of a “typical vertebra” using thoracic as example body vertebral arch (pedicle, lamina, vertebral foramen) intervertebral foramen transverse process spinous process superior articular process inferior articular process Divisions of vertebral column cervical (transverse foramina) thoracic (transverse costal facet - for tubercle of rib, superior and inferior costal
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