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Anatomy of skull By : Dr. Hassna B. Jawad At the end of the lecture you should be able to: • Identify basic anatomical features of the skull • recognize different bones of skull • Identify outer bony features of each bone of the skull The human skull is the bony structure that forms the head in the human skeleton. It supports the structures of the face and forms a cavity for the brain. The skull consists of two parts: 1. Neurocranium : cranial bones (braincase) form the protective cranial cavity that surrounds and houses the brain and brainstem. 2. Viscerocranium ( facial bones ):formed by bones supporting the face. Except for the mandible, all of the bones of the skull are joined by synarthrodial (immovable) joints . Sometimes there can be extra bone pieces within the suture known as sutural bones. The human skull is consisted of 22 bones 8 cranial bones and14 facial skeleton bones. Cranial bones : 2 temporal bones, 2 parietal bones, 1occipital ,1 sphenoid, 1ethmoid and 1 frontal bones. Facial bones, 2 nasal conchae, 2 nasal bones, 2 maxilla, 2 palatine bones, 2 zygomatic bones, 2lacrimal bones , 1 vomer and 1 mandible. In the cranial bones, the layers of compact tissue are known as the tables of the skull; the outer one is thick and tough; the inner is thin, dense, and brittle, and hence is termed the vitreous (glass-like) table. 1 Anatomy of skull By : Dr. Hassna B. Jawad These bones are enclosing between a cancellous bone called the diploë, and this, in the nasal region of the skull, becomes absorbed so as to leave spaces filled with air–the paranasal sinuses between the two tables. The skull bones, with a few exceptions, are connected by immovable joints called sutures: *Lambdoid suture - between (occipital and parietal bones) * Sagittal suture between the two parietal bones . *Coronal suture – between ( frontal and parietal bones) *Squamous suture –( parietal & temporal) *Fronto-nasal suture - (frontal & nasal bones). 2 Anatomy of skull By : Dr. Hassna B. Jawad Cranial Bones are: 1. Frontal Bone: Single bone contribute to the anterior, superior and lateral surface of the skull, It consists of the following part: 1. Frontal part underlies forehead ,contains; *frontal (metopic) suture - suture between the frontal bones that usually disappears by age 8 years. *supraorbital margin - edge of the frontal part that forms the superior borer of the orbits. *supra orbital foramen: Opening or notch in the middle of the supraorbital margin. *superciliary arches - thickened ridges over the supraorbital margins that supports the eyebrows. 2. Orbital Part forms the roof of the orbit. *lacrimal fossa - depression on the inferior surface of the orbital part that accommodates the lacrimal gland. 3. The nasal part, the smallest, part articulates with the nasal bone and the frontal process of the maxilla to form the root of nose. 3 Anatomy of skull By : Dr. Hassna B. Jawad 3. Parietal bone : The parietal bones ( wall ) are two bones when joined together at a fibrous joint, form the sides and roof of the cranium. Each bone is roughly quadrilateral in form, and has two surfaces, four borders, and four angles. External surface: is convex, smooth, and marked by: * parietal eminence *superior & inferior temporal lines Internal surface : is concave; contains depressions corresponding to the cerebral convolutions, and grooves for the ramifications of the middle meningeal artery 4 Anatomy of skull By : Dr. Hassna B. Jawad 5 Anatomy of skull By : Dr. Hassna B. Jawad 3.Occipital bone: Single bone contributes to the posterior, lateral and inferior surfaces of the cranium, situated at the back and lower part of the skull. It is trapezoidal in shape and curved on itself. It is pierced by a large oval opening, the foramen magnum, through which the cranial cavity communicates with the vertebral canal. The curved, expanded plate behind the foramen magnum is named the squama occipitalis. The thick, somewhat quadrilateral piece in front of the foramen is called the basilar part of occipital bone, - the basioccipital. On either side of the foramen are the lateral condyloid parts of occipital bone. It contains the following structures: 1.Foramen magnum - large circular opening that connects the cranial and spinal cavities. 2.Occipital condyles - processes that articulate with the first cervical vertebra. 3.External occipital protuberance - midline bump on the external surface. 4.Jugular notch - together with the temporal bone forms the jugular foramen. 5.Hypoglossal canal - openings superior to the occipital condyles through which the hypoglossal nerves. 6.Superior and inferior nuchal line : transvers lines at the external surface of occipital bone for attachment of muscles . 6 Anatomy of skull By : Dr. Hassna B. Jawad 4.Temporal Bones: The temporal bones are overlaid by the sides of the head known as the temple sand house the structures of the ears. The lower seven cranial nerves and the major vessels to and from the brain traverse the temporal bone. It is Paired bone contribute to the lateral and inferior walls of the cranium. It consists of the following parts : A. Squamous part: The squamous part is the largest and most superiorly positioned relative to the rest of the bone ,forms the lateral surface that borders the squamous suture. *Zygomatic process - forms the inferior margin of the squamous part with the temporal process of the zygomatic bone forms the zygomatic arch (cheekbone). *Mandibular fossa - depression on the inferior base of the zygomatic process that articulates with the mandible. *Articular tubercle - elevation anterior to the mandibular fossa. B. Tympanic part This part is the region that surrounds the external acoustic meatus or external auditory canal. This passageway ends as a tympanic membrane. It contains the following structures: *External acoustic meatus. *Styloid processes - sharp process near the mastoid process to which ligaments and tendons attached *Stylomastoid foramen - through which the facial nerve passes. *Jugular fossa - depression on the temporal bone that together with the jugular notch of the occipital bone forms the jugular foramen . *Carotid canal - passageway by which the internal carotid artery penetrates the skull and reaches the brain. *Foramen lacerum - This is not an opening in the living skull as it is closed by hyaline cartilage . *Internal acoustic meatus - canal on the medial side of the petrous part through which nerves and vessels supplying the inner ear and the facial nerve pass.. C. Petrous part is pyramidal shaped at the base of the skull between the sphenoid and occipital bones. Directed medially, forward, and a little upward. D. Mastoid portion……………………………………………………………………. Lies posterior and inferior to sequamous part. 7 Anatomy of skull By : Dr. Hassna B. Jawad 4. Sphenoid bone : Single bone consists of the following structures: A. Body: the central portion of the sphenoid. it contains the following: *hypophyseal fossa: The sella turcica ("Turkish saddle") that forms a bony enclosure around the pituitary gland The anterior boundary of the sella turcica is completed by two small eminences, one on either side, called the anterior clinoid processes, *Tuberculum sellae - anterior border of the sella turcica *.Optic groove - groove directly anterior to the tuberculum sellae. *Optic canals - openings at either end of the optic groove through which the optic nerves pass. *Dorsum sella - square-shaped plate of bone, form the posterior boundary of sella turcica , ending at its superior angles in two tubercles, the posterior clinoid processes which acts to deepen the sella turcica, and give attachment to the tentorium cerebell , B. Lesser Wings Wing-like extensions anterior to the sella turcica with anterior medial and lateral clenoid Process. C. Greater Wings Large wing-like processes that extend laterally from the body of sphenoid and consisted of *sphenoidal spine: sharp process strengthens the side of the skull *pterygoid process: This process form plates that permit muscle attachment. It extends downward on either side of the body( medial and lateral pterygoid processes) 8 Anatomy of skull By : Dr. Hassna B. Jawad *Pterygoid canals at the base of pterygoid processes. 9 Anatomy of skull By : Dr. Hassna B. Jawad 5. Ethmoid Bone: The ethmoid bone is an anterior unpaired cranial bone located between the eyes. It contributes to the medial wall of the orbit, the roof of nasal cavity, and a part of nasal septum. It separates the nasal cavity from the brain. It is located at the roof of the nose, between the two orbits. The cubical bone is lightweight due to a spongy construction. It contains: 1. Cribriform plate - superior surface of the ethmoid perforated by olfactory foramina through which the olfactory nerves pass. 2. Crista galli - prominent ridge in the middle of the cribriform plate and an attachment point for the flax cerebri. 3. Lateral masses - bony masses attached on either side of the cribriform plate. includes: superior and middle nasal conchae 4. Ethmoid labyrinth - cells in the interior of the lateral masses that open into the nasal cavity 5. Perpendicular plate - bony partition underneath the cribriform plate that forms part of the nasal septum. MCQ: 1.The suture that separates the parietal bones from the occipital bone is the a. Coronal suture b. Lambdoid suture c. Sagittal suture d. Squamous suture 2. Which of these bones does NOT articulate with the sphenoid bone? a. Ethmoid bone b. Frontal bone c. Parietal bone 10 Anatomy of skull By : Dr. Hassna B. Jawad d. Occipital bone e. Nasal bone 3. The foramen magnum is present in the ____________ bone. a. Frontal b. Occipital c. Parietal d. Sphenoid e. Temporal 11 .
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