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On Lines of Flight: a Study of Deleuze and Guattari's Concept 1 On Lines of Flight: A Study of Deleuze and Guattari’s Concept Edward Thornton Royal Holloway, University of London PhD in Philosophy 2 Declaration of Authorship I, Edward Thornton, hereby declare that this thesis and the work presented in it is entirely my own. Where I have consulted the work of others, this is always clearly stated. SiGned: _______________________________ Date: 01/05/2018 3 Abstract This thesis is a study of the concept of the line of fliGht (ligne de fuite), as it appears in the work of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari. By mappinG the individuation of this concept within a number of different works, authored either by one of these thinkers or by the two of them toGether, I show how and why the concept of the line of fliGht was created, how it functions within the conceptual domain of DeleuzoGuattarian writinG, and what kind of philosophical and political work it can do. The first two chapters of the thesis examine the work completed by Deleuze and Guattari before their collaborations, especially Deleuze’s Difference and Repetition (1968) and Guattari’s Psychoanalysis and Transversality (1972). Here I pay close attention to Deleuze and Guattari’s reinterpretations of basic philosophical questions concerninG the nature of space, time, and human aGency and show how Deleuze and Guattari’s anti-capitalist politics is connected to their anti-representational metaphysics. In the latter sections of the thesis I arGue for a more viGilant readinG of the politics contained in Anti-Oedipus (1972) and A Thousand Plateaus (1980). Chapters 3 and 4 examine Deleuze and Guattari’s creation of the concept of the line of fliGht in Anti-Oedipus, where it plays a central role in their analysis of both desirinG-machines and social-machines. Chapters 5 and 6, on the other hand, examine the development of the concept in A Thousand Plateaus, where it is a key component in both their creation of rhizomatics and their political praGmatism. 4 Table of Contents Introduction – How to Approach a Line of Flight ...................................... 6 i) Introduction .............................................................................................. 7 ii) The line of fliGht in context ...................................................................... 7 iii) The line of fliGht within Deleuze and Guattari Studies .......................... 16 iv) Thesis methodoloGy ............................................................................. 25 v) Chapter overview .................................................................................. 28 Chapter 1 – Deleuze: The Metaphysics of Difference ............................. 34 i) Introduction ............................................................................................ 35 ii) The doGmatic imaGe-of-thouGht ............................................................ 37 iii) The virtual and the actual ..................................................................... 40 iv) Riemann and the multiplicity ................................................................ 43 v) The virtual Idea as multiplicity ............................................................... 50 vi) Individuation, intensity and dynamism ................................................. 54 vii) Depth in linear perspective .................................................................. 61 viii) Difference contra linear perspective ................................................... 64 ix) Intensity contra linear perspective ........................................................ 67 x) The ligne abstrait and the ligne de fuite in Difference and Repetition ... 71 Chapter 2 – Guattari: Psychotherapeutic and Militant Escapes ............. 77 i) Introduction ............................................................................................ 78 ii) Sartre, and Group subjectivity ................................................................ 81 iii) Lacan, the Symbolic, and ‘full speech’ ................................................. 86 iv) Subject-groups ..................................................................................... 89 v) Transversality and escape .................................................................... 93 vi) Materialism contra Lacan ..................................................................... 98 vii) Machine and Structure ...................................................................... 105 viii) From base to superstructure ............................................................ 110 ix) Lacan’s machines .............................................................................. 113 x) Revolutionary escapes........................................................................ 116 Chapter 3 – Anti-Oedipus 1: Desiring Machines .................................... 121 i) Introduction .......................................................................................... 122 ii) FraminG Anti-Oedipus ......................................................................... 122 iii) NeGative psychoanalytic task: dealinG with the Oedipus Complex ..... 124 5 iv) Positive psychoanalytic task: DefininG desirinG-production ................ 129 v) Multiplicity of code and the schizophrenic unconscious ...................... 142 vi) The schizophrenic line of flight ........................................................... 147 Chapter 4 – Anti-Oedipus 2: Social Machines ....................................... 156 i) Introduction .......................................................................................... 157 ii) Molecular processes and molar histories ............................................ 157 iii) Anti-production and the ironic history of capitalism ............................ 162 iv) The revolutionary line of fliGht ............................................................ 172 Chapter 5 – A Thousand Plateaus 1: The Line of Flight as Concept ... 180 i) Introduction .......................................................................................... 181 ii) The veGetal imaGe of thouGht .............................................................. 183 iii) AssemblinG the line of fliGht ................................................................ 189 iv) Refrains, lines of fliGht, and absolute deterritorializations .................. 192 v) Content, expression, and stratification ................................................ 197 vi) The plane of consistency and the question of dimensions ................. 206 vii) Multilinear systems and the example of linear perspective (aGain) ... 212 viii) The BwO and the ethics of the line of fliGht ...................................... 215 Chapter 6 – A Thousand Plateaus 2: The Line of Flight and Political Pragmatism ............................................................................................... 224 i) Introduction .......................................................................................... 225 ii) LinGuistic praGmatism ......................................................................... 225 iii) The four reGimes and their lines of fliGht ............................................ 232 iv) BecominG molecular .......................................................................... 240 v) DiaGrammatics, machinic analysis, and micropolitics ......................... 244 vi) Abolition, self-conservation and the creation of a refrain ................... 250 vii) Institutional Analysis, and the art of drawinG lines of fliGht ................ 254 Conclusion – One or many lines of flight?............................................. 262 i) Review ................................................................................................. 263 ii) The primacy of lines of fliGht in assemblaGes of desire ....................... 264 iii) One or many lines of fliGht? ................................................................ 271 Bibliography ............................................................................................. 275 6 Introduction – How to Approach a Line of FliGht Contents: i. Introduction ii. The line of fliGht in context iii. The line of fliGht within Deleuze and Guattari Studies iv. Thesis methodoloGy v. Chapter overview 7 i) Introduction This thesis is a study of the concept of the line of fliGht (ligne de fuite), as it appears in the work of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari. By mappinG the emerGence of this concept within a number of different works, authored either by one of these thinkers or by the two of them toGether, my analysis will show how and why this concept was created, how it functions within the conceptual domain of DeleuzoGuattarian writinG, and what kind of philosophical and political work it can do. This introduction includes four sections. First, I will offer a brief overview of the concept of the line of fliGht. I will explain where it appears in Deleuze and Guattari’s work and make some preliminary comments concerninG the role it plays within Deleuze and Guattari’s project. Second, I will offer an overview of the reception and interpretation of this concept in the secondary literature. Here I will explain why the concept has been overlooked by a number of major commentators and why it has been misunderstood and ill-used by others. In the third section of this introduction, I will explain my methodoloGy and offer a brief defence of why it will be productive to map the individuation of this concept within the work of both Deleuze and Guattari. Finally, in the
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