Baseball Confederation of Oceania

LEVEL 0 COACHES ACCREDITATION COURSE

Prepared by Baseball Confederation of Oceania

(Continental Division of the International Baseball Association) BASEBALL’S BILL OF RIGHTS FOR YOUNG ATHLETES 3

LEVEL 0 COACHES ACCREDITATION COURSE 5

Theory - Section one 5

Coaching Effectiveness 5

COACHING DEVELOPMENTAL FORMAT 7

Practice Organization 10

Practice Plan for Youth Players 11

Fundamentals Skills Check List 11

Base Coaches Responsibilities 12

Sport Science 13

Conditioning 14

Basic Rules 15

Section Two 20

Throwing Mechanics 20

Catching a Thrown Ball 21

PITCHING MECHANICS 22

Catching Skills 24

Base Running 27

Infielding Skills 27

Outfielding 30

HITTING FUNDAMENTALS 31

2 BASEBALL’S BILL OF RIGHTS FOR YOUNG ATHLETES

ONE: SIX: The right to participate in regardless of The right to as a child and not as an adult - ability - non-selectiveness of community community league organisational philosophy based sports. promotes equal participation, employment and skills development. TWO: The right to participate at a level that is SEVEN: commensurate with each child’s developmental The right to proper preparation for the level - field and rule adaptation for various participation in - the use of specific lead age levels. up activities and technique application for more effective skills acquisition. THREE: The right to have adult leadership - youth EIGHT: baseball coaches guided through the The right to an equal opportunity to strive for Australian Baseball Federation’s National success - entire side bats through each Coaching Accreditation Scheme. offensive half inning and defensive rotation each turn in the field. FOUR: The right to participate in safe and healthy environments - the use of special equipment NINE: such as sponge balls, batting helmets, The right to be treated with dignity by all those protective catching equipment, rules to involved - non-s specialisation in youth protect pitchers. baseball engenders positive self-image among participants.

FIVE: The right of each child to share in the leadership TEN: and decision - making of their participatory The right to have fun through sports -everyone sport - player’s evaluation of the league bats and everyone touches the ball program and subsequent rule adjustments

Adapted from: Bill of Rights for Young Athletes, Youth Sports Guide for Coaches and Parents. AAHPER Publications, Washington DC 1977.

3

BASEBALL COACHES GUIDE

Sixteen-hour introductory course for baseball coaches, tee ball coaches, teachers and community youth leaders.

Foreword This guide forms an introduction to the Federation’s integrated baseball coaching course. It was developed so that community youth leaders, teachers, tee ball coaches and coaches in junior baseball would have a better understanding of the basic skills required to participate in the sport of baseball, and, of course, in Tee Ball. The modified of Tee Ball is the most popular game in the world and, if children are going to be introduced to the game, it is important that they are taught the proper fundamentals. This not only improves their performance in the game; it also leads to greater enjoyment of the game.

Acknowledgments: The Baseball Confederation of Oceania is grateful to the following individuals for their contribution to this introductory guide: Ray Brown, Development Officer, Baseball Confederation of Oceania Chet Gray, Executive Director, Baseball Confederation of Oceania Wayne Durbidge Resources.

Ray Brown Development Officer Baseball Confederation of Oceania

Illustrations by How to Play Baseball and Nancy Osinksi Espinoza Additional illustrations by webball

Level 0 Coaching Accreditation Course 4

Level 0 Coaches Accreditation Course The level 0 Baseball Coaches Accreditation Course's prime aim is to introduce the novice baseball coach with the understanding of coaching guidelines and fundamentals. The course is divided into two sections. The first section deals with the theory of coaching, this section covers coaching effectiveness, practice organization, sport science and conditioning.

The second section deals with the fundamental mechanics of baseball, throwing and receiving, pitching, catching, base-running, in-fielding, out-fielding and hitting. Theory - Section one 1. Coaching Effectiveness 2. Coaching Development 3. Practice Organization 4. Sport Science 5. Basic Rules Coaching Effectiveness 1. Why are you coaching? a. No one else b. My son or daughter is playing c. I enjoy working with kids d. I want to contribute to my community

2. Why youth aged players are participating a. To try a new sport b. Their friends are playing c. Their parents make them

3. Responsibilities of the coach a. To treat each player with respect b. To give each player the opportunity to participate c. To be a good role model d. To ensure that safe conditions are used e. To know the rules and skills f. To teach your players to: Sense - what is happening Decide - what to do Act - to carry out their plan

4. Communication a. To let players know what you expect b. To make sure your players understand c. To have rules that are for everyone d. Find out what they think e. Winning, where it fits in

Level 0 Coaching Accreditation Course 5

5. Positioning of players - pitchers - catchers - infielders - outfielders

1: Pitcher 2: Catcher INFIELD 3: First base 4: Second Baseman 5: Third Baseman 6: Short Stop OUTFIELD 7: Left Fielder 8: Centre Fielder 9: Right Fielder

Level 0 Coaching Accreditation Course 6

Coaching Developmental Format T-Ball age -6 to 8 It is recommended that this age group have a ten week program geared to the introduction of basic baseball skills. Coaches should understand that at this level winning is not important. To play, have fun and interact with others are the main reasons for participating. Coaches at this level should not be too demanding or too technical. Coaches should have a basic understanding of the skills, first aid and be prepared to let their players learn, have fun and participate, everybody plays. For T-Ball players there should be one practice and one game per week. Practice sessions should cover basic fundamentals of positions, how outs are recorded, base running, catching, throwing and how to grip and swing the bat. Practices or should be no longer than one hour. Anything much longer than one hour will start to become boring to the player. It is recommended that they have a season of ten weeks with one game per week. Youth Aged - 9 to 12 It is recommended that this age group have a ten-week program geared to the understanding and development of basic baseball skills. Coaches must realize that at this age winning is still secondary. To learn, have fun, play and be with their friends are why players are participating. To coach at this level the coach should have a basic understanding of baseball skills, first aid, and practice organization. He must be willing to allow all his players to participate in all practices and games. This is the level that you as a coach will be the most influential in developing a players attitude on always doing his best regardless of the score. For youth league players there should be at least two practice sessions per week and one game. Practice sessions should have a structure that includes rules, sliding, throwing, fielding, base running and the introduction of proper batting skills. Practice sessions should be no longer than two hours. If two hours of practice time per week is all that is available, instead of practicing one day for two hours practice two days for one hour. Frequent repetition is better than stuffing all of the practice time into one slot. It is recommended that they play 10 to 18 games. A Division - 13 to 14 Years It is recommended that this age group have a twelve-week program geared to more advanced baseball skills. Players at this age level are playing because they enjoy the game and are good at it. Winning starts to become more important and players start to realize that they will not play equally, constructive criticism can start to be implemented. Once again, you as the coach must enforce the players desire to do his best and not worry about the outcome. At this age level there should be at least two practices and two games per week. Practice sessions should last 1 ½ to 2 hours. Along with the basic fundamentals, advanced skills such as drag and push bunts, hit and run, cut offs and relays should be introduced. Coaches should start developing a more organized practice schedule that will include individual skills for each position. This is necessary to make sure that the athletes are covering all the skills required to improve. It is recommended that they play between 24 to 30 games. To coach a team at this level a coach should have a good knowledge of the skills, a minimum of 10 hours per week to develop the skill of the players, knowledge of first aid, conditioning, stretching, flexibility, bio mechanics and able to organize a practice session. At this level discipline, commitment and an athlete's work ethic are essential to his development.

Level 0 Coaching Accreditation Course 7

AA - 15-16 Years It is recommended that this age group have a 16 week playing program and a 12 week strength training program. At this level more advanced baseball skills such as run downs, cut offs and relays, pick offs and pitching strategies should start to be perfected, offense strategies, defensive strategies and strength training should be introduced. Players at this level are playing because they are good, they enjoy the game and they think they have the ability to play at a high level, such as university or professional. Because winning starts to become more important players realize that playing time will not be equal. Players at this level need constant feed back to their performance. They need the feed back for two reasons, one so they can improve and start becoming consistent with their performance and two, so they know what they have to do to get more playing time. Players at this level should have a five day a week program, with a minimum of three practices and two games. Practice sessions should be 2 to 2 ½ hours per session. Because players start to become more specialized, the coach must have a good understanding of all the skills, plus a working knowledge of first aid, strength training, conditioning and bio mechanics. He must be able to watch, analyze and correct his athletes performance so he can give them the feed back necessary to improve their playing level. It is recommended that players at this age play 30 to 40 games. To coach a team at this level a coach should have a minimum of 15 hours per week to devote to the development of his athletes. AAA - 17-18 Years It is at this age that a year round baseball program is developed. A 24 week playing period, 1 month rest period, 12 week strength training period, 2 week rest period and a 6 week pre season training period. At this level all skills of baseball should be known to the player and the repetition of those skills become paramount to developing reactionary movements to the different situations that arise on the field. Bio mechanics, advanced pitching skills, hitting skills, offensive strategies, defensive strategies, strength and conditioning programs are important aspects of developing a players full potential. Players at this level are playing because they are good and envision themselves as a potential university or professional player. Winning becomes a major component as to why they are playing and as with the 15 to 16 years olds they understand that playing time will not be equal. Good and bad performances have to be discussed. Feed back on those performances has to be related to each player, so that they know what they have to do to achieve a consistent playing base. Practice organization is a major contributor to helping the player develop his skills, by giving him a guideline to the skills that have to be worked on to become a baseball player. Players at this level should have a 24 week playing season, with a minimum of three practice days and three playing days. Practice sessions should be 2 ½ to 3 hours. Players at this level are usually playing only one position, so it is important that the coach have an excellent understanding of each position. Usually their is only one coach for these teams because of the time required, so practice organization is more important than at the previous levels. A coach not only has to teach his players how to practice but also make sure that they have a strong understanding of developing their skills, so they can start to become their own coach, they have to learn to evaluate themselves as to whether or not they are working on the proper fundamentals of each skill. The coach at this level will have a strong understanding of all skills, first aid, bio mechanics, conditioning, strength training, practice organization and be able to watch, evaluate and correct mistakes that he detects during practice sessions. It is recommended that players at this level play 50 to 70 games.

Level 0 Coaching Accreditation Course 8

Collegiate - 19 and over The only things that should stop a player from playing at this level are his ability and time he has to commit. This program will be a year round baseball program. It is from this program that the majority of your Olympic Team Players will come. There should be a 24 week playing season, 1 month rest period, 12 week strength training period, and a 6 week pre season training program. At this level all skills should be known and the refining of those skills should be worked on. A coach should have an excellent knowledge of all baseball skills, offensive strategies and defensive strategies. He should also have an understanding of biomechanics, strength training, and conditioning, first aid and people skills. Players at this level will play or practice 6 days per week. There should be a minimum of five games per week. Players now require more playing time than practice time, so that the identification of situations can be identified and reactions to those situations can become reactive. Once this reactive process occurs the player’s only concern will be to executing to his ability and winning the game. It is from this coaching group that an Olympic Coach should be selected. Players at this age group should play at least 100 games per season. Recreational Ages Any player or coach that does not have the time, commitment or desire to play at a highly competitively level can participate. This is basically a participation program that encourages players of all ages to participate in the game of baseball. To coach at this level a coach should have a basic understanding of the skills of baseball, its rules and first aid. At the adult level the coach is basically a manager because most of the players do not have the time to devote to developing their skills. At the younger levels the coach is usually a person that enjoys the game but does not have the time to commit to a more competitive program. Usually the players involved in either the adult or youth programs are interested in playing and learning the game of baseball, but either lack the time or athletic ability to pursue baseball to a high level.

Level 0 Coaching Accreditation Course 9

Practice Organization

Whether you practice once a week or five times a week, it is your responsibility to make sure that you have a practice plan that will allow your players to develop the skills necessary to play the game at the highest possible level.

The age group, athletic ability, whether or not they are recreational or serious players and the amount of time you have to commit, will have a direct correlation to what you teach and how often you practice.

Have a plan that you can follow, know what you want to teach, know now to teach what you want to teach and teach your players the importance of using their practice time wisely, teach them how to practice. Don't try to fool your players, if you don't know the answer to a question, tell them you don't know, but you will find it for them, you are not expected to have all the answers, but know where to go to find them, remember, coaches are no different than players, they are always learning.

Coach in your own personality, not someone else’s, be you. Improve your coaching knowledge through reading, attending clinics, asking questions and sharing your knowledge with others. In other words plan- watch-learn and improve. The most important thing is to have fun at what you do.

One of the ingredients for being a good coach is being organized. Your determination, organization and enthusiasm will rub off on your players. They will follow your lead, if you are on time and stress the importance of being on time, your players will more then likely be on time, but if you use generalities and say to them between such a time and such a time than you can bet you will have players arriving at different times. Practice starts at 5:00 pm means ready to go at 5:00 pm.

Discipline, learning and a feeling for the team are things that you as the coach have to instil in your players, the coach has to teach his players that a team is like a family, so be consistent with what you do, don't change the rules from one player to the next, rules are for the team. Be flexible, be understanding to some of the circumstances that your players will encounter during the season.

Level 0 Coaching Accreditation Course 10

Practice Plan for Youth Players

1. Run and Stretch - 15 min 2. Play catch using proper throwing and catching techniques - 10 min 3. Skills Development - infielding, outfielding, catching, pitching - players should be put into groups and work on proper defensive skills - 20 min 4. Batting Practice - and Baserunning - 30 min 5. Team Drills - 15 min 6. Conditioning - 10 min 7. Announcements concerning how practice went and when next practice - 5 min

Fundamentals Skills Check List 1. Batting Practice a regular batting b sacrifice bunts c toss drill - t - drill - fungo drill

2. Fielding a infielding - ground balls - double plays - making tags on runners b outfielding - fly balls - ground balls - throwing to bases c catching - receiving - blocking balls - throwing to bases d pitching - bull pen work - fielding -

3. Base Running a proper running skills b sliding c home to first - home to second - first to third - second to home d leads at each base e where to tag each base

4. Team Drills a bunt defense - first base - second base b cut offs and relays - single cut and double cut c pitchers covering first - pitchers covering home - pitchers double plays d game simulation, toss game, create defensive and offensive situations that will occur during the game.

You should rotate the skills, so that during the baseball season your players are exposed to all the skills necessary to improve.

Level 0 Coaching Accreditation Course 11

Base Coaches Responsibilities

Base coaches play an important part in managing a baseball game. They are the ones that inform the base runner of the situations that might arise while he is on the base. These situations usually deal with what the runner should do on ground balls, fly balls, wild pitches and pass balls. Coaches also make the runner aware of over thrown balls, number of outs, the count on the batter, how big a lead he should get and make sure he picks up the third base coach for the signs.

First Base Coach Third Base Coach

1. Is responsible for the runner from 1. Is responsible for the runner from home to second second to home 2. Helps runner get down the line 2. Gives signs to the hitter and runner 3. Lets him know if the ball went 3. Helps runner on second get his lead through on the left side 4. Lets him know the situation 4. Helps him get his lead 5. Reminds him to be ready for the 5. Makes sure his lead is square to pitch in the dirt second base 7. Informs him on whether or not to go 6. Reminds him to pick up the third home from third base and helps him base coach for the signs and balls hit go from first to third or score of balls behind him hit behind him 7. Reminds him of the number of outs 8. Reminds him to be ready for the pitch in the dirt 9. Lets him know the situation

Level 0 Coaching Accreditation Course 12

Sport Science

First Aid and Common Baseball Injuries What to do in an emergency situation is important to all coaches. We must remember parent's consider any injury to their athlete an emergency. When we decide to become a coach we take on the responsibility of making sure that we do everything possible to deal with an injury. Part of that responsibility is to make sure that we have a basic understanding of first aid, have a well stocked first aid kit, making sure our players are wearing protective equipment and they are practicing or playing as safe as possible.

Common Baseball Injuries

Abrasions, ankle sprains, knee injuries Strains arm, shoulder, elbow and fingers head

Usual treatment for most common injuries ¨ R rest ¨ I ice ¨ C compression ¨ E elevation Treatment for more serious injuries

¨ T talk to victim, ask questions, if unconscious make sure victim is breathing NEVER MOVE AN UNCONSCIOUS PERSON UNLESS HE IS IN DANGER. ¨ O observe, what do you see ¨ T touch, if injury is not obvious ¨ A actively have person move injured part, don't help him ¨ P passive movement, should only be carried out by qualified person ¨ S stand, walk or run, if movement is normal play can resume

Skill Acquisition and Bio Mechanics

1. Skill acquisition happens through motor learning or mind understanding. Players have to see the mental picture to reproduce the action. 2. Use drills that enhance skill learning. 3. You must be able to analyse movement and determine what should be done to eliminate error, injury and improve performance. 4. You have to observe what's happening Know what's wrong Organise a plan to correct Coach the proper mechanic. 5. All movements have steps that ensure smooth action muscles, joints, arms, legs and trunk all work together. 6. Slow movements down so they can be observed and athlete can feel what is happening.

Level 0 Coaching Accreditation Course 13

Conditioning

The conditioning of players is usually an area that some coaches tend to neglect. These coaches don't consider the positive aspects of conditioning, so very little time, if any is spent.

If we make the player the focal point of our decisions than we realise that conditioning is important to not only his playing ability but also his health. A player that is not in good playing condition is more likely to sustain injury, than a player that has been implementing a daily conditioning program in his practice schedule.

As coaches we must remember that a well conditioned athlete is going to be stronger, more flexible, in better athletic condition and able to perform the skills that are required during practice and games.

Most professional baseball clubs all have professional trainers that work with their players on a daily routine to help keep them in the line up on a daily basis.

A good conditioning program should include stretching aerobic and anaerobic training. Stretching should be involved so we can reduce the chances of pulling muscles and improving flexibility. Aerobic training should be used so that we can improve our endurance level and anaerobic training should be used so that the recovery time from the short sprints that are used in baseball can be improved upon.

T Ball Stretching for this age group is not mandatory, at this age they do enough exercise and are quite flexible. A light run, toe touch and jumping jacks should do.

9 to 12 Years Stretching should start to become apart of their practice sessions, again there does not have to be an intense stretching program. A light run, introduction of flexibility training with regard to large muscles, sit ups and push ups.

13 and over Stretching is a regular part of their practice sessions. Start with once around the field, stretch from the feet to the waist and than from the waist to the shoulders. After they stretch they should run six to eight thirty yard sprints working on their leads and breaks.

Level 0 Coaching Accreditation Course 14

Basic Rules 1. Strike zone guidelines how high, how low and how wide

2. Fair and foul ball guidelines what’s fair and what’s foul

3. Batters and runners guidelines The batters box the runners lane The batter must run in the 45ft lane,he is out if he runs outside that lane to avoid being tagged

The batter must stand in the batters box when it is his turn at bat.

4. Outs Tag, Force, Fly ball

The batter is out if

Fly Ball is caught The fielder could throw to 1st or 2nd base. 2nd Base is a Force out

Level 0 Coaching Accreditation Course 15

5. Interference and obstruction What is Interference. A baserunner is required by the rules to avoid a fielder who is attempting to catch, throw or make a play on a batted ball. If a umpire considers the base- runner has hindered the fielder, he may give him out for interference. What is obstruction. When a fielder stands or blocks the progress of a runner when he is not in possession of the ball the umpire may declare obstruction and award the runner the next base.

TEACH YOUR PLAYERS THE BASIC RULES AND GAME PROCEDURES. There are two ways you can easily do this. The first is set up your players in playing positions, and g o through set-up plays and then discuss each play as it happens. This method of instruction and demonstration is possibly more beneficial to the junior players, as they are more apt to retain the information rather than in a sit and listen atmosphere. In teaching juniors you may divide the rules and procedures into four main areas THE FIELD THE EQUIPMENT THE TEAMS GAME PLAY The purpose is to help you explain baseball to beginning baseballers.

THE FIELD 1. What is another name for a A diamond . baseball field 2. Why is it called a diamond Because the field has a shape of a diamond 3. How many bases are there Three bases and a home plate on a baseball field 4. Where are the bases First base - on the right side of the field located. Third base - on the left side of the field. Second base- is located between first and third base. Home plate - is the plate where all measurements are taken from, and where the batter stands when he is attempting to hit the ball. All bases are an equal distance apart. 5. Where are the foul lines There are 2 foul lines. One extends from home plate to first base, and one to third base and extends to the outfield 6. What is the difference Fair territory is the area inside the foul lines. Foul territory is the are between fair and foul territory outside the foul lines. 7. Where is the infield The infield is the area inside the foul lines and between home plate and the bases. 8. Where is the outfield The outfield is within the foul lines -between the foul lines between the infield and the outfield fence if there is one. On many fields there will not be a home run fence in which case the ball remains in play. 9. What does out of play mean When the ball is hit or thrown outside the playing field. When the ball has gone out of the playing field base runners cannot be put out, but can sometimes advance specified amount of bases (e.g. wild throw out of play two bases from the time of the throw) 10. What is a dugout. This term is used to describe where the teams sit when they are not in the field. They are located on the first and third base sides of the playing field, and are generally on the boundary line separating the foul territory

Level 0 Coaching Accreditation Course 16

from the out of play area.

EQUIPMENT 1. What are the main parts of Describe the 3 main parts to a bat a bat The knob, handle and barrel. Explain the purpose and how the player must use them 2. Why are gloves used Gloves are used to help catch the ball 3. What is the difference Gloves are not as large as a mitt between a glove and a mitt 4. Who can use a mitt Catchers and first basemen are the only players who are allowed to use a mitt. Explain the difference between the two. Gloves have fingers whilst the mitt is web shape and designed that way because these two players catch more balls than other players so extra padding and pocket is designed to assist them. 5. What equipment does a Face mask and helmet, a throat protector, a chest protector, leg guards, catcher wear a mitt, and don't forget the 'cup protector'. Have a 'cup protector' handy and explain why it is imperative that all catchers and players should wear them. Naturally in mixed company, the young boys may be embarrassed by the description of this in front of the girls and discretion should be used in how this is described. 6. What type of shoes are Track type shoes, rubber studded cleats, but metal cleats are not players allowed to wear. permitted in junior baseball

THE TEAMS 1. How many players can play Each team has 9 active players at a time. Each team may have reserves, for each team but only 9 players are actively engaged in the game at any one time. 2 What do you call the team The batting team is called the 'offence', and they try to hit the ball, run who is batting. the bases, and to score runs 3. Where are the offensive They are either at bat, on bases or in the dugout awaiting their turn to players positioned bat. 4. What is the defence The fielding side is the defence team , and they try to prevent the batting (offence) team from hitting the ball, running the bases and from scoring runs. The defense team tries to put out the offensive team as soon as they can and preferably before they score a run 5. Where are the defensive The fielding team is divided into two main areas players positioned. INFIELD: First base, second base, third base, shortstop OUTFIELD: Left Field, Centre Field and Right Field Completing the team is the pitcher and catcher.

HOW IS A GAME PLAYED

1. How do you start a game of A baseball game is started when the pitcher is on the pitcher's plate with baseball. the ball, the batter is in the batters box, all fielders are in their positions and the umpire then calls play. The pitcher begins play by pitching the ball to the batter. 2. What happens when a batter The batter tries to run the bases, and must run to first base and try to hits the ball. reach that base before the fielding side field the ball and throw it to first base. 3. What is an umpire The umpire is in official control of the game. He calls balls and strikes , calls players out or safe, and makes sure the game is played in accordance with the rules of the particular league. The umpire is there to

Level 0 Coaching Accreditation Course 17

help you have fun playing baseball. 4. What does a live ball mean Until the umpire calls 'play' nothing can happen in baseball. When the umpire calls play the ball then becomes 'live and in play'. The ball remains live and in play until for one of four reasons it becomes dead. 5. What is a dead ball The ball goes out of the playing field. The batter is hit by a pitched ball The umpire calls TIME because of a rule(foul ball) The manager or coach requests time. The umpire does not have to call play each time, unless the ball has become dead for one of those reasons. 6. What is an out Players are out when they are unable to hit a ball or reach a base safely. When players are out they must leave the field until their next turn at bat. 6. An out The fielding side must get three of the batting side out before they can What is that? have their turn at bat. 8. How can a batter be put out? By having three strikes called whilst at bat. By hitting the ball but the fielding side fields the ball and throw it to first base ahead of the batter. The batter hits a fly ball that is caught. 9. What is a tag out A tag out is touching the runner with the ball whilst he is not on the base. 10. What is a force out A force is created with a runner on base, and there is no free base between the runner and batter who is advancing to first base. A fo rce out may be made by the fielder touching the base while holding the ball before the runner reaches that base. A force out can only be made when the runner must run to the next base 11. What is a fly ball out When a batter hits a ball into the air, and the fielder catches it before any part of the ball touches any part of the playing field. The batter is automatically out when a fly ball is caught. 12. But a ball hit into foul Wrong. The only time a batted ball into foul territory is dead and out of territory is dead and out of play , is when the ball touches and settles on foul territory. A Foul Fly play? ball caught means the ball remains in play. 13. What is an inning. Most games in junior grades vary from 5-7 innings in length. Each inning is divided into two halves, giving each team the opportunity to bat and field in each complete innings. The batting team (offensive) gets to bat until 3 outs are made, then the teams swap and the defensive team has their turn at bat. Therefore 6 outs for one complete inning, In some modified games i.e. T BALL the whole 9 batters will bat regardless of the amount of outs made before the swap is made. The emphasis here is on participation by all players. PITCHING AND BATTING

1. What method is used to pitch The ball is pitched overhand in a pitching motion (demonstrate). In T the baseball Ball the ball is placed on top of a Tee to remove the task of having an underdeveloped junior attempting to throw the ball in the strike zone and at the same time increasing the 'batting' task time at the plate. 2. Where does the batter stand. On each side of the home plate are areas called the Batters Box. The batter must take his position in the batters box promptly when it is his/her time at bat. Either on the right or left side of home plate 3. Can a batter step out of the No. Not like in where the batter may leave the crease and go batters box to hit the ball. down the pitch to hit the ball. In baseball the batter must stay within the batters box to hit the ball. (Have 2 batters stand on each side of home plate and explain the dimensions and the approximate distance they should assume from home plate) 4. What is the strike zone. This is the area over home plate and between the batters breast and knees. This is the area the pitcher attempts to pitch the ball

Level 0 Coaching Accreditation Course 18

5. What is a strike 1. A strike is a ball that has crossed home plate in the strike zone and the batter did not swing 2. The batter swings at a pitch and misses 3.The batter hits the ball which lands on foul territory (this only counts until 2 strikes) 6. Can a batter have as many No. The batter may be called out after they have three strikes called by strikes at the ball as he likes the umpire 7. What is a ball. A pitch which does not enter the strike zone, and is not swung at by the batter is called a ball by the umpire 8. How many balls may be If 4 'balls' are pitched to the batter outside of the strike zone which the pitched to a batter. batter does not swing at the batter is awarded first base ( he cannot be put out until he/she reaches first base) BASERUNNING AND FIELDING

1. Do you have to run bases in Yes. The bases must be run in an anticlockwise direction, any particular order. 1. First base, 2. Second Base, 3. Third base 4. Home plate. When advancing or returning o the bases the runner must touch each base in order. The runner cannot cut across the diamond and miss touching a base 2. What is a baseline The baseline is the path between two bases. Runners are required to run along this baseline. 3.What happens if a Baserunners may be called out when they run more than 3feet outside baserunner runs outside of the the baseline to avoid being tagged. baseline to avoid being tagged 4. Can a runner overrun a base The only base which a runner may overrun is first base, when a batter is without being tagged out? running to first base. All other runners must not overrun the base to which they are advancing. When crossing home plate, there is no need to stay on that plate as the runner has reached home plate and scored a run and the only place he/she has to go is to the dugout. 5. Why do runners have to The bases are regarded as 'safe territory' and the runner cannot be called touch the base out while they are touching a base. 6. Can the baserunner leave a When off the base, the runner is in jeopardy of being put out if tagged base at any time. by a fielder with the ball. In modified versions, T BALL PEE WEE, runners are not permitted to leave the base until the pitcher has released the ball. In other levels of baseball, the runner may leave the base at any time and take a 'lead' off the base. 7. Can the baserunner run to The rules state that the baserunner must retouch his origninal base until the next base on a batted fly ball the batted fly ball is caught, before advancing to the next base.This is called 'TAGGING UP' If the runner leaves the base before the ball is Caught MAY BE PUT OUT ON APPEAL 10 Why are there base coaches A base coach is normally stationed near first and third base. Their primary aim is to assist the runners by telling them whether to run to another base, hold and stay at that base , how many are outs and remind them of the general game situation.

Level 0 Coaching Accreditation Course 19

Section Two Technical

1. Throwing and Receiving 2. Pitching 3. Catching 4. Base running 5. Infielding 6. Outfielding 7. Hitting

Throwing Mechanics

The development of proper throwing skills is probably the most important skill you can teach your players, not only will it allow them to throw the ball accurately, but it will help eliminate future are problems.

1. Face your partner straight on. Toes should be pointed at your partner. 2. Glove hand and throwing hand should be together at your mid section. 3. Side step with your throwing foot, facing your toe to 3 o'clock if you're right handed and 9 o'clock if your left handed. 4. Throwing arm should start in a downward motion with back of fingers facing back. As you rotate your throwing side, glove shoulder and hips close. 5. Arm should continue in a circular motion, make sure the elbow is long and loose. Weight should stay on throwing foot. 6. Front side will start to open as throwing arm starts upward. Glove elbow will lead you to your target. As the arm progresses forward the glove elbow will come back in close to your side. As the arm progresses forward, keep your body tall, the throwing arm will finish down and across your body and the body will follow the arm forward, bending at the waist. 7. Fingers should be on top of the ball. Ball should be thrown out in front o f body in a downward motion. Throw the ball with your fingers not your hand. 8. Landing foot toe should be facing your partner. Back pivot leg should come forward after you complete your throw. Glove hand and throwing hand return to the center of your body to prepare for catch.

Level 0 Coaching Accreditation Course 20

Catching a Thrown Ball

1. Track the ball with your eyes. Follow it into your glove. 2. Feet should be shoulder width apart, knees should be slightly bent and relaxed. Arms should be relaxed and at your sides. 3. Catch the ball in the middle of your body with two hands. Throwing hand and glove hand should both go to the ball together. Elbows should be slightly bent with fingers pointed up. Fingers should relax just as the ball hits your glove. 4. If the ball is thrown to either side you must move your feet to get in front of the throw. Do not reach for the ball, move your feet. 5. Catch the ball in the pocket of your glove, not in the web. Use the web only on badly thrown balls. 6. If ball is thrown below your waist, fingers should be pointed down. Both hands should go down for the throw. Knees should bend. Throwing and catching skills should be practiced on a daily basis. These two skills are probably the most important to producing a successful team.

In going back the fielder runs to the spot where he thinks the ball will fall, making ne or two quick glances over his shoulder to check on the ball's flight

Shading the sun with the glove. The fielder sights the ball, either above or below the glove. Never be caught without sunglasses on a sunny day.

Level 0 Coaching Accreditation Course 21

Pitching Mechanics

This program contains mechanics and drills that will help you maximize your abilities as a pitcher. The program is divided into six components, rhythm, balance, drive, arm motion, landing and drills. Each component is broken down into fundamental steps to help you maximum your understanding of the pitching process.

2 Seam Fastball 4 Seam Fastball Slider (Front and rear view)

Change Up Curve Ball

Front view Rear view Front view Rear view

1. Rhythm The tempo at which your pitcher delivers the ball is known as rhythm. Rhythm is essential in developing balance point, control, and release point and landing position. Rhythm begins as soon as the pitcher starts to deliver the ball, whether he is in the windup or set positions. A good rhythm is smooth and methodical, all movements are coordinated with no speeding up of the body or herky jerky movements.

2. Balance Position Proper body balance is important in helping a pitcher develop control. It is through body balance that a pitcher learns to synchronize his arms, legs and develop proper release points.

Step 1. Pivot foot must be in contact with the pitching rubber. Step back of the rubber with non-pivot foot, pivot foot must turn parallel to the pitching rubber.

Step 2. Hips close and non-pivot leg knee goes to waist or higher, the knee should bend and be in a relaxed position.

Step 3. Shoulders should be level, hands should be in the middle of your body. Your head should stay level and your eyes should never leave your target.

Step 5. You should be able to stand on your pivot leg without falling.

Step 6. As your body leaves the balance position, pitching arm and non pivot leg will travel downward, {There should be no forward movement until this happens} glove elbow will lead you towards your target, inside of glove will be facing the batter, back side hip will rotate and power forward, this back side rotation will open the front side, pivot foot will be on ball of foot, your landing foot will come down slightly closed to the target. Glove arm will finish with elbow against your body.

Level 0 Coaching Accreditation Course 22

3. GATHER The gather is what happens as we reach our balance point. The front shoulder and striding knee come back towards the pitching arm. This helps to create velocity, by coiling your body, so that it is able to create momentum when its time to pitch.

Level 0 Coaching Accreditation Course 23

Catching Skills

1. Catchers Equipment

Chest Protector Should be worn snug but not tight. The catcher should be able to move freely.

Leg Guards Should be strapped on the outside of the leg to prevent the straps from tangling when the catcher is running or blocking balls.

Helmet Youth aged players should have the full harness helmet, all others can use the half helmet.

Mask Must be of proper size and should have a throat protector. Mask must be worn whenever someone is warming up a pitcher either in a game or practice. Long sleeve under shirts and wristbands can be worn to help take away the sting when the ball hits the catcher's arm when he is blocking balls.

2. Giving Signs

Catcher should be in the squatting position with his heels off the ground and weight on balls of his feet, glove hand should be outside of leg and down by his foot to block out third base coach from trying to steal signs, legs should be wide enough so catcher can flash signs, right knee should be pointed toward second baseman to block out first base coach , hand should be in crotch area, make fist and flash signs to the pitcher, make sure hand doesn't leave crotch area and get to low to the ground.

3. Receiving Position

Weight on insteps, knees should be slightly pointed toward each other , back should be slightly arched , glove hand should be bent at the elbow with the glove pocket facing the pitcher. As the pitch is released glove hand should relax down ward and than come back to receiving position as the ball arrives. By keeping the glove hand loose we are able to react to balls in the dirt more quickly, don't jab at the ball, receive it with a relaxed hand and try to keep strikes in the strike zone by boxing or framing them. If the ball is inside or outside, sway your hips in the direction of the pitch. This will allow you to get your body behind the pitch and give the umpire a better look at borderline pitches , don't try to

Level 0 Coaching Accreditation Course 24

make balls strikes, you won't fool the good umpire and you may make the bad one mad.

4. Throwing Grip the ball With runners on base you must make sure that you don't let your butt get across the 4 to low to the ground, keep it parallel to the ground. You must have quick seams feet going towards where you are throwing the ball , throwing arm comes up to ear or makes a short circle to your ear, fingers on top of ball and throw.

Throws to First Right foot step, left footstep and throw.

Throws to second Right foot should be slightly behind left foot in receiving position on throw, right foot jab steps behind left foot with weight staying on back side, you step with your left foot and bring your back side forward with your throw. Throws to third Right foot steps to outside of left foot, step toward third base with left foot and throw.

5. Blocking Balls in Front Drop to your knees and cup your body forward, bare hand behind glove or to your side, glove goes down between legs, chin goes to your chest Left Side Throw hips, move feet and drop to knees with body facing towards infield, glove goes down between legs and bare hand behind glove or to your side, chin to chest and cup body Right Side Opposite of above when blocking balls remember, you are trying to keep the ball in front of you, so don't try to catch it BLOCK IT!

6. Fielding Balls

Use glove and bare hand, if ball is in front of you or down first base line field it facing it, shuffle step and throw keeping your knees bent. If ball is down third base line you must round the ball and step and throw, the reason we round the ball is to prevent our momentum going in a negative direction.

7. Tag Plays Receive the ball in front of the plate not behind it or on top of it; feet should be facing in the direction that the ball is coming from ; as you catch the ball you jab step with your left foot facing own the third base line ; your knees should be slightly bent ; catch the ball with two hands, tag the runner with glove and bare hand in glove

Level 0 Coaching Accreditation Course 25

holding the ball, a weight transfer should be made towards the runner so you can push him off the base line, after the tag get your body around and look for another play ; if there is going to be a collision keep your knees bent and try to make yourself as small as possible so when you get hit you will roll over on your back side.

Level 0 Coaching Accreditation Course 26

Base Running Running form is a part of good base running, make sure that you spend time on proper running form with your players. Teach your base runners to use the base coaches on all balls that are hit behind them. If the ball is hit in front of the runner, the runner can make the decision on whether or not to take the extra base. Always think two bases at a time, home to second, first to third and second to home.

1. Home to First

When running from home to first base we want to run straight through the base. We touch the base on the front middle part of the base with either foot; we don't leap at the base. We do not slow down until we pass the base and than take small jab steps and look to the right to see if the ball has gotten by the first base man. If the first base man is taking the throw off the base towards the home plate side, than the runner should slide to avoid being tagged and touch the base as he goes by it.

2. Getting your lead

Primary lead off first Never cross your legs when getting your lead. Heals on front side of base, take a step with your left foot and piv ot to your right foot, feet should be facing home plate, take three shuffle steps, left foot drag, right foot step, knees should be bent and body relaxed ready to go back to first base if the pitcher throws over. Once you get your lead, balance your body with your weight on the balls of your feet elbows should be bent and thumbs facing up, knees should be bent and body should be relaxed. With a left handed pitcher take only two shuffle steps.

Secondary lead After you take your primary lead, you prepare for your secondary lead. You get your secondary lead as the pitcher makes his pitch to the plate. You take two shuffle steps toward second or third base; again it's left foot drag and right footstep. You end up with your weight on your right foot toward the base you are going. If the ball is not hit you pivot on your right foot and hurry back to the base you were at. If the ball is hit you read the ball and react accordingly, ground ball go, fly ball half way, tag up or go and freeze on a line drive. This is a lead you use when you are not straight stealing. The purpose of this lead is to get you in momentum and closer to the base you are going to. You should be aware of all pitched balls in the dirt and be ready to take the base ahead of you at all times.

Straight Steal After the steal sign is given and we get our primary lead. We try to get an early jump off the pitcher. We aggressively turn our right shoulder, while at the same time pivoting on the balls of our feet. We push and step with our left foot, stay low and gradually rise as we are running. If we do not get a good jump we don't steal. In order to have a good chance at stealing the base we must learn to look for the advantage that the pitcher gives us.

Infielding Skills

1. Basic Fielding Position

Level 0 Coaching Accreditation Course 27

A. Thinking Position Toes pointed toward home plate, on balls of your feet, knees slightly bent, arms relaxed either on knees or in front of your body.

B. Ready Position Hands and feet move toward home plate as pitch reaches the hitting zone, step with glove foot first, move to the ball, either charge it or cross over step if it is to your side.

C. Fielding Position Feet should be still while you are fielding the ball ; upper body and hands continue through the ball ; glove foot slightly ahead of throwing foot , feet slightly more apart then shoulder width ,glove should be on the ground with palm facing the ball , throwing hand either over top of glove or on side of glove , watch the ball go into your glove , bring the ball to your belly button , take a parallel step with your throwing foot and than a step with your glove foot in the direction that you want to throw , as you take your parallel step your arm makes proper throwing motion

2. Ground Ball Work A. At EM Balls that are hit or rolled to the infielder that he has to charge and get his body under control before he fields.

B. Balls to the left Balls that are hit or rolled to his left that he has to use a cross over step or angle step to field.

C. Balls to the right Same as above only to the right.

D. Slow Rollers Balls that he has to charge and field with one hand on some occasions, should field off of his fielding foot, then step and throw.

E. Back Hands

Balls that are hit or rolled to his glove side that he can not get in front of, left knee bent, glove down to ground, palm facing ball, step back with right foot, then step with left foot and throw, weight should be on back side and transfer with throw.

F. Boot and Bare Hand Balls that are dropped should be picked up with bare hand, not the glove; throws to the appropriate base can be made during all ground ball work.

G. Double Plays Positioning Make sure that middle infielders are close enough to the base to get there with their body under control

Level 0 Coaching Accreditation Course 28

Feeds twenty feet or less under hand toss, toss should be firm with no arc If over twenty feet, over hand throw. Take it your self whenever you are five or six feet from the base

Foot work Second baseman Catch with two hands , step on base with glove foot, towards back of base with throwing foot, knee should be bent so that weight is on back leg , step with glove foot toward first base and throw , arm should make a small circle, not a large one like in normal throwing Shortstop Balls hit behind base ; catch with two hands , step on base with right foot , balls hit in front of base step on base with left foot , after catch you must get your feet in line to where you are throwing.

H. Pro Two Back door play where infielder fakes throw to one base and than throws to another to try and get the runner rounding the base, usually used when there are runners on first and second base, throw is make to third base. Quick feet, Quick hands and release are important

Tags A. You can either straddle the base, take the throw on the side or in front of the base B. Let the ball travel, it will get there faster than you going to get it and bringing it back to the base

Don't chase the runner with your tag, let him slide into the tag, make your tag and then get your glove out.

Level 0 Coaching Accreditation Course 29

Outfielding

1. Throwing Four Seam Grip When throwing from the outfield we want the ball to go straight, if we don't use the four seam grip and throw over hand the ball could tail or veer off when it hits the ground. One Long Hop when throwing to a base we don't want to short hop the base man, a short hop is a hard throw to handle and usually becomes bobbled or dropped. So either we want one long hop or a straight on throw to the baseman.

2. Ground Balls All ground balls must be charged whether or not they go through the infield or if they are hit at infielders No One On Base or Runner on Third We can play it safe and either field it on one knee, our throwing knee or field it like an infielder. Either way we must field it quickly and get the ball back into the infield.

3. Fly Balls Catch with two hands on your throwing side, head high. Shuffle, Shuffle After fielding either a ground ball or fly ball front leg steps and back leg slides forward, this motion gives fielder time to let his arm get long to make throw.

In going back the fielder runs to the spot where he thinks the ball will fall, making one or two quick glances over his shoulder to check on the ball's flight

Shading the sun with the glove. The fielder sights the ball, either above or below the glove. Never be caught without sunglasses on a sunny day.

Level 0 Coaching Accreditation Course 30

HITTING FUNDAMENTALS

When we talk about hitting we are concerned with four basic elements that help in making us the best possible hitter we can be. These basics are the grip, stance, approach/stride and the swing. We will deal with each one in point form.

1. GRIP a. Hold bat in your fingers, not in your palms. For proper grip, batter should be able to have his index fingers line up when he extends them outward. b. Bat should be held in the hands in a relaxed and tension free position. c. Make sure the batter is not using a bat that is too big. To check, have batter swing the bat first with his top hand, elbow should be at 90 degrees against his body. Then check bottom hand, again elbow should be close to his body. If he can't keep the bat level on swing the bat is to heavy.

Keep bat quiet

Do not turn head

Keep eyes Proper grip on the ball

Good bat position Shoulders level

Wrists cocked

Arms away from body Hips level

Hit ball in the

strike zone Knees bent slightly

Assume Weight distributed comfortable stance

Level 0 Coaching Accreditation Course 31

2. STANCE 1. Both feet in the batters box. Feet should be comfortably s pread apart with good body balance. Toes should be pointed towards home plate. 2. Check to make sure that you have plate coverage by reaching across the plate with your bat. There should be at least two inches of the bat extended over the plate. 3. Knees should be slightly bent and weight should be on balls of your feet. 4. Shoulders should be level and parallel to home plate, head should be facing pitcher. 5. Elbows should be relaxed and pointing downward. Bat should be held in a relaxed tension free position.

3. THE SWING 1. The movement of the body for the swing is as follows. Gather or coil; stride; hands; backside hip rotation; front side rotation; rear foot rotation forward. 2. The gather or coil of the hands in a backward motion and a stride or step towards the pitcher are the initial movements in hitting. 3. The backside hip starts to rotate as the hands come forward. The backside rotates the front side. The front side does not open first. 4. The hands are kept lose and should bring the bat into the hitting area in the fastest and most direct route. This will happen by the hitter pulling the bat across his chest with his bottom hand and the top hand driving the bat forward. Arms do not extend outward; we want to keep the handle of the bat out of the strike zone. 5. Contact with ball is made in front of the hitter. The extent depends on where the pitch is, inside, outside or down the middle. The bat should be square to the ball, not at an angle. 6. As the bat comes through the hitting zone the backside hip starts to rotate. As this rotation starts, the rear foot heal must leave the ground. The heel leaving the ground is called a pivot or turn. This pivot has to happen in order for the rear hip to finish its turn and give us maximum power in our swing.

7. When the swing is completed, the hitters belt buckle should be facing in the direction he his hitting the ball. 8. Eyes should never leave the ball. You should track the ball from the pitcher to the bat and try

Level 0 Coaching Accreditation Course 32

and see the ball contact the bat. 9. Hitters chin goes from front shoulder to rear shoulder. His head doesn't move. 10. Swing through the ball and finish high. Bat should finish across the back of your shoulder; this is called the follow through.

4. GENERAL HITTING GUIDELINES

1. Know the strike zone, make the pitcher throw strikes. 2. Make sure you have plate coverage. 3. Prepare for the pitchers fastest pitch. 4. Be ready to hit every pitch, be aggressive. 5. Don't be afraid to fail, even the best hitters are only successful 3 out of ten times. 6. Hit the breaking ball either before it breaks or after it breaks. 7. Prepare to hit in the on deck circle. Visualize yourself hitting the ball up the middle. 8. Relax, learn to control your feelings, think about hitting the ball hard. 9. Study the pitcher; know what types of pitches he throws. 10. Most pitchers are taught to pitch below the waist, so look for a low pitch.

Open Stance and closed Stance

Level 0 Coaching Accreditation Course 33

USING A BATTING TEE With the introduction of Tee Ball, the batting tee has become one of the most used pieces of hitting equipment in baseball/softball training for both youth and adult players. To get the result that we are looking for when using a batting tee, coaches must have a basic understanding of hitting mechanics and proper placement of the tee in relation to the hitter.

1. The batting tee should always be placed in front of the hitter. Not on top of home plate. Contact with the ball is made in front of the hitter. The hitter must be able to see the bat make contact with the ball. 2. When using a tee make sure it is placed in the proper position for each hitter. Where he stands in the batters box and the length of his stride will determine the placement of the tee, it will vary for each hitter. 3. The tee should be placed on the outside part of the plate and in front or even with the hitters stride foot for contact with the outside pitch. For the pitch down the middle it should be placed in front of the hitter and middle of the plate. For the inside pitch the tee will be placed in front of the hitter on the inside part of the plate. To find out where the exact contact point should be have the hitter swing the bat and have him stop his swing where he would make contact with the ball, that is where you will place the tee. 4. Both eyes should stay focused on the ball from the beginning of the swing to the end of the swing. Don't let the hitter follow the hit ball with his eyes. 5. Make sure the hitter can control the bat, he must be able to swing the bat level through the ball, not below the ball so that he hits the tee. With 7 to 9 year olds don't get to technical or try to over teach. Remember they don't have very long attention spans and get bored quickly. Try to set up hitting drills that will involve all the players by hitting, fielding, placing the ball on the tee or throwing to a certain player after the ball is hit. Keep practice short, simple and have fun.

Grip the bat with the fingers, Stand side on to the pitcher, Feet, shoulder length apart With the hands together facing the Tee

Hands at the top of the Throw the hands at the ball. strike zone

Level 0 Coaching Accreditation Course 34