Findings: (-) County: Clackamas Township: 2 South Range: 1 East Sections: 8, 9, 10, and 17 USGS Quadrangle: Lake Oswego, Oreg. ,7.5’; 1961, revised 1984 Type: Reconnaissance and Literature Review Field Notes Location: AINW
AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY AND
LITERATURE REVIEW FOR THE OSWEGO LAKE
INTERCEPTOR SEWER REPLACEMENT PROJECT
LAKE OSWEGO, CLACKAMAS COUNTY, OREGON
Prepared for Anchor Environmental, L.L.C. Portland, Oregon
March 19, 2008 Revised April 10, 2008
REPORT NO. 2102
Archaeological Investigations Northwest, Inc.
2632 SE 162 nd Ave. • Portland, OR • 97236 Phone 503 761-6605 • Fax 503 761-6620
AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY AND LITERATURE REVIEW FOR THE OSWEGO LAKE INTERCEPTOR SEWER REPLACEMENT PROJECT LAKE OSWEGO, CLACKAMAS COUNTY, OREGON
PROJECT SITE: Oswego Lake
LOCATION: Sections 8, 9, 10, and 17, Township 2 South, Range 1 East, Willamette Meridian
COUNTY: Clackamas
CITY: Lake Oswego
FINDINGS: A survey is recommended for the proposed sewer line in the northeastern and southwestern portions of Oswego Lake after the lake is drawn down and prior to trenching for the sewer line. In addition, monitoring is recommended along Foothills Road during the trenching and installation of the proposed sewer along and within the road.
PREPARERS: Brian G. Buchanan, M.A., and John L. Fagan, Ph.D., R.P.A.
INTRODUCTION
This report describes the archaeological reconnaissance and literature review conducted by Archaeological Investigations Northwest, Inc. (AINW), for the proposed Oswego Lake Interceptor Sewer Replacement project in Lake Oswego, Oregon. The study was done for Anchor Environmental, L.L.C. The proposed project area lies within Oswego Lake, Lakewood Bay, Blue Heron Canal, and the Main Canal (otherwise known as the Oswego Canal or Tualatin Canal). A new sewer line connecting the southwest and northeastern corners of Oswego Lake will be trenched in the shallow water areas of the lake. In the deeper portions of the lake, the sewer line will consist of a floating High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) pipeline that will be tethered to bedrock with steel cables and anchors. The large majority of the trench work for the buried portions of the proposed interceptor sewer line will be constructed in the dry when the water in the lake is drawn down.
ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING
The project area is located in Clackamas County, in the northern end of the Willamette Valley in Sections 8, 9, 10, and 17, Township 2 South, Range 1 East, Willamette Meridian (Figure 1). The Willamette Valley physiographic province extends from the Columbia River in the north south to Cottage Grove, Oregon and is approximately 32 kilometers (km) (20 miles [mi]) wide and 161 km (100 mi) long (Aikens 1993:191). The Cascade Range and the Coastal Range border the valley to the east and west, respectively (Baldwin 1964; Orr et al. 1992). The valley is characterized by low relief terrain ranging in elevation from 15 to 137 meters (m) (50 to 450 feet [ft]) (Balster and Parsons 1968). Miocene flood basalts from the Columbia River Basalt Group are overlain by up to 500 m (1,650 ft) of Neogene and Quaternary fill (O’Connor et al. 2001; Orr et al. 1992). The fill has accumulated from the adjacent mountain ranges and from the Columbia River during the Missoula floods. A reduced energy flow through the Columbia River near Rainier, Oregon, resulted in back flooding into the Willamette Valley. The floods
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-1- deposited the top 100 m (330 ft) of sediments at the end of the Pleistocene during the last 40 flood events (McDowell 1991; Orr and Orr 1996). The flood-derived soils of the Willamette Valley are known as the Willamette formation.
Oswego Lake covers approximately 420 acres including West Bay and Lakewood Bay. The lake is approximately 5.6 km (3.5 mi) long, and is used as a reservoir as well as for recreation by the city of Lake Oswego (City of Lake Oswego 1994). Steep and rolling hills surround the lake on all sides, and the lake is fed by streams that flow out of these hills, as well as by the artificially constructed Main (Tualatin) Canal. This canal connects with the Tualatin River, situated approximately 2.6 km (1.6 mi) south of Oswego Lake. The Lake Oswego Corporation, which has owned the lake since 1942, privately maintains the lake for both recreational use and industrial functions.
Oswego Lake was known by the Clackamas as Waluga (“wild swan”) Lake and was later named Sucker Lake by early Euroamerican settlers (McArthur 1992:644). The historic boundaries of Sucker (Oswego) Lake were much smaller than the current boundaries of Oswego Lake according to General Land Office (GLO) maps and other historic maps. The Lake Oswego Comprehensive Plan states that the lake levels rose due to the construction of the Oswego Canal (also known as the Tualatin Canal) as well as the construction of dams along the eastern end of the lake (City of Lake Oswego 1994). These features were built in the fourth quarter of the ninteenth century. The rising waters covered large stretches of land that may have been used during prehistoric and historic-period times and created Blue Heron Bay, West Bay, and Lakewood Bay.
CULTURAL CONTEXT
Native Peoples
The project area lies within the traditional homelands of both the Clackamas and Tualatin Indians. The lake is situated along the traditional boundary between the homelands of the two groups. The Clackamas were a sub-grouping of the Chinook, who occupied the Columbia River valley from The Dalles to the Pacific Ocean and up the Willamette River as far as Willamette Falls. The Tualatin were the northernmost group of the Kalapuyans, who occupied the majority of the Willamette Valley south and southwest of the Chinook.
All Chinookan groups spoke related languages and shared a similar culture, although each Chinookan village was politically independent. The Clackamas people occupied the Clackamas River drainage from the foothills of the Cascade Range down to the confluence of the Clackamas and Willamette rivers. The Clackamas spoke Kiksht, an Upper Chinookan language that was also spoken by Native groups in the Columbia River Gorge (Silverstein 1990). Chiefs who had no formal authority led Chinookan villages and they exercised their power through their wealth and personal skills. Their wealth allowed them to acquire more followers and slaves that in turn were used to acquire more wealth and influence. Chiefs usually had several wives, often the sisters and daughters of other chiefs, which provided a basis for political alliances and access to the resources of other villages (Hajda 1984:183-190; Silverstein 1990:541-542).
The Clackamas first appear in Euroamerican historical records within the journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1805 to 1806. The Corps of Discovery never actually visited Willamette Falls or the Clackamas. However, from accounts of other native groups the Corps encountered, they reported that there were eleven Clackamas villages along both sides of the Clackamas River, beginning some distance above its mouth. These were not mapped within the journals, but the population was estimated at 1,800 people (Moulton 1990:486).
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The project area is also located within the traditional territory of the Tualatin or Atfalati people. The Tualatin were the northernmost representatives of the Kalapuyans, who occupied the Willamette Valley prior to Euroamerican settlement. At the time of contact with Euroamericans, the Tualatin occupied all of the Tualatin Valley and extended southward to the Yamhill River. In the early nineteenth century, the Tualatin were organized into about 20 villages, each of which was independent and had its own headman. Most of the villages were relatively small, probably numbering between 50 and 100 people. The villages were occupied primarily during the winter months, with reliance upon provisions gathered and stored during the summer. During the warm season, individual households and families moved to more short-term camps, where they lived in simple shelters or windbreaks (Zenk 1976, 1990).
Lewis and Clark mention the “Cal-lah-po-e-wah nation” as living along the “Multnomah (Willamette) river” (Thwaites 1904-1905:6:118-119). It is likely that the explorers were referring to the groups that were later described as the Kalapuyans. “The first recorded meeting between Kalapuyans and Euroamericans took place in 1812 when fur traders from Astoria, lead by Donald McKenzie, visited the Willamette Valley” (Minor et al. 1982:71). From ethnographic data, Zenk (1976:142-155) has identified the approximate locations of most of the villages. Many of these settlements were in the western Tualatin Valley, around Wapato Lake (now drained but formally along the east side of Gaston) and in the present-day Forest Grove area. There are no known village sites within the vicinity of the current project area.
Little else is known of the two groups due to the introduction of European diseases in the Northwest during the late 1700s and early 1800s (Aikens 1993). An epidemic of smallpox struck the lower Columbia River and Willamette Valley regions in the 1770s, with an estimated mortality rate of 30 to 35% (Boyd 1990). Subsequent epidemics of smallpox, malaria, measles, and other diseases in the early nineteenth century decimated Native populations, reducing them to 75 to 90% of their pre-contact numbers (Boyd 1990). Following the Donation Land Act of 1850, Native groups increasingly lost their land to Euroamerican settlers, and in 1855, Congress ratified treaties regarding Native groups residing within the Willamette Valley. The area ceded to the United States by these groups extended from the Calapooya Mountains (the divide between the Willamette and Umpqua river drainages) north to the Columbia River and from the Coast Range to the Cascade Range. No reservation was created under the terms of this treaty; however most Indians from northwest Oregon were moved to the Grand Ronde Reservation, including the Clackamas and the Tualatin. Descendents of the Clackamas and Tualatin are associated today with the Grand Ronde, Siletz, and Warm Springs tribes.
Anthropologists collected Kalapuyan oral accounts from Native American speakers of the local dialects in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Some of the traditional accounts referred to a malicious water being or monster that lived in a lake within Tualatin tribal territory (Jacobs 1945:156-160). Based on information from Eirik Thorsgard, Cultural Protection Coordinator for the Confederated Tribes of the Grande Ronde Community of Oregon, the legendary monster inhabited Oswego Lake (Eirik Thorsgard, personal communication 2008).
Euroamerican History
The Lake Oswego region was first settled by Euroamericans around 1850. Modern Lake Oswego is largely situated within the boundaries of three Donation Land Claims (DLCs), those of Josiah Franklin, Albert Durham, and F.A. Collard, as shown on an 1862 GLO map. Durham and Franklin settled their land claims in the spring of 1850, while Collard settled his in the fall of that year (Genealogical Forum of Portland 1957-1975:I:50,51; GLO 1862). Durham constructed a sawmill on Sucker Creek, which flowed east from Sucker Lake before draining into the Willamette River. Durham started the town of Oswego and named it after his hometown of Oswego, New York.
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John Trullinger bought the town site and the sawmill in 1865. He also was the first to create a regular portage of goods from the Tualatin Valley to Oswego, which was known as the People’s Transportation Company (Heisler 1989). By 1852, Oswego consisted of a few homes and buildings near the confluence of Sucker Creek and the Willamette River. Along the western side of Sucker Lake was a homestead attributed to “Barnes” as well as the “Road from Tualatin Plains to Oregon City.”
Iron Production
The demand for iron in Oregon during the nineteenth century and the difficulty in obtaining it led Oregon settlers to seek out local sources of iron. In 1862, iron ore from the Oswego region was used by a local blacksmith to create a miner’s pick and some horseshoes. Efforts were made to exploit this resource, which was especially needed in the fledgling city of Portland during the 1860s, because the Civil War had drastically reduced the supplies of iron and steel throughout America. On February 24, 1865, Henry Green, John Green, and William Ladd incorporated the Oregon Iron Company (Hergert 1948). The company was set up near the confluence of the Willamette River and Sucker Creek and southeast of the proposed sewer interceptor. Although the iron enterprise ultimately failed, it was one of the first instances of industrial manufacture in the Northwest that primarily used native resources (Daniels 1929:18-19; Herger 1948:1-4; MacColl and Stein 1988; Oswego Heritage Council n.d) .
The smelting operation consisted of several wooden-framed buildings, including the top house that surrounded the basalt furnace, a casting shed, a bridge house, and the blast house. Other structures included sheds, a coal barn, ore bins, and a storehouse. The smelting operation went through a series of starts and stops throughout its history, being closed for somewhat extended periods of time due to lack of funding and/or legal issues. The Oregon Iron Company was sold in 1877 to Samuel H. Brown and Ernest W. Crichton after bankruptcy proceedings by the company (Herger 1948:14; MacColl and Stein 1988:152).
Brown and Crichton opened a new iron smelting company with a different name, the Oswego Iron Company, in 1878. The new owners built a narrow gauge railroad to the recently discovered Prosser Mine on Iron Mountain, a source for iron ore, and made improvements to the basalt furnace. The company started production in June 1878. After a series of shutdowns and startups, the two men mortgaged the company’s acreage to Simeon G. Reed. In 1881, the furnace was shut down and expanded. By early 1882, the plant was ready for production again after the improvements. Unfortunately, a drop in the price of pig iron forced the closing of the Oswego Iron Company (Daniels 1929:21; Hergert 1948:15-17; Oswego Heritage Council n.d.).
The Oregon Iron and Steel Company was incorporated in 1882 by Reed, Ladd, Crichton, and other investors. They formed the new company out of the remains of the previous two iron companies. They anticipated that the Northern Pacific and other local railroads would draw their iron for the rails and cars from their new company. The Oregon Iron and Steel Company began smelting iron and rolling steel for rail and steamship lines along the Pacific Coast (Daniels 1929; Hergert 1948; Johansen 1940; Oswego Heritage Council n.d.). The old smelting plant was used until 1887, when difficulties in the furnace shut down the plant. A new plant was built a short distance northeast of the old plant. The new plant was completed in 1888, and a new tunnel was made on Iron Mountain to supply the ore (Daniels 1929; Hergert 1948; Johansen 1940; Oswego Heritage Council n.d.).
The new plant continued to operate until 1894, producing a high quality charcoal iron (rather than coal iron). Charcoal was used rather than coal due to the abundance of timber in Oregon that could be transformed into charcoal. Charcoal had the added benefit of adding
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-4- fewer impurities to pig iron when burned than coal. Unfortunately, imported iron was still cheaper to obtain in Oregon, and eventually forced the closure of the plant. The Oswego iron smelting industry was the largest manufacturing plant in Oregon when it ceased operations in 1894. The plant sat empty until it was sold to the Pacific Coast Steel Company in 1917. After the U.S. declaration of war in 1917, portions of the plant were rehabilitated in the hopes of smelting for the war effort. One source asserted that the plant was used to create cast iron water mains for the city or Portland. Another stated that no additional work was ever completed by the furnace, and that it was dismantled in 1917 and sold as scrap metal. The plant was abandoned, and the remaining company assets were sold in 1929 (Daniels 1929; Hergert 1948; Johansen 1940; Oswego Heritage Council n.d.).
The smelter/furnace was the center of the iron producing plant. Construction of the furnace was started in 1865 and operations at the furnace began in 1867. It was constructed of locally obtained hewn basalt and imported firebricks. It stood 9.7 m (32 ft) high and was 10.4 m (34 ft) wide at its base and 8 m (26 ft) wide at its top. The average capacity of the furnace was eight tons a day (Hartwig 1973). All that remains standing today of the iron industrial complex is a portion of the iron furnace, which is located within George Rogers Park near the confluence of the Willamette River and Oswego Creek. In 1973, the iron furnace was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) due to its significance in the beginnings of Oregon Industry (Hartwig 1973).
The Tualatin Canal
John Trullinger helped create the Peoples Transportation Company that would portage goods from the Tualatin Valley down to Sucker Lake, through Oswego, and down the Willamette River to Portland (Heisler 1989). The Tualatin River Navigation and Manufacturing Company bought out Trullinger’s enterprise in 1869 (Heisler 1989). This company had ambitious plans to expand Trullinger’s business as well as construct a new sawmill, a warehouse, and most importantly a canal and dam to raise the level of Sucker Lake with the Tualatin River in order to transport goods by boat into Sucker Lake and down to Oswego.
In 1871, the work on the canal was started under the direction of the Tualatin River Canal Company. Workers of Chinese descent, many of whom also worked at the Oswego Iron Company, were the main labor force that built the canal. They were employed by the Oswego Iron Company to chop down trees to make the charcoal that fired the blast furnace (Heisler 1989). In 1873, the canal was completed, although the canal was too small for the larger steamboats. Unfortunately, the building of the nearby railroad in 1887 effectively halted the economic use of the canal as a transportation link (Heisler 1989).
While the use of the canal for transportation was discontinued in 1887, the canal and associated dams around Oswego Lake have irrevocably changed the lake. The canal and dams continue to provide a system to control the amount of water flowing into the lake. This allowed the Oregon Iron Company to regulate the flow of water on Sucker Creek to aid in the furnace operations. The lake increased in size from the historical boundaries of Sucker Lake (218 acres) (approximately 4.4 km long [2.75 mi]) to the current size of Oswego Lake (420 acres) (approximately 5.6 km long [3.5 mi]) (Heisler 1989). The Tualatin Canal was recorded as a historic resource (State Historic Preservation Office [SHPO] No. 1811) in 1989 due to its role in the development and growth of Lake Oswego (Heisler 1989).
The largest meteorite ever found in the United States, the Willamette Meteorite, was found in West Linn, Oregon, approximately 3.2 km (2 mi) south of the project area boundaries.
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-5- Scientists hypothesize that the meteorite landed somewhere in Canada and was transported to its resting spot near the project area by the Missoula Floods (Preston 1986). The meteorite was known by the Clackamas as Tomanowos (translated as “Heavenly Visitor” or “Visitor from the Moon”). The meteorite was spiritually significant to the tribe and was used in certain rituals (Preston 1986). The meteorite continues to be held as spiritually significant to members of the Confederated Tribes of the Grande Ronde Community of Oregon.
In 1902, a Welsh immigrant named Ellis Hughes was the first Euroamerican to discover the meteorite on land owned by his employer, the Oregon Iron and Steel Company (Preston 1986). He confided the discovery with a friend, William Dale. Both men were miners, and realized that the large rock was a meteorite. They devised a plan to obtain the meteorite without the Oregon Iron and Steel Company knowing. Dale went to Eastern Oregon to raise money to purchase the land from the Oregon Iron and Steel Company where the meteorite was found. Unfortunately, he was never heard from again (Preston 1986). Hughes decided to act when he realized that Dale was not returning, and, with the help of his teenage son, managed to move the 32,000-pound meteorite approximately 1.2 km (0.75 mi) back to his house (Preston 1986). It took Hughes and his son three months to accomplish the task, all the while maintaining secrecy so effective that none of his neighbors had any idea what was going on (Preston 1986).
Hughes constructed a small wooden shack around the meteorite and began to charge people 25 cents to view the meteorite. One of Hughes’ customers was the attorney for the Oregon Iron and Steel Company. The attorney presumably noticed the rather large trail that Hughes had made transporting the meteorite, and correctly deduced that the meteorite was found on land owned by the Oregon Iron and Steel Company (Preston 1986). A series of lawsuits followed, and the state of Oregon ultimately awarded the meteorite to the Oregon Iron and Steel Company (Preston 1986).
The meteorite was unveiled at the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition in 1905. After the exposition, the company sold the meteorite to Mrs. William Dodge for $20,600 (Preston 1986). She donated the meteorite to the American Museum of Natural History, where it has remained ever since. In the 1999, the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon claimed ownership of the meteorite and requested the reparation of the meteorite. In 2000, the American Museum of Natural History and the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon signed an agreement that ensured access of tribal members to the meteorite while allowing the meteorite to reside in the museum (American Museum of Natural History 2008).
The Southern Pacific Railroad/Willamette Shore Trolley
A line of the Southern Pacific Railroad ran from the Jefferson Street station in Portland to Cook, Oregon and was finished in 1888. The line had a stop in Oswego, and ran along the northern boundary of Oswego Lake (Austin and Dil 1987:56). This track generally was for “suburban passenger” trains that connected Oswego residents with Portland as well as carrying freight. Passenger service ended on the Southern Pacific Railroad between Portland and Oswego in 1929, and freight service ended in 1983 (City of Lake Oswego 2008a). Trolley service between Oswego and Portland began again in 1990 and continues to this day. The Oregon Electric Railway Historical Society, under contract with the City of Lake Oswego, operates the trolley (City of Lake Oswego 2008a, 2008b).
Lake Oswego Today
After the demise of the iron industry in Oswego, a new enterprise arose in the area. Paul Murphy, a land developer, acquired large tracts of land around Oswego and began
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-6- residential development in the early 1900s. In 1913, the inhabitants of Oswego successfully petitioned the U.S. Board of Geographic Names to change the name to Oswego Lake (McArthur 1992:644; Oswego Heritage Council 2008). A power plant was constructed on Oswego (Sucker) Creek in 1909 that supplied power to the fledgling City of Oswego, which was incorporated in 1910 (City of Lake Oswego 2008c). The Oswego Lake Country Club was developed by Murphy as a place to “live where you play” (City of Lake Oswego 2008c). Murphy encouraged noted architects to design fine homes along the lake in the 1930s and ‘40s, and helped extend the water system to each household in the area (City of Lake Oswego 2008c). With the annexation of Lake Grove to the west in 1960, Oswego officially changed its name to Lake Oswego. Today, Lake Oswego is one of the most affluent communities within the state of Oregon, with households surrounding all sides of the lakefront.
BACKGROUND RESEARCH
Prior to the field reconnaissance survey, AINW conducted background research for the project area at the Oregon SHPO in Salem, Oregon, and in AINW’s research library. SHPO records were checked to determine if archaeological resources or historic-period structures had been identified in the project area or if any properties listed in the NRHP were within the vicinity. GLO maps were reviewed to determine if any historic-period land- or resource-use was recorded within the project area.
The majority of the previous archaeological research has been conducted along the eastern boundary of Oswego Lake in what is now termed “Old Town” Lake Oswego. Ronald Kent surveyed the proposed Glenmorrie Sanitary Sewer Collection System located southeast of Oswego Lake along the Willamette River in 1977 and recorded a prehistoric scatter of lithic debitage as well as glass slag related to the iron plant (Kent 1977).
Site 35CL96 was recorded east of Oswego Lake in the Old Town section of Lake Oswego. The site was recorded as being contemporary with the Late Windust-Early Cascade phases of the Lower Snake River (Burnett 1991:1). The Windust Phase spans a period from approximately 10,000 to 8,000 years before present (B.P.) and is followed by the Cascade Phase, which dates from approximately 8,000 to 5,000 B.P. (Burnett 1991). The site was considered potentially eligible for listing in the NRHP. The Burnett site was considered important due to its age and the high artifact density recovered from the site.
In 1996, Heritage Research Associates, Inc. (HRA) performed a cultural resources survey of four Portland Area Watersheds north of Lake Oswego and did not find any cultural resources (Ricks and White 1996). In 2003, HRA performed a cultural resources survey of the Chip Transfer Facility northeast of Lakewood Bay adjacent to the Willamette River. While HRA did not find any cultural materials during the survey, they recommended monitoring during the planned development of the property (Minor 2003). In 2004, HRA monitored the Willamette Lift Station Reconstruction Project near the Chip Transfer Facility that HRA had surveyed in 2003 (Minor and Wenger 2004). During the monitoring, it became apparent that approximately 90% of the project area had been previously disturbed by the Oregon Iron and Steel Company’s industrial activities. Although this disturbance was evidence of the company’s existence, it was felt that the remains were not archaeologically significant due to the large amount of disturbance at the project area (Minor and Wenger 2004).
In 2006, archaeologists from the Oregon State Museum of Anthropology (OSMA) completed a resource evaluation of Oregon State Parks, including Tyron Creek State Natural Area north of Lake Oswego (Tasa et al. 2007). Four historic-period archaeological trash scatters were recorded during the survey.
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-7- In 2001, AINW assessed the potential for archaeological resources at the Oregon Iron Company smelter southeast of Oswego Lake because the City of Lake Oswego planned to undertake restoration of the smelter (Ellis and Chapman 2001). In 2004 HRA excavated shovel probes within George Rogers park south of the smelter, and recorded archaeological site 35CL297 as the site of the former iron company. Both archaeological investigations acknowledged the significance of the iron company in the cultural and historical history of Lake Oswego, and recommended that the area surrounding the still standing smelter as archaeologically significant (Ellis and Chapman 2001; Minor 2004).
AINW conducted two archaeological surveys in the vicinity of the Oswego Lake Sewer Interceptor project area: the 2007 survey and shovel testing of the Luscher Farms Project south of Oswego Lake (Wilson and Fagan 2007) and the survey and shovel testing of the Tyron Creek Park Stream Restoration Project Area north of Oswego Lake (Buchanan and Fagan 2008). No artifacts were recovered from either project.
PEDESTRIAN FIELD RECONNAISSANCE
On February 21, 2008, AINW supervising archaeologist Brian G. Buchanan, M.A., completed a pedestrian reconnaissance survey of the Oswego Lake Interceptor Sewer project area. The proposed path of the sewer interceptor travels down the Main Canal from Bryant Road into Oswego Lake and connects with sewer lines extending from West Bay and from the Blue Heron Canal before traveling northwest across the lake into Lakewood Bay. The proposed sewer then goes out of the lake and underneath South State Street (OR 43) and Foothills Road (Figure 2). The goal of the pedestrian reconnaissance survey was to examine the proposed path of the sewer line and determine, along with the literature review, what additional archaeological work is recommended for the project area.
The lake and canals were observed from the shore of the lake and from the numerous bridges that cross over the canals, bays, and portions of the lake (Photos 1 through 3). Special attention was paid to the Tualatin Canal/Main Canal in the southwestern corner of Oswego Lake because it has previously been recorded as a historic resource (Photos 4 and 5). At the time of the survey, all of the canals and bays were completely underwater. These underwater areas, based upon historic records as well as observation of the topography, contain prehistoric and historic land surfaces. A small portion of the proposed sewer line will be located east of South State Street (OR 43) running along/underneath Foothills Road. This area appeared to be significantly disturbed by the construction of the road, the surrounding commercial and residential development, and the Willamette Shore Trolley line (located adjacent to Foothills Road) (Photo 6). During the survey, the Iron Furnace in George Rogers Park and the dam along McVey Avenue were also examined. These structures are historically important in the Lake Oswego area (Photos 7 and 8).
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-8- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
A variety of Native American, Euroamerican, and Asian groups have lived and worked in the Oswego area during prehistoric, historic, and modern times. The project area lies within the traditional homelands of the Clackamas and Tualatin Indians, and both groups may have used the lake and the surrounding area in ethnographic times. Later on, Oswego Lake witnessed the beginnings of industrialization in Oregon during the construction and use of the iron blast furnace as well as the construction of the Tualatin Canal and the raising of the lake level. The raising of the lake level flooded areas that were prehistoric and historic-period living surfaces. When the lake is drawn down, these areas may therefore contain cultural resources from the prehistoric and historic past.
The proposed sewer line will travel through historic and prehistoric landscapes that were inundated with water after the construction of the Tualatin Canal and the dam along Oswego Creek. It is recommended that an archaeological survey including shovel testing be conducted after the lake is drawn down and prior to the trenching of the proposed sewer line interceptor.
REFERENCES
Aikens, C. Melvin 1993 Archaeology of Oregon, 3rd ed. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Oregon State Office, Portland, Oregon.
Austin, Ed, and Tom Dill 1987 The Southern Pacific in Oregon. Pacific Fast Mail, Edmonds, Washington.
Baldwin, Ewart M. 1964 Geology of Oregon 2 nd ed. Edwards Brothers, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Balster, C. A., and R. B. Parsons 1968 Geomorphology and Soils, Willamette Valley, Oregon. Agricultural Experiment Station Special Report 265. Oregon State University, Corvallis.
Boyd, Robert Thomas 1990 Demographic History, 1774-1874. In Northwest Coast, edited by Wayne Suttles, pp. 135-148. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 7, W. C. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
Burnett, Robert M. 1991 The Burnett Site: A Cascade Phase Camp on the Lower Willamette River . Unpublished Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, Portland State University.
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-9- City of Lake Oswego 1994 Oswego Lake. Section 7 of Goal 5: Open Spaces, Scenic & Historic Areas & Natural Resources of Lake Oswego Comprehensive Plan . Electronic document. Available, http://www.ci.oswego.or.us/plan/Comp%20Plan/Goal%205_7.pdf, accessed February 13, 2008. 2008a Jefferson St. Rail Line . Electronic document. Available, http://www.ci.oswego.or.us/engineer/trans/rail.htm, accessed February 22, 2008. 2008b Willamette Shore Trolley. Electronic document. Available, http://www.ci.oswego.or.us/engineer/trans/trolley.htm, accessed February 22, 2008. 2008c Lake Oswego Public Library: A Brief History. Electronic document. Available, http://www.ci.oswego.or.us/about-lo/HISTORY.HTM, accessed February 12, 2008.
Daniels, Joseph 1929 Iron and Steel Manufacture in Washington, Oregon, California and Utah. Engineering Experiment Station Series Report No. 2, University of Washington, Seattle.
Ellis, David V., and Judith S. Chapman 2001 An Assessment of the Potential for Archaeological Resources at the Historic Oregon Iron Company Smelter, Lake Oswego, Oregon. Archaeological Investigations Northwest, Inc. Report No. 231. Prepared for SERA Architects, Portland, Oregon.
Genealogical Forum of Portland, Oregon 1957-1975 Genealogical Material in Oregon Donation Land Claims . 6 vols. Genealogical Forum of Portland, Oregon.
General Land Office [GLO] 1862 Plat of Township No. 1 North, Range No. 3 East, Willamette Meridian . Microfiche on file, U. S. Bureau of Land Management, Oregon State Office, Portland, Oregon.
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Reconnaissance Survey and Literature Review for the April 10, 2008 Oswego Lake Interceptor Sewer Replacement Project AINW Report No. 2102
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Legend
Project Location
0 1 Kilometer Mile 0 1
Figure 1. Oswego Lake Interseptor Sewer Project location.
Photo 1. Overview of Blue Heron Canal from Shore Boulevard. Photo 2. Overview of Lakewood Bay from South State Street. Oswego Lake is in the background of the photograph. The The Willamette Shore Trolley line is visible on the right side view is to the north. of the photograph. The view is to the southwest.
Photo 3. Overview of Lakewood Bay from North Shore Road. Photo 4. Overview of the Main Canal (Tualatin Canal) from The view is to the northeast. South Shore Boulevard. Oswego Lake is in the background of the photograph. The view is to the north. Photo 5. Overview of the Main Canal (Tualatin Canal) from Photo 6. Overview of Foothills Road and the route of the Bryant Road. The view is to the south. proposed sewer. The view is to the north.
Photo 7. Overview of the iron smelter within George Rogers Photo 8. Overview of the Lake Oswego Dam along McVey Park. The view is to the northwest. Avenue. The view is to the west.