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OREGON GEOLOGY published by the Department of Geology and Industries VOLUME 61 , NUMBER 2 MARCH/APRIL 1999

APRIL-Earthquake and Tsunami Preparedness Month: New K-12 Curriculum for Oregon Schools

IN THIS ISSUE:

METEORITES FROM THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST

OIL AND GAS EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN OREGON, 1998

GEOTHERMAL EXPLORATION IN OREGON, 1996-1998 OREGON GEOLOGY Roddey joins DDGAMI staff (ISSN0164.3304) James Roddey has joined the Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries (DOGAMI) as Commu­ VOLUME 6 1, NUMBER 2 MARJAPR. 1999 nity Education Coordinator. He has an extensive back­ ~"""","",,~~ ...... m."'I' . "'. ~''''_bf''''o..p.~.,. ~"''-~_~l~'''' __ '''''o.- ... ) ground in educational and commercial media including over 20 years of marketing and public relations experi­ Governing Bo ~ rd Jacqueline G, Haggerty, Chair ...... Enterpr;l.t: ence in the television industry. He joins the department Arleen N. Samett __ ...... Portland from Boise, Idaho, where he was Promotion and Com­ ____ ..... Depoe 8ay Donald W Ch,,~tensen .. munity Relations Manager of K1VI-T v' an ABC affiliate. State Geologj~t _.. .. ,...... Donald A. Hull Deputy Slate Geologist ...... •.. ______. John D. Beaulieu ~ditO f ...... l

" OREGON GEOLOGY, VOLUME 61 , NUMBER 2, MARCH/APRI l l999 from the Pacific Northwest

by George E Mustoe, Geology Oepartment Western Washington University, Be//ingham, WA 98225.

INTRODUCTION trajectory was toward the Java beds sturdy wagon and hauled by four One day. long before Europeans of southern Oregon and northern draft horses over 2.5 mi (4 km) of arrived in the Pacific Northwest, the California, but the object's final muddy, boulder-strewn trail to reach fiery trail of a large illumi­ resting place was a high mesa near the nearest road (Figure 1), ulti­ nated the skies over southern Ore­ Goose Lake in northern Modoc mately headed for the exhibition gon. Unlike the distant shooting stars County, California, only a mile short halls of the National Museum in that can be seen on any dear night. of the Oregon border. Washington, D.C. The Goose Lake the glow in the sky warned of an im­ The meteorite was found on Oc­ meteorite is presently the largest me­ minent arrival of a 1 ,167-kg (1.3- tober 13, 1938, by three deer teorite in the Smithsonian's collection ton) mass of - that hunters and was recovered the fol­ (Leonard, 1939). had once been part of the core of lowing year by meteorite scientist Oregon's near-miss experience an . After more than 4 billion H.H. Nininger, assisted by three pro­ with the Goose Lake meteorite pro­ years in orbit, the eggshaped object fessors from the University of Cali­ vides an appropriate background for hurtled into our atmosphere at a ve­ fornia at Los Angeles, several local this review of meteorites from the locity of somewhere between 11 and residents, and a team of boy scouts. Pacific Northwest, because the state 32 km per second. The meteorite's The specimen was loaded onto a is better known by meteorite enthusi-

Fi gure 1. Goose Lake, California, meteorite loaded on cart for transport. From Nininger (1972), p. 177.

OREGON GEOLOGY, VOLUME 61, NUMBER 2, MARCH/APRIL 1999 27 asts for tales of frustration rather planets that orbit the sun within a planet each day, mostly in the form than for happy discoveries. Examples series of weJJ-defined belts that are of dust-sized particles (Dodd, 1986). include the , located between and Jupiter. Over the past 4.5 billion years, th is which triggered a bitter property· were once thought to be volume is equivalent to a surface rights dispute that ultimately resulted pieces of a single planet that broke layer about 5 in. (1 2.7 cm) thick. in the removal of the nation's largest apart billions of years ago, but the Meteorites weighing 1 g (O.04 oz) or recovered meteorite to the east wide range of compositional varia­ more arrive at an annual rate of coast. The well· publicized story of tions observed in meteorites sug­ about 8 per square mile, but only a the "lost " Port Orford meteorite has gests that they derived from many tiny percentage of these are ever dis· given several generations of Orego­ different parent bodies (McSween, covered. Several hundred meteorites nians the hope of another spectacular 1987). weighing 1 ton or more strike the find, but this legendary discovery Most asteroids travel in the same Earth each year. but most escape de· now appears to have originated as a direction in which the planets in our tection, partly because 72 percent of hoax (Clarke, 1993). solar system rotate but along paths the planet is covered by water. Disappointments continue to that cause them to periodically ap­ Geography plays an extremely im­ plague meteorite hunters: a spectac­ proach the Earth . These orbital in­ portant role in determining the suc· ular fireball and smoke trail marked a tersections may cause an asteroid to cess rate for meteorite recovery. Most meteorite arrival in Grant County on be captured by our planet's gravita­ meteorites are discovered in prairies, the afternoon of October 23,1987. tional field. Meteors are bits of ex­ , and other regions that con­ Witnesses described a " whom ping" traterrestrial matter that are accom­ tain few surface rocks. Antarctic sound similar to the noise made by a panied by a blaze of light as they glaciers have recently been discov­ helicopter. as weJJ as an explosion are heated by friction during their ered as particularly favorable collect­ that probably marked the meteorite's transit through the atmosphere. ing locations. Extensive ice sheets disintegration during its final passage Meteoritesare objects that actually provide large areas where cosmic de­ through the atmosphere. The flight strike the Earth's surface. bris accumulates free of rocks . Ice path was established by compass A few meteorites have been dis­ that melts and evaporates in bearings made by a Forest Service ar­ covered that contain trapped gasses "ablation zones " causes meteorites chaeologist who happened to be resembling the composition of the to be concentrated in a relatively working at a site in the Ochoco atmosphere. This suggests small area, where they are gathered Mountains, and a logging crew at that these objects originated as by packs of scientists traveling on Pismire Camp on a ridge northwest crustal rocks ejected from Mars by snow machines (Marvin and of Mount Vernon happened to be al· large meteorite impacts (Bartusiak, MacPherson. 1992). most directly beneath the object 1981; Vickery and Melosh, 1987). Meteorites are susceptible to rapid when it exploded at an altitude of These specimens also show radio· oxidation, and the combined forces 18,000 It (5,500 m). This evidence metric ages of only about 1 .3 billion of , erosion, and sedimen­ allowed the impact site to be deter­ years, compared to the 4.5 billion tation cause most impact craters to mined within a few miles. But the years of meteorites derived from as­ be quickly obliterated. Without such steep, forested terrain presents ad· teroids. Among the rarest of all are geologic processes, the surface of our verse conditions for meteorite hunt­ meteorites are fragments of the planet.would resemble the or ing. which is made even more dim· moon. Of the more than 10,000 Mercury, two locations where impact cult by the abundance of black meteorite specimens that have been craters have been preserved for bil· basaltic rocks that camouflage the recovered from . eight lions of years (Figure 2). presence of extraterrestrial arrivals. appear to be of lunar origin. Meteorites that hit land are likely So far, the meteorite has not been to be recovered only when they fou nd (Pugh and others, 1989; Nor­ DISTRIBUTION strike densely populated regions, par­ ton, 1994). Fireballs are relatively Most asteroids travel in orbital ti cularly in nations where people common astronomical events, but planes that are approximately paral­ have been educated in basic princi­ meteorites are rarely recovered . Ore­ lel to the Earth 's equator. This ples of geology and astronomy. Th is gon fireballs have been described by causes impacts to be somewhat principle is well illustrated by the Pugh (1982. 1984. 1987. 1993. more abundant at middle latitudes spectacularly successful efforts of 1995. 1997); Pugh and Stratton than in the polar regions . Other­ Harvey Nininger, who abandoned his (1991); Pugh and McAfee (1993). wise, meteorite impacts have a ran ­ college teaching career to devote his dom distribution pattern, and they life to searching for meteorites. Over O RI GIN OF M ETEORITES occur with surprising frequency. a span of nearly 50 years, Nininger The vast majority of meteorites Perhaps 100 to 1,000 tons of ex­ tirelessly spoke at schools, churches, are fragments of asteroids. micro· traterrestrial matter strikes our taverns, and any other location

2. OREGON GEOLOGY, VOLUME 61 , NUMBER 2, MARCH/APRIL 1999 Figure 2. Meteorite impact craters on Mercury. From photos taken March 29, 1974, by the space probe. The largest craters are 200 km in diameter. Source: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. where people gathered. Passing Figure 3 shows the location of all granted, and the literature contains around a few specimens, the scientist known meteorite discoveries in the many examples where nonmeteoritic asked his audience to contact him if western . These data specimens were collected from they found any odd rocks. As a fur­ show the effect that geography and .. observed" falls. These errors usually ther reminder, he distributed as many demographics have on the statistics result from the failure of witnesses to as 200,000 leaflets. These efforts re­ of meteorite recovery. A multitude realize that a meteorite's final impact sulted in his acquisition of more than of meteorites probably remains site may be many miles distant from 2.000 meteorites, accompanied by a undiscovered in the fields. forests, locations where the vapor trail was trove of new scientific information and deserts of the Pacific North­ visible. (Nininger, 1972). west. Most discoveries have oc· Meteorites can be divided into On a much smaller scale, then cu rred in open, arid terrain, particu· three groups: , stones, and Oregon State Geologist Hollis Dole, larly in regions like eastern Col· stony irons. Scientists further divide science writer Phil8rogan, and Port­ orado, where intensive agriculture these categories into many additional land State University professor Erwin causes the land to be inspected with subunits on the basis of data that can lange organized a publicity cam· great care. In addition, the presence only be obtained by careful micro­ paign to declare 1968 "The Year of of extensive loess deposits increases scopic examination of thin sections the Meteorite," in the belief that the likelihood that chunks of rock (Mason, 1962; Wasson, 1974; Dodd, more specimens might be found in might be visitors from space. In 1981; Sears, 1978). Oregon if residents knew what to contrast, Nevada and Utah both As their name suggests, iron mete­ look for. This campaign failed to turn contain large areas where orites or "siderites H are composed up any new meteorites, but the pro­ meteorites are likely to be pre­ mostly of interlocking crystals of ject resulted in the publication of a served. but the scantness of popula­ nickel-iron aJJoy, often containing monograph that is still in print tion makes the odds of discovery small inclusions of carbon and sulfur (Oregon Department of Geology and low, and the abundance of ter­ . Iron meteorites are believed Mineral Industries, 1968). A similar restrial rocks makes the recognition to originate within the inner core of plea by the Washington Division of of meteorites difficult. asteroids, released when the parent Geology and Earth Resources pro­ bodies became fragmented during duced no new specimens (Moen, M ETEORITE RECOGNITI ON orbital coJJisions. 1973). In recent years, Portland sci­ Meteorites are seldom easy to Such metallic meteorites are dark ence teacher Richard N. Pugh has recognize except in the rare cases in color, strongly attracted to a mag­ been a leading investigator in the where their arrival has been ob­ net, and heavy for their size. The ex­ continuing search for meteorites from served. Even alleged eye-witnessed terior surfaces rapidly alter to form a the Pacific Northwest. impacts should not be taken for rusty rind . Unfortunately, these same

OREGON GEOLOGY, VOLUME 61 , NUMBER 2, MARCH/APRIll999 " ------the meteorite fragment allegedly col­ ------lected in 1856 near Port Orford, O re­ gon, a specimen now believed to ac­ tually have been found in Chile. Stone meteorites are by far the - 55' most common variety to strike the Earth, although they are difficult to .. recognize because of their resem­ . - blance to terrestrial rocks. For exam­ ple, a 26-kg (57-lb) rock was used as a door stop at Oklahoma's Beaver County jail for more than 40 years before it was identified as a mete­ orite. These asteroid fragments are primarily composed of mafic and ul­ tramafic silicate minerals with small amounts of nickel-iron metal. Stone meteorites are easy to iden­ -45 ~ tify only if they contain remnants of fusion crust. a glassy or sooty coating that forms from frictional heating : (Figure 5). Otherwise, these mete­ ... orites may look much like various .... types of terrestrial rock, bu t mag­ ' :. • ~~ : - 40' netism remains a useful clue: Grains ..... : ::. " ' . of nickel-iron alloy may not be visible .. .. to the naked eye, but stony mete­ .:- orites are attracted to a magnet. Tex­ ..:: ~. . tures are commonly granular, resem­ '.:' ...... g bling basalt or andesite, but some ,2 - 35" specimens show well-developed .. --' brecciation. Although some metallic .. meteorites contain rounded holes caused by weathering of inclusions, 1 stony meteorites do not contain cavi­ I I I I I I ties, and nonmetallic rocks that show I I 110' I I I vesicular textures are almost certainly km 105~ of terrestrial origin. o 500 Careful examination of suspected meteorites by use of a hand lens (or Figure 3. Known meteorite discoveries from the western United States. better yet, a petrographic micro­ Data from Graham and ot hers (1985) . scope) provides valuable evidence. Stony meteorites typically contain characteristics are shared by slag, characteristics typically found in , members of the pyroxene scrap metal. and some terrestrial iron metallic meteorites (Figure 4). group (hypersthene, enstatite, and ores. Metallic meteorites can most re­ Stony iron meteorites consist of bronzite), and small amounts of pla­ liably be recognized by the presence approximately equal mixtures of gioclase feldspar. Pyrite, mica, horn­ of nickel, as revealed by chemical nickel-iron alloy and crystalline sili­ blende, and orthoclase feldspar do analysis . Etching sawn surfaces in di­ cates such as olivine and hyper­ not occur in meteorites, and the pres­ lute nitric acid sometimes reveals sthene. are a variety that ence of these minerals even in small complex Widmanstatten patterns, is particularly prized by collectors. amounts is clear evidence of the which were created by crystals of ka­ They are composed of pea-sized specimen's terrestrial origin. Quartz is macite and , two types of crystals of olivine enclosed within a exceedingly rare, and never present nickel-iron alloy. Specimens from matrix of silver-colored metal. The as a major constituent. Many stony Sams Valley, Jackson County, Ore­ only that has been re­ meteorites contain cnondru/es(and gon, provide excellent examples of ported from the Pacific Northwest is are then called "")-tiny

30 OREGON GEOLO GY, VO LUME 61, NUMBER 2. MARCH /APR IL 199 9 Figure 4. Widmanstatten pattern on etched slice of metallic meteorite from Sams Valley, Oregon. Actual size 12x17 em. Right: Close-up of etched slab (magnifica tion approximately 4X). left picture from Foote (1915), ri ght picture from Norton (1994).

Figure 5. Fusion crust sh own on the five recovered fragments of stony meteorite from Salem , Oregon (left), and in cl ose-up view of one of the pieces (right). From Pugh (19B3).

spherical grains that may be visible son who owns the property on Willamette meteorite, Clackamas on broken surfaces or polished slabs. which they were found. Specimens County, Oregon Metallic grains of nickel-iron aHoy are found on state or federal land be­ The Northwest's most important almost always visible on polished sur­ long to the government, and legal meteorite discovery was made in the faces as tiny silver specks dispersed ownership cannot be acquired by autumn of 1902 by Elfis Hughes, a within the silicate matrix. filing a mining claim, as meteorites 43-year-old emigrant from Wales. Most geologists have little or no are not considered to be a type of Hughes noticed an unusual rusty training in the recognition of mete­ are deposit. However, institutions outcrop while he was cutting fire­ orites, and identifications made by such as the Smithsonian have some­ wood near his farm just northwest of local universities or governmental times been willing to pay finder's Willamette, a small community that agencies are not always reliable . In­ fees to people who report discovery has since been engulfed within the stead, meteorite identification is a of a meteorite on public land. boundaries of West Linn, a Portland task that should be left to experts. suburb. Previous experience as a M ETEORITE OCCURRENCES IN The appendix lists museums and uni­ prospector caused Hughes to believe OREGON versities that will identify specimens that the rock was evidence of an are at no charge . In most cases, these in­ The foHowing list includes al­ deposit, and he notified his neighbor, stitutions will offer to purchase sam­ leged meteorite discoveries that William Dale. Dale pounded on the ples that prove to be meteorites. but have been described in publications outcrop with a piece of stone, pro­ collectors need to keep in mind that ranging from scientific journals to ducing a metallic clang that led the meteorites legally belong to the per- local newspapers.

OREGON GEOLOGY, VOLUME 61. NUMBER 2, MARCH/APRIL 1999 JI Figure 6. Willamette meteorite in front of the Johnson farm in the town of WiUamette, on the southern outskirts of Portland, Oregon, at the time when it was being transported to its current location in New York . Photo by Harold Johnson f rom cover for Pugh and Allen (1986). two men to conclude that they had failed to return to Willamette. lack­ transporting the meteorite, using a discovered an enormous meteorite ing funds of his own, Hughes de­ massive wooden-wheeled cart at­ (Figure 6). Their excitement was cided to transport the meteorite se­ tached to a hand-braided steel cable dampened by the fact that the land cretly to his farm. This ambitious that was connected to a crude wind­ was owned by the Oregon Iron and task required moving the 15.5-ton lass. A single horse walked in circles Steel Company, and they decided to (14,OOO-kg) mass three quarters of around the capstan to provide the lo­ hide the partially excavated meteorite a mile through dense forest. Aided comotion. Progress was tediously under a layer of fir boughs, while by his wife and their 15-year-old slow, on some days amounting to they concocted a scheme to acquire son, Hughes began excavating the only a few feet; the best day's ownership. meteorite in August 1902. During progress was only 150 ft (46 m). By Dale traveled to fall and winter, they cut a wagon summer's end , turned the path to sell a piece of property and thus road to the site, also constructing to a sea of mud, requiring construc­ raise money for pu rchasing the tract an additional stretch of road in the tion of a plank road. After months of where the meteorite was located, but opposite direction as a distraction. effort. the meteorite finally reached for reasons that are not clear he By spring, they were ready to begin the Hughes family farmyard, and

J2 OREGON GEOLOGY, VOLUME 61 , NUMBER 2, MARCH/APRIL 1999 they attempted to profit from the en­ property· rights issue could best be Idaho. western . or south· terprise by building a display shed res olved by granting ownership of western (Pugh and Allen, and charging visitors 25 cents to the meteorite to its discoverer, Ellis 1986). The story of this meteorite is view the largest meteorite ever found Hughes. Instead, the court awarded also discussed in lange (1958 a.b: on United States soil. In North Amer­ possession of the meteorite to Ore­ 1962; 1968). LeMaire (1980), and ica, the Willamette meteorite is sur­ gon Iron and Steel Company and Preston (1988). passed only by the 59-ton (54,000- assessed its value at $150. The deci­ kg) Ahnigito meteorite found at Cape sion was reaffirmed by the Oregon Mulino meteorite, Clackamas York, West Greenland, in 1918. State Supreme Court on July 17, County, Oregon The November 6, 1903, issue of 1905. with the assessed value in­ A very small in the U.S. the Oregon City Enterpnse reported creased to $10.000. National Museum is labeled as hav­ the rumor that the meteorite had The company announced that ing fallen May 24. 1927. near been found on property adjoining the Willamette meteorite would re­ Mulino. later correspondence failed the Hughes fa rm. On Novem ber 27, main in Oregon forever, and it was to reveal any local record of a mete­ the Oregon Iron and Steel Company displayed at the 1905 Lewis and orite fall on that date, and the au­ filed a suit demanding the return of Exposition in Portland. When thentiCity of the specimen is ran ked the specime n after an unsuccessful the exposition closed, a wealthy as "very doubtful" (Hay. 1966; Gra· attempt to purchase it for 50 dollars. benefactor, Mrs. William E. Dodge. ham and others, 1985). Hughes offered an innovative le­ purchased the meteorite for gal defense, claiming that the mete­ 520.600 and donated it to the Sams Valley meteorite, Jackson orite was an abandoned Indian relic American Museum of Natural His­ County. Oregon that should be defined as personal tory in . At that time, In 1894. a 6.8-kg (15-lb) metallic property rather than land. Two elders it was the highest price that had meteorite was found lying on rocky from the Clackamas tribe testified ever been paid for a specimen in soil about 10 mi (16 km) northwest that their ancestors had named the the Museum's collection (Preston , of Medford (Figure 7) . The specimen meteorite "Tomanawos " ("visitor 1988). In 1936, the Willamette me­ was sold in 1914 to the Foote Min· from the Moon") and that it was teorite was moved to the Museum's eral Company in Philadelph ia, then considered a holy object that be­ Hayden Planetarium, where it re­ one of the world's largest meteorite longed to the . Ear­ mains one of the most popular dis­ dealers. The meteorite was sawn lier generations of warriors had plays. into four main slices and several dipped their arrows in rainwater that The Willamette meteorite has an smaller remnants that were sold to collected in cavities on the mete- asymmetric shape that indicates museums and private collectors. A 6rite's surface to en sure success in that the object maintained a con­ 1.1-kg (2.4-lb) specimen was pur· battle. and young men were sent to stant orientation as it travelled chased for 5585 by the American the sacred stone to undergo secret th rough the atmosphere rather than Museum of Natural History in New initiation rites. This testimony is con­ tumbling randomly. The blunt side York City. and a slightly smaller slice sistent with rec ent discoveries that represents the leading face. and ta­ was purchased by Harvard Univer­ Native Americans erected an adobe pered bell-shaped sides formed as sity. Since then , four other Sams Val · citadel around a 1 .5-ton (14,000-kg) trailing surfaces. When it was ini­ ley sp'ecimens have been discovered, meteorite at Casas Grandes. Mexico tially discovered. the meteorite although the circumstances are (LeMaire, 1980). Other tribes may mysteriously rested in the soil in an poorly documented. In 1938, a 1 .2- have made regular pilgrimages to upside down position. Prior to im­ kg (2 .6-lb) specimen acquired by the meteorite sites at Red River. Texas. pact. the meteorite was pOSSibly af­ American Museum of Natural History and Iron Creek. Canada (Nininger, fected by air turbulence in the lower from a Medford resident was for· 1952). Small meteori tes have been atmosphere. However, the immense warded to as ­ found carefully wrapped and buried mass of metal penetrated only tronomer J.H. Pruett, who agreed to in Native Ame rican graves in Arizona about three feet into the soft forest saw the specimen in exchange for a and Montana (Lange. 1958b). soil, which suggests that the mete­ 1-lb portion. The actual cutting op · Hughes' lawyer expanded his ar­ orite was not found at the original eration was performed by Eugene guments by pointing out the possibil­ impact site. The meteorite may high school teacher LA. Coulter and ity that the meteorite had fallen at have been transported to its place his teenage son Donard, an endeavor some other location and had been of discovery by an iceberg during that took 11 hours and wore out 18 transported to the discovery site by one of the great floods that swept hack saw blades. Pruett's portion of glaciers, an argument that has been across the Columbia basin during the meteorite is now in the University revived by scientists in recent years. the late Ice Age. If so. the impact of Oregon Museum of Natural His­ The lawyer argued that the thorny may have occurred in northern tory, along with a plaster cast of the

OREGON GEOLOGY. VOLUME 61 , NUMBER 2, HARCH/APRlll999 JJ +- l eft: Fi gure 7. Tw o views of plaster cast of metallic meteorite found at Sams Valley, Oregon, in 1894. From lange (1967) .

.J.. Below: Fi gure 8. Etched slice of Klamath Falls meteorite, showing Widmanstatten pattern . Photo courtesy O.R. Norton.

original 6.8-kg Sams Valley speci­ (0.44·oz) sample is in the meteorite also Pugh , 1983; Clarke and Pugh, men. A 2-lb (1-kg) Sams Valley speci­ collection at the University of Ari­ 1988). men on display at the Jacksonville zona at Tempe. Museum was discovered in 1949 South Slough meteorite, Coos among a box of uncurated minerals. Salem meteorite, Marion County, County, Oregon This meteorite was one of three spec­ Oregon Dodge (1898, p. 442) recounts the imens that were found at Sams Creek At 1 :05 a.m. PDT, on May 1 3, tale of an aJleged meteorite impact: in the 1880s by a local resident who 1981, five small chand rite frag­ "One of the largest meteors on was panning for . The other two ments struck the roof of the home record feU on the head of South pieces are presently unaccounted for. of Deputy Sheriff James P. Price in Slough, Coos County, January 17, (See also Foote, 1915; Morley, 1950; Salem. At the time of the impact, 1890, at 11 o'dock at night. knock­ lange, 1967). Price was sitting on the curb talking ing a hole in the hil! thirty feet across . to another deputy. Both men heard It came from the northwest and Klamath Falls meteorite, Klamath a peculiar "fluttering" noise that lighted. up the heavens in fine style. County, Oregon was followed by the sound of small A report, as of thunder, awoke peo­ In January, 1952, a resident in the rocks striking nearby. A search by ple for many miles around. It was area discovered a 17-kg (38·lb) flashlight produced a still-warm plainly heard at Coquille City. Exca­ metallic meteorite (Figure 8) some­ piece that had fallen within 10ft of vations reveal a chunk of lava where in Klamath County. From ex­ the officers. The next morning, four twenty-two feet across that resem­ amination of a small piece, meteorite more fragments were recovered, bles slag from an iron furnace." expert H.H. Nininger confirmed that consisting of angular gray stones The reported size of the object far the sample was indeed a meteorite with outer surfaces covered by a 1- exceeds the 9'x9'x3' dimensions of (lange, 1968). The finder never re­ mm-thick dark fusion crust (Figure the , the world's turned to inquire about his discovery, 5) . The specimens were sent to J.e. largest authenticated specimen, and and the location of his discovery site Evans. Senior Research Scientist at a twenty-two foot meteorite would remains a mystery. The meteorite BatteJJe Pacific Northwest laborato­ be unlikely to survive the thermal was acquired by the University of ries in Richland, Washington, where shock created during its passage New Mexico and later subdivided. they were analyzed by scanning through the atmosphere without be­ Small specimens have recently been electron microscopy and energy dis· ing explosively fragmented. In the sold to private collectors (Keith Kaler, persive X-ray fluorescence analysis absence of additional information, Washington State library, Olympia, (Pugh, 1983). The specimens are the reliability of this historic report oral communication, 1997). A 12.6-g now in the possession of Price. (See is very questionable.

34 OREGON GEOLOGY, VOLUME 61, NUMBER 2, MARCH/APRlll999 Port Orford meteorite, Curry coastal forests of Oregon. This evi­ explained by the low population den­ County, Oregon dence suggests that Evans might sity east of the Cascades. In Wash­ have acquired a fragment of the ington, the most important meteorite A pallasite with an estimated palJasite when he passed specimens were found in the wheal weight of 10,000 kg (11 tons) was through the isthmus of Panama on fields of the Columbia Plateau, where allegedly discovered in 1856 on a his return from Oregon, hoping that extensive cultivation increases the hillside about 40 mi east of Port Or­ the specimen could provide the chances that unusual rocks wi!! be ford by John Evans, leader of a means of allaying his pending fi· noticed. government-sponsored expedition to nancial troubles. At present, a 24-g explore possible routes for the rail­ (0.80z) "Port Orford " specimen is Waterville meteorite, Douglas road. A 30-g (1 .1 oz)specimen was in the Smithsonian collection (Figure County, Washington turned over to the Boston Natural 9) , and small fragments are located The first meteorite to be found in History Society. Several hundred par­ at the Vienna Natural History Mu­ Washington was a 37-kg (82-lb) ties have unsuccessfully attempted to seum and the India Geological Sur­ nickel-iron specimen discovered in locate this meteorite site in the Siski­ vey Museum, Calcutta. (See also 1917 on the Fred Fachnie farm, 16 you National Forest in southwestern Buchwald and Clark, 1993; Plotkin, mi northeast of Waterville (Figure Oregon, beginning shortly after the 1993; SedeJl, 1968). 10). Fachnie's combine struck the discovery was publicly reported in Waterville meteorite with such force 1859_The Smithsonian Institution or­ OTHER NORTH WEST that the machine's bull wheel was ganized searches in 1929 and 1939, METEO RITES broken. No obstacles had been en­ and although these expeditions were All of the meteorites that have so countered when the same field had unsuccessful, three articles written by far been discovered in Oregon have been planted in the spring-with University of Oregon astronomy pro­ come from the region west of the equipment that drilled holes at a 6- fessor 1.H. Pruett triggered an , even though the in. spacing. The farmer took the avalanche of interest in the "lost me­ less vegetated terrain in the central specimen to William Schluenz, owner teorite" (Pruett, 1937, 1939a, 1950). and eastern parts of the state offer of the local hardware store. Schluenz For decades, professional and ama­ more favorable conditions for mete­ recognized it as a meteorite, and for teur treasure seekers have trudged orite recovery. This discrepancy is the next few years the rock was dis- the hills bordering the headwaters of the Sixes River looking for the " bald mountain" described by Evans as the site of the meteorite. Possible geo­ graphic clues have been described in detail by Henderson and Dole (1964). Over the years, Evans' account of his discovery has continued to be the subject of considerable scrutiny, and the specimen he collected has been rigorously analyzed. A recent compi­ lation of this informal ion indicates thai Evans made up the meteorite story as a hoax that was intended to attract funding for a future expedi ­ tion and to generate money the geol­ ogist needed badly to repay the con­ siderable personal debt that he had amassed from overspending his bud­ get during the original trip. The texture and composition of Evans' specimen are nearly identical to the Imilac meteorite discovered in the of Chile in 1822, and its weathered surface seems more likely to have been produced in Figure 9. Fragments of meteorite allegedly found in 1856 near Port Orford, the arid environment of the Atacama Oregon. The larger specimen weighs only 24 g. Photo by Chip Clark from Clarke region rather than in the humid (1993).

OREGON GEOLOGY, VOLUME 61 , NUMBER 2, MARC H/APR Ill999 3S a single shower (Read and others, 1967).

Albion meteorite, Whitman County, Wash ington A 12.28-kg (27-lb) specimen found in the winter of 1966-1967 by Kenneth Oliphant in a wheat field adjacent to the Palouse River near Al­ bion was confirmed to be an in 1991 by John Wasson , professor at the University of Califor­ nia at los Angeles. The Albion mete­ orite is noteworthy because of the presence of irregular vacuoles that range in diameter from 4 to 9 mm (0.16-0.35 in.). These small cavities are lined with spherical masses that are covered with intergrown cubic crystals ot almost pure iron, a feature never before observed in a meteorite (Kempton. 1995).

Washougal meteorite, Cowlitz County, Washington On the morning of July 2, 1939, Figure 10. The 37-kg metallic meteorite from Waterville, Washington. From climbers on Mount observed Knobla ch (1994). the glowing trail of a meteorite streaking across the western sky. Res­ played in his store. Customers were orite was placed on permanent dis· idents of the Portland area heard the permitted to try their hand at break· play at the Douglas County Histori­ accompanying sonic boom, and at ing the dense metallic mass with a cal Society Museum in Waterville. A 7:35 a.m. PST, a 225-g (8-oz) stony hammer, and the meteorite's surfaces large etched slice is in the Nininger meteorite struck the ground near a bear the scars of many unsuccessful collection at Arizona State Univer· person who was picking raspberries attempts. sity. (See also Read and others, near the town of In 1921, Fachnie retrieved the 1967; Grizzle, 1963; Grizzle and Washougal, Washington. This arrival somewhat battered specimen and Eller, 1961; Weinke and others, probably involved a mass that trag­ used it as a decoration in his flower 1979). mentj:!d into many pieces just before garden . In March 1925, a member of impact. but searches failed to yield the Washington State Historical Soci­ Withrow meteorite, Douglas other specimens. The main body of ety borrowed the meteorite for dis­ County, Washington the meteorite is at the University ot play at the Ferry Museum in Tacoma . In the spring of 1950, an 8.75-kg Oregon Museum of Natural History In 1958, Wenatchee res idents Mr. (19.25-Jb) metallic mass was found (Figure 12), while small portions are and Mrs. Walter Grizzle became dis­ 1 mi west of Withrow in a wheat in collections at Arizona State Univer­ turbed by the museum 's careless field owned by We. NoUmeyer, sity and the British Museum. (See tre atment of the specimen. Slices had (Figu re 11). Since 1966, the speci­ also Graham and others, 1985; been sawn from several of the sur· men has been on display at the Carver and Anders, 1975; Jerome faces, so that the original weight was Douglas County Historical Society and Michel-Levy, 1972; Nininger, reduced by nearly 4 kg (9 Ib). The Museum in Waterville. Another 5- 1939; Pruett, 1939b). Grizzles instigated a four-year legal kg (11-lb) meteorite found some· campaign to have the meteorite re­ time prior to 1951 by a Withrow Ta coma meteorite, Pierce County, turned to the Fachnie family. The school teacher is presently unac­ Washington museum was unable to produce evi· counted for. The Waterville and A single 16.7-g (0.6-oz) nickel­ dence that the specimen had been Withrow specimens are similar in iron meteorite was found on a farm received as a donation rather than a composition and appearance, and near Tacoma in 1925. Today, 12.1 g temporary loan. In 1963, the mete- they may have originated as part of (0.4 oz) of it are left at the Univer-

16 OREGON GEOLOGY. VO LU ME 61, NUMB ER 2, MARCH/APRil 1999 sity of California, los Angeles, and 2. 2 g (0.08 oz) in the Smithsonian In­ stitution. (Graham and others. 1985).

Colton meteorite, Whitman County, Washington A highly oxidized metallic mete­ orite fragment was found a few years ago in the Palouse region of south­ eastern Washington. The specimen, which is presently at the Smithsonian Institution. has not yet been formally described (R.N. Pugh. oral communi­ cation, 1997).

Roy meteorite impact, Pierce County, Washington On August 2, 1929, the Jacoma News lhbunereported the following story: "After a thorough investigation of the meteorite landing place on the farm of John L Murray, two miles 2 em south of Roy, less than two weeks ago, it was discovered that the only trace of it left was a hole in the ground three feet in diameter and three feet deep, lined with grayish ash. This investigation led to the belief that in spite of the explosion. which broke windows and tore a door from its hinges on the Murray farm, the phenomenon was so hot as to be of a gaseous nature, when it reached the earth, disintegrating upon landing." Small meteorites typically produce indentations that are only slightly larger than their own diameter, and Figure 11. Tw o vi ews of the 8.75-kg metallic meteorite found in 1950 at failure to discover an object at the im­ Withrow, Washi ngton. photos courtesy Douglas County Hi storical SOciety Mu­ pact si te is perplexing. Many incom­ seum , Waterville. Washington, which has the 'Withrow meteorite on display. ing bodies undergo explosive disinte­ gration as they make their final pas­ sage through the atmosphere, but the Hawthorne called the local fire de­ cussion of this alleged fall , concluding absence of fragments suggests that partment to report smoke issuing that the event was a legitimate mete­ the Roy "impact H was possibly a from his observatory, shortly after he orite arrival. The implausible odds of a lightning strike. As with many other had heard an explosive report. He cosmic impact occurring at a back anecdotal accounts of alleged mete­ discovered that the smoke was com· yard observatory causes most scien­ orite impacts, the true story of this ing from a fire in a small shelf of ref­ tists to question the validity of this al· event may never be known. erence books inside the bUildmg, and leged meteorite arrival. Editions 3 and that two small holes were Visible in 4 of the Catalogue of Meteorites Kirkland hoax (?), King County, one of the aluminum panels that (Hay, 1966; Graham and others, Washington formed the dome-shaped roof. He 1985). a compendium of all known Two small metallic objects pierced discovered two smart metallic objects meteorite discoveries, rank the Kirk· the dome of an amateur observatory near the book shelf. The specimens Jand fall as "very doubtful." The Kirk­ just northeast of Kirkland at approxi­ proved to be metallic meteorites of land specimens and the damaged mately 11 a.m. PST, January 17, 1955. somewhat different composition. dome panel were acquired by the The story began when luther Read (1963) provided a detailed dis- Wenatchee meteorite enthusiasts

OREGON GEOLOGY, VOLUME 61 , NUM BER 2, MARCH/APRIL I999 31 (25 Ib) that struck Beaver Creek in the West Kootenay District on May 26, 1893 (Lange, 1973; Graham an d oth­ ers, 1985). These specimens were cut into slices that were dispersed among many collectors. The largest remnants are a 3·kg (6.6·lb) piece owned by the American Museum of Natural His· tory in New Yo rk and a 2-kg specimen in the Field Museum of Natural His· tory in Chicago. All Pacific Northwest meteorites re­ covered to date came from relatively small impacts, but some think that the Pacific Northwest has also been the scene of very large cosmic events. Alt and Hyndman (1995) have sug· gested that an asteroid impact about 17 million years ago during the Miocene Epoch might actually have weakened the crust and triggered outpourings of basaltic lava over the Columbia Plateau and adjacent re­ Figure 12. The 220' g stony meteorite that fell near Washougal, Washington, gions of Washington, Idaho, Oregon, on July 2, 1939. Coin at bottom for seale is a dime (1.7 em diameter). From Pu gh and Nevada. Most geologists believe (1982). that conventional plate tectonic forces were responsible for this vol­ Walter and Ellen Grizzle and displayed 1993; Carr, 1970, Folinsbee and canism, but our increasing knowledge in 1963 at the Douglas County His· others, 1967). The Canadian event of numerous asteroids that travel in torical Society Museum in Waterville, caused no ground-level damage, Earth·crossing orbits can suggest that Washington. The present where· however, and an extensive search some "extraterrestrial visitors" might abouts of the meteorites, however, failed to discover an . play important roles in the geologic are unknown. The only physical evidence consisted evolution of our planet. of millimeter-size meteorite frag­ Revelstoke meteorite, British ments that two fur trappers found ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Columbia, Canada. darkening the snow near Shushap Helen Grande, Douglas County The province of British Columbia Lake. Analysis of less than 1 g (0.04 Historical Society Museum curator, ranks as one of the world's worst oz) of recovered material revealed provided historical information about places to search for meteorites be· that the Revelstoke meteorite was a the discoveries of the Waterville and cause of the rugged terrain, dense , one of the Withrow meteorites. Dick Pugh and forests, and low population density. rarest types. As their name suggests, Beverly Vogt contributed helpful re­ However, on the clear night of March these meteorites contain significant views of the manuscript. 31, 1965, the spectacular arrival of a amounts of carbon. Their overall meteorite was witnessed by thou· chemical composition resembles the REFERENCES CITED sands of people in British Columbia chemistry of the sun, and carbona­ Alt, D. . and Hyndman. D.W .. 1995, Northwest e~posure-a geologic story of the North­ and Alberta. An extraterrestrial object ceous chondrites may provide us west: Missoula. Mont.. Mountain Pre5s. exploded high in the atmosphere with samples of matter that existed 443 p. somewhere above the peaks of the during the earliest stages in the evo­ Bartusiak. M., 1981 . Meteorites from Mars? : Discover. v. 2. no 10. p. 82-85. Monashee Range, producing shock lution of our solar system. Buchwald, V.F. . and Clarke. R.S., Jr., 1992. A waves that were detected by seismo­ mystery sohied: The Port Orford meteorite is an graphs as far away as Colorado. Beaver Creek, British Columbia, Imilac specimen. chap. 2 of Clarke. R 5.. Jr. , Canada. ed .. The Port Orford. Oregon. meteorite These vibrations were evidence of a mystery: Smithsol1lan Contributions to the blast that had an estimated energy of Prior to the Revelstoke arrival, the farth Sciences. no. 31. p. 25-43. 20 kilotons of TNT, approximately only known meteorites from British Carr, M.H., 1970, Atmospheric collection of debriS from the Revelstoke and Allende fire ­ equal to the atomic bomb that de­ Columbia were a pair of stones balls: Geochimica et C05mochimica Acta, v. stroyed Nagasaki in 1945 (Chyba, weighing 2.3 kg (5 Ib) and 11.4 kg 34. no. 6. p. 689-700.

38 OREGON GEOLOGY, VOLUME 61 , NUMBER 2, MARCH/APRIL 1999 Carv~r, E.A., and And~rs , E., 1975, washougal: ment of Geology and MInerai Industries --1993, The Coos Bay fireball of February A stony meteorite with a retrograde orbit?: Miscellaneous Paper 11, p. 6. 24, 1992-Oregon's brightest: Oregon Ge­ Journal of Geophysical ~search, v. SO, no. --1973, Meteorites of the Pacific North­ ology. v. 55, no. I, p. 22 (correction in v. 55, 5, p. 783-793. west: Oregon Department of Geology and no. 2. p. 37). Chyba, C, 1993, Dea th from the sky: Astron· Mineral Industries, Or~ Bin, v. 35, no. 7, p. --1995. The Diamond Lake fireball of omy, v. 21. no. 7, p. 38-45. 115-123. March 28. 1994: Oregon Geology, v 57. Clarke, R.S., Jr., ed .. 1993, The Port Orford, Leonard, F.C, 1939, The Goose Lake siderite: no. 4, p. 93 . Oregon. meteorite mystery: Smithsonian California's largest known meteorite: Pop· --1997, December fireball lights up NW Con tributions to the Earth Scienc~s, no. 31, ular Astronomy, v. 47, no 8, p. 322-324. skies: Oregon Geology, v. 59, no. 2, p. 41 . 43 p. LeMaire, T.R " 1980. Stones from the stars: Pugh, R.N., and Allen, 1.E., 1986, Origin of the Clarke, R.$., Jr., and Pugh, R.N, 1988. The Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, Willamette meteorite: An alternate hypoth ­ Salem, Oregon, L6 chondnte: Meteontrcs, v. 185 p esis : Oregor! Geology, v. 48, no. 7. p. 79- 23, p. 170. Marvin, U.8., and MaePh~rson, G.J .• eds., SO,85. Dodd. R.t. 1986, Thunderstones and shooting 1992. Field and laboratory Iflvestigations Pugh, R.N., Kraus, OJ., and Schmeer. a.A .. stars: Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University of Antarctic meteorites collected by 1989, The great Grant County fireball. Oc­ Press, 196 p. United States expeditions, 1985-1987: tober 13,1987: Oregon Geology, v. 51, no. --1981, Meteorites: a petrologIC-chemICal Smithsonian Contrrbubons to the Earth 5,p. 111-112. synthesis: New York, Cambfldge University Sciences, no. 30, 116 p. Pugh, R.N .. and McAfee, S., 1993. The Che­ Press. 368 p. Mason, B., 1962, Meteorites: New York, John mult, Oregon, fireball of July 1992: Oregon Dodge. 0 .. 1898. Pioneer history of Coos and Wiley, 274 p. Geology, v, 55, no. 4, p. 90. Curry Counties. Or~go n : Salem.Oreg., McSween, H.Y., Jr., 1987, Meteorites and Pugh, R.N .. and Stratton, N., 1991, Twilight Capitol Printing Company, 103 p. their parent bodies: Cambridge, , fireball reported ; Oregon Geology, v, 53, Folinsbee. R.E. . Douglas. JAY., and Maxwell, Cambridge University Press, 237 p. no. 3, p. 50. J.A ., 1967, ~vels!oke, a Type 1 carbona · Moen, W.S.. 1973. Meteorites: Washington Read, w'F.,1963, Kirkland-a questioned fall? : ceous chondrite: Geochimlca el Cos· Geologic Newsletter, v. ' . no. 2, p. 4-5. . v. 2, no. 1. p. 56-65. mochlmka Acta. v. 31. p 1625-1635 Morley, RA, 1950, The discovery of an addi­ Read. W.F.. Grizzle. E,D .. and Grizzle, W.M, Foote, WM .. 1915, Note on a new meteoric tional Sams Valley, Olegon, meteorite: 1967, Withrow-a new iron meteOllte from non from Sams Valley, Jackson County, Ore­ Popular Astror!omy, v, 58, p. 236-238 the State of Washrngton: Meteoritics, v 3, gon Amerrcan Journal of Screnc~ , v. 39. (reprinted 1950 in Contributions of the no. 4, p. 219-229. P 8lHl6 Meteoritical Sooety, v, 4, p. 261, 263). Sears. D,W.. 1978, Nature and origin of mete­ Graham, A.L. , Bevan, A.W.R ., and Hutchison, Nininger, H.H., 1939, Note on the Washou­ orites: New Yolk, Oxford University Press, R., 1985, Catalogue of meteorites, 4th ed.: gal, Washrngton, aerolite : Popular Astron­ 187 p. TUlSon. Ariz., University of Arizona f'fess, omy, v. 47, no. 8, p. 503-504. Sedell, E.C .. 1968, The tost Port Orford mete· 460p. --1952, Out of the Sky: Denver, Colo., orite; Oregon Historical Quarterly, ~ . 69, Grizzle, w .. and Eller, G., 1961. Walt Grizzles University of Denver Press, 336 p. no. 1, p. 29-49. relate story behind rare meteorite here: Wa ­ --1972, Find a fa)ling star: New York, Vickery, A.M ., and Melosh, H.J., 1987, The terVille Emplre·f'fess, June 6, 1961 , p. , . Paul S. Eriksson, 254 p. large crater origin of SNC meteorites: Sci ­ Grizzle, E.D , 1963, The Waterville meteorite Norton, O.R .• 1994, Rocks from Space : Mis­ ence, v. 237, no. 4816. p. 738-743. shower: Unpublished paper presented at soula, Mont., Mountain Press, 449 p Wasson . I.T. . 1974. Meteorites: dassifrcahor! the Northwest regional convention of the Oregon Department of Geology and Mrneral and prOpertIes: New York. Springer-Verlag, Astlonomrul League, Spokan~. Wash .. July Industries, 1968, A collecbon of artides on 316 p. 5, 1963 (Douglas County Historical Society meteor,tes from the department's monthly Weinke, H.H, Kiesl. w., and Clarke, R S. Jr, Museum archives). publiubon. The Ore Brn : Oregon Depart· 1979. Mmeraloglul and chemical investiga­ Hay. MM., 1966, Catalogue of meteorites, 3d ment of Geology and Mm~ral Industries tion of the Waterville iron meteorite: Mete­ ed .: London. British Museum of Natural Miscellaneous Paper 11, 39 p, oritiCS. v. 14, no. 4, p. 561-564. HIstory. 637 p. Plotkin. H., 1992, John Evans and the Port Henderson, E.P., and Dole, H.M .. 1964. The Orford meteorite hoox, Ii/Clarke, R. 5., Jr., Port Orford meteorIte: Oregon Department ed., The Port Orford, Oregon. meteorite APPENDIX of Geology and Minerallndustnes. Ore Brn, mystery; Smithsonian Con tributions 10 the v 26, no. 7, p. 113- 130. Earth Sciences, no. 31, p. 1-24. Resource addresses for meteorite J~rome, D Y., and Michel-Levy, M C. 1972, Presion, OJ., 1988, Dinosaurs In Ihe attIC: identification The Washougal meteonte : MeteoritiCS. v. 7, New York, 8allantlne, 308 p. no. 4. p 449-461 . Pruett, J H., 1937, Treasure fOI the frnding. Center for Meteorrte Studies, Arizona Kempton. R. , 1995. Albion, a new lion mete­ Oregonian MagaZine, November 21, State University, Tempe, AZ 85281 , OI",te Meteorite!. November 1995, p 14-15. 1937. Knoblach. DA, 1994, GUIde to geologIC. mIn­ --1939a, The lost Port Orford meteorite Institute of Meteoritics, Department of erai, fOSSil, and minIng history displays In Sky.v. 3.no.ll,p 18,19.22. Earth and Planetary Sciences, UniverSity Washrngton : Washington Geology, v. 22, no --1939b, The Washougal, Washington, of New MeKlCo, Albuquerque, NM 4, p. 11-17. aerolite: Popular Astronomy, v, 47, no. 8, 87131 , Lange, E.F., 1958a, The case of the stolen mete­ p.500-503. Department of Mineral Sciences, National onte . Pacific Discovery, v.l1, p 10-15. --1950, The lost Port Orford, Oregon, Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian --1958b, Oregon meteolltes ' Oregon H,S ' meteorite : Contllbutlons to the MeteOriti­ Institution, Washington, DC 20560, torical Quarterly, v. 59, p. 1-16. cal SOCiety, v. 4, p, 286-290. --1962, The Willametle meteollte 1902- Pugh, RN., 1982, Dec~mber 3, 1981 fireball: The American Museum of Natural His­ 1962 West Unn, Oreg , West Lrnn Fall Oregon Geology, v. 44, no. 6, p 69-70. tory, Central Park West at 79th Street, Boord, p 1-3,11-17 --1983, The Salem meteOflte: Oregon New York, NY 10024. --1967, The Sams Valley meteO/ltlC Geology, v 45, no. 6. p 63-64 shower. Oregon Department of Geology --1984, Large firebalt Sighted rn PaCIfIC Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Sci­ and Mrnerallndustues, Ore 8m. v 29, no. 8, Northwesl.more Information needed. ences, UniverSity of California, los Ange­ p 145-149. Oregon Geology. v 46, no. 12. p. 147- les, CA 90024. --1968, The Willamelte and other large 148. Lunar and Planetary laboratory, Space meteOl"ltes. m A collectlor! of articles on --1987, The great fireball of September Sciences BUlldmg, University of Arizona, meteorites from the department's monthly 15,1986. Oregon Geology. v. 49, no. 3, Tucson, AZ 85721 . 0 publrcatlon, The Ore Bin: Oregon Depart· p. 37

OREGON GEOLOGY, VOLUME 61, NUMBER 2, MAR(H/APRllI999 J9 Oil and gas exploration and development in Oregon. 1998 by Dan E Wermie!, Ge%gis1, Oregon Department of Ceology and Mineral Industries

ABSTRACT structed an oil and gas internet discovered in 1979. The other ex­ There was a small decrease in oil webpage that contains production ploratory well was drilled by Jeffer­ and gas leasing activity during 1998 and other data, drilling application son Gas LLC of Park City, Utah, in the compared to 1997. The decrease oc­ forms. statutes and rules. available about 5 mi north curred primarily because Columbia publications and other information. of Albany. This well, the Clayton #1, County held no lease sales during located in NWV4 sec. 20 (NE% sec. 1998, whereas the County held two LEASIN G ACTIVITY 58 land grant section), 1': 105., R. 3 oil and gas lease sales during 1997, Oil and gas leasing activity was w., was drilled as an exploratory well at which approximately 10.405 acres slightly lower during 1998 com­ for natural gas and also for possible was acquired in the Mist Gas Field pared to 1997. The U.s. Bureau of use as an underground natural gas area. Four U.s. Bureau of Land Man­ Land Management (BlM) held four storage well. It was drilled to a total agement (BLM) lease sales were held lease sales during 1998, at which no depth of 1,356 ft and was plugged during the year, and no offers were bids were received. The BlM sold and abandoned. received. During the year, the BlM five over-the-counter noncompeti· At the Mist Gas Field, Eneriin Re­ sold fjve over-the-counter noncom­ tive leases consisting of a total of sources Company, Houston, Texas, petitive leases consisting of 11 ,622 11.622 acres. These leases are lo­ conducted a 3-D seismic program acres located in eastern Oregon. A cated in eastern Oregon in the and, on the basis of the data ob­ total of 31 ,734 federal acres were Prineville District A total of 31 ,374 tained, drilled five exploratory under lease at year's end. The state federal acres was under lease at and two red rills during the year. Of of Oregon conducted no lease sales year's end in Oregon, which is a these, two exploratory wells and two during the year. Eight State of Ore­ decrease from the 39,131 federal redrills were successful gas wells. gon tracts were under lease at year's acres under lease at the end of The successful gas wells are the JH end, comprising 3,741 acres. 1997. Total leasing income to the 22-27-64, located in NW'/4 sec, 27, T, Six exploratory wells, two red rills, BLM was $43.500 for 1998. 6 N. , R. 4 w., drilled to a total depth and two underground natural gas Columbia County held no lease of 2,211 ft; and JH 32-27-64, lo­ storage wells were drWed in Oregon sales during the year, whereas two cated in NE % sec. 27, T. 6 N., R. 4 during 1998. One of the exploratory lease sales were held during 1997, w., drilled to a total depth of 2,212 wells was drilled by Jefferson Gas at which four companies leased ft. These are both located in the LlC in the Willamette Valley near Al­ 10,405 acres, all located near the Cedar Point area and are the eastern­ bany and was plugged and aban­ Mist Gas Field. most successful gas producers discov­ doned. Enerfin Resources shot 3-D The State of Oregon held no ered to date at the Mist Gas Field. At seismic data at the Mist Gas Field , lease sales during 1998, At year's year's end, these two wells were sus­ Columbia County, and drilled five of end. eight State of Oregon tracts pended, awaiting pipeline connection, the exploratory wells and the two were under lease, comprising 3,741 Two red rills were also successful redrills. Of these, two exploratory acres. Total rental income was during 1998. The first is the CC 32- wells and two redrills were successful $3,741 during 1998. 27-65 RD, located in NE V4 sec. 27, 1. gas wells, and three exploratory wells 6 N" R. 5 W. This well was a reentry were plugged and abandoned. DRILLING A ND EXPLORATION of the Enerfin Resources weJl CC 32- Northwest Natural drilled two under­ AC TI VI TY 27 -65, drilled in 1996 and sus­ ground natural gas storage service Six exploratory gas wells, two pended, pending further evaluation, wells, which will be used for redrills, and two underground natu­ now redrilled to a depth of 2.092 ft injection-withdrawal and monitoring ral gas storage wells were drilled in and completed as a gas producer. at the Calvin Creek Underground Oregon during 1998. This is an in­ The second successful redrill is the Natural Gas Storage Project. crease from the four underground CC 41-6-65 RD, located in NE% sec. At the Mist Gas Field, 19 wells natural gas storage wells drilled 6,1. 6 N., R. 5 w., originally drilled to were productive during 1998. A total during 1997. a total depth of 2.975 ft and now of 1 .3 bitlion cubic ft of gas (Bet) was All but one of these wells were redrWed to a total depth of 2,970 ft. produced during the year with a total drilled at the Mist Gas Field , This well is in the northwestern pa rt value of $2.6 million. Columbia County, where most of of the Mist Gas Field and, at year 's The Oregon Department of Geol­ the state's oil and gas drilling activ­ end, was suspended, awaiting com­ ogy and Mineral Industries con- ity has occurred since the field was pletion and pipeline connection.

OREG ON GEOLOGY, VOLUME 61, NUMBER 2, MARCH/APRIll999 Table 1. Oil and gas permit activity in Oregon , 1998

Permit Opera tor, well, Permit activity number APr number location (TD==total depth) 324 Enerf,n Resources SW y. sec. 15 Abandoned; CFI23·15 15N.. R. <1W. TO 2,770 ft. 36·009·00166 ColumbIa County 436 Enelfin Resources sw't. sec. 1 Abandoned; CE R 13·1·55 T.5 N.. R.5 W. TO 1.<180 It. 36·009·00265 ColumbIa County 502RD Enerfin Resources NE '/4 sec. 27 Completed, CC 32·27·65 RD T6N . R.5 W. 8as : 36·009·00322·01 ColumbIa County TO 2,092 It. 507 Northwest Natural NE Y. sec. 22 Drilled; OM 32·22·65 T.6N .. R.5W service well; 36·009·00327 ColumbIa Coun ty TO 2,365 ft 508 Northwest Natural NW '1. sec . 22 Drilled; IW 22dH·22·65 T 6N., R. 5W service well ; 36·009·00328 Columbia County TO 2.7 <1 6 ft. 509 Ener fm Resources SE v. sec. 15 Abandoned. Busch 34·15·65 T6N., R. 5W dry hole; 36·009·00329 Columbia County TO 2.576 ft. 510 Enerfm Resources NW 'I. sec . 26 Abandoned; CC 22·26·65 T6N .. R5W. dry hole; 36·009·00330 ColumbIa County TO 1,743 ft.

511 Ene/fin Resourc~ SE V. sec. 23 Permit issued; larkin 43 ·23·65 T6N., R. 5W. proposed 36·009·00331 Columbia County TO 2.240 ft . 512 Jefferson Gas LLC NW '14 sec . 20' Abandoned, Clayton " T lOS .• R. 3W. dry hole; 36·043·00019 LIOn County TO 1,356 ft. 513 Enedln Resources SW 't. sec . 23 Application. CC 22 ·26·65 T6N .• R. 4W proposed RedriUing the Enerfin Res ources well CC 32-27-65 RO 36·009·00330 Columbia County TO 2,390 ft. was completed i n 1998 and resulted in successful gas 514 Enedm Resources NW V4 sec. 27 Completed, production. CC 22·26·65 T 6N .. R. 4W 8as : 36·009·00330 Columbia County TO 2,211 ft. Three additional exploratory wells drilled by Enerfin 515 Enerf," Resources NE '!. sec . 27 Completed. and plugged and abandoned are the Busch 34·15·65, CC 22·26·65 T. 6 N., R. 4 W. gas: 36·009·00330 Columbia County TO 2,212 fl. located in the SE'/ 4 sec. 15, T. 6 N ., R. 5 W, drilled to a total depth of 2.576 ft: the CC 22-26-65, located in the 516 Ener!in Resources SEV. sec. 22 Applicati on, CC 22·26·65 T. 6 N., R. 4 W. proposed NWY4 sec. 26, T. 6 N ., R. 5 W, drilled to a total depth of 36·009·00330 Columbia Coun ty TO 2,453 ft. 1,743 ft; and the CC 41-6-65, located in the NE V. sec. 517 Enerfin Resources SW Y. sec . 22 Permi t issued; 6, T. 6 N ., R. 5 W , drilled to a total depth of 2,975 ft. CC 22·26·65 T.7N., R. 5W. proposed Two underground natural gas storage service wells 36·009·00330 Columbia County TO 2.825 fl. were drilled by Northwest Natural during 1998. The 518 Enerfm Resources NE 'I. sec . 28 Applica\lon. wells are part of the development of the Calvin Creek CC 22·26·65 1. 7 N., R. 5 W. proposed Underground Natural Gas Storage Project at the Mist 36·009·00330 Columbl

OREGON GEOLOGY, VOLUME 61 , NUMBER 2, MARCH /APRILI999 41 efficiency. The well was drilled as a The gas price remained constant page.htm. Included on this home­ replacement to the IW 22d-22-65, all year at about 23 cents per page are Mist Gas Field production which was drilled during 1997 but therm, which is slightly higher than figures data, oil and gas statutes and was lost and subsequently plugged the 21 cents per therm during administrative rules, drilling permit because of echanical problems that 1997. The total value of gas pro­ application forms and other forms, a occurred during cementing of the in­ duced at the Mist Gas Field during publication list, and other informa­ termediate casing string. The moni­ 1998 was about $2.6 mirtion, which tion . Plans are to add a historical toring well drirted and completed is is about the same as during 1997. database to the home page that will the OM 32-22-65, located in NE V. Cumulatively, the Mist Gas Field has show wells drilled in Oregon. loca­ sec. 22, 1. 6 N .. R. 5 W, and drilled produced about 63 Bd of gas with tions, and dates drilled, total depth, to a total depth 01 2,365 ft. a total value of $122 million since it available well logs and samples, and Total footage drilled for 1998 was was discovered in 1979. other data. 22,715 ft . Average depth per well The Northwest Energy Association was 2,272 ft. GAS STORAGE (NWEA) remained active during 1998 Enerlin Resources plugged and The Mist and the Calvin Creek with over 100 members. At its regu­ abandoned two depleted former pro­ Underground Natural Gas Storage lar monthly meetings, speakers give ducers at the Mist Gas Field during Projects were both operational dur­ talks on subjects related to energy 1998. These are the CFI 23-15. lo­ ing 1998. The Mist Gas Storage matters in the Pacific Northwest. The cated in SW V4 sec. 15. 1. 5 N., R. 4 Project has nine injection­ annual fall symposium was held in W, and the CER 13-1-55, located in withdrawal service wells and 13 the Portland area, and plans are be­ SWV. sec. 1, T. 5 N., R. 5 W In addi­ monitoring service wells. The Calvin ing developed for the 1999 fall sym­ tion, Enerfjn did a workover at the Creek Gas Storage Project has 3 posium. For more in formation. con­ formerly suspended LF 32 -20-65R injection-withdrawal service wells tact the NWEA, P.O. Box 6679. Port· RD well to increase production capa­ and four monitoring service wells. land, OR 97228. bilities, and the well was returned to The two gas storage projects have a Triennial revisions to Oregon Ad­ gas production at year's end. total storage capacity of about 15 ministrative Rules Chapter 632, Divi­ Enerfin Resources received permits Bd of gas in the reservoirs at pres­ sion 10 (oil and gas) and Division 15 and shot 2-D seismic programs at the sures between approximately 400 (information and seismic test hole) Rocky Point Prospect located south of and 1,000 psi and will provide max­ will be performed during 1999. For Vernonia, Columbia County. and the imum daily peak delivery capability information, contact DOGAML Looney Butte Prospect located in the of approxim ately 145 million cubic The annually updated Mist Gas Willamette Valley south of Salem . feet (MMd) of gas per day. Field Map, DOGAMI Open-File Re­ During 1998, the Oregon Depart­ During 1998, Northwest Natural port 0-99-1, shows the field divided 'ment of Geology and Mineral Indus­ began an evaluation of the depleted into quarter sections. It displays loca­ tries (DOGAMI) issued 10 permits Busch Pool located in SW V4 sec. 15, tion, status, and depth of all existing to drill. Permit activity is listed in T. 6 N. , R. 5 W, to determine if it wells and serves as a basis for locat­ Table 1. had any possible future use for un­ ing any new ones. It also shows the derground natural gas storage. Pre­ area and wells that are used for stor­ PRODUCTION vious gas injection testing of this age of natural gas . The attached pro­ The Mist Gas Field was operated pool was unsuccessful because of duction summary for 1993-1998 in­ by Enerfin Resources and Northwest water invasion into the reservoir. cludes well names, revenue gener­ Natural during 1998. Dunng the year, Northwest Natural began an evalu­ ated, pressures, production. and 19 natural gas wells were productive ation wherein gas would be injected other data. The map and accompa­ at the Mist Gas Field, 15 operated by into the reservOir at a pressure nying data are useful tools for ad­ Enerfin Resources and four operated slightly greater than initial reser­ ministrators and planners, as well by Northwest Natural. This is the voir pressure, in an attempt to as explorers and producers of natu ­ same number of productive wells at move the water from the reservoir ral gas. the Mist Gas Field as during 1997. and return it to usefulness for gas A cumulative report of past pro­ Gas production for the year totaled storage. This evaluation was ongo­ duction at the Mist Gas Field be­ 1.3 billion cubic feet (Bd) of gas, ing at year's end. tween 1979 and 1992 is available m which is slightly less than the 1.4 Bd a separate release under the title MIst produced during 1997. Most of the OTHER ACTIVITIES Gas Field Production Figures as decrease can be attributed to the DOGAMI has constructed an oil DOGAMI Open-File Report 0-94-6. normal decline from existing wells and gas internet homepage. The Contact the Nature of the Northwest and the addition of only one new webpage address is http:// Information Center (503-872-2750) well during the year. sa rviS.d oga mi . sta te .or.u s/ oi 1/ home- for a complete publication list. 0

OREGON GEOLOGY, VOLUME 61, NUMBER 2, MARCH/APRlll999 Geothermal exploration in Oregon. 1996 -1998

by Dennis L Olmstead. Oregon Department of Ceology and M ineral Industdes

ABSTRACT ogy Geo-Heat Center continues to changers, space-heating equipment, Geothermal-resource drilling and publish its Quarterly8ulletinwith absorption refrigeration, ­ leasing activity in Oregon passed its national and international papers on houses, aquaculture, industrial appli­ peak during the 19805 and the first direct use of geothermal energy and cations, egineering cost analysis, reg­ half of the 19905. lease expirations now maintains a web page. ulatory and commercial aspects, and and releases greatly outnumbered environmental conSiderations. LEASING new filings from 1996 to 1998, and The Geo-Heat Center has also pre­ drilling activity was nonexistent dur­ No geothermal lease sales were pared a " Geothermal Greenhouse In­ ing those years. held during the 1996-1998 time formation Package ". It is intended to Several previously drilled wells still period. Table 1 shows existing leas­ provide a foundation of background exist at Newberry volcano, and a ing levels for those years. USDA information for developers of small amount of well logging and in­ Forest Service (USFS) and USDI Bu­ geothermal greenhouses. The mate­ strument testing has occurred, but reau of land Management (BlM) rial consists of seven sections cover­ there is no promise of renewed activ­ geothermal leaSing consisted mainly ing crop culture and prices, operation ity in the near future. CE Exploration of expiring or terminated leases and costs for greenhouses, heating sys­ has moved its project from Newberry relinquished acreages. At the end of tem design vendors, and a list of to Glass Mountain in northern Cali· 1998, federal acreage under lease in other sources of information. Copies fornia . Anadarko Petroleum plugged Oregon for geothermal exploration are available from the Geo-Heat three weJJs in the Borax l ake area of totaled 58,027 acres . Center. In addition, OIT has also pub­ Harney County, and no more drilling lished an update of greenhouse is likely in the Alvord Desert any time DIRECT USE direct-use development (lienau, soon. The Bureau of land Manage- The Geo-Heat Center at the Ore- 1997). ment compiled weather and water gon Institute of Technology (OIT) in Technical assistance from the Geo· data from , covering sev- Klamath Falls has published its third Heat Center is on the increase, due in era! ye ars in the 1980s and 19905. edition of " Geothermal Dire ct-Use part to their web page These background data could be Engineering and Design Gu ide- http://www.oit.edu/ -geoheat valuable in the event of future explo- book" (lund and others, 1998). Figu res for 1996 and 1997 are 583 ration in the Alvord Desert. last published in 1991 , this update and 761 respectively for inquiries The Department of Geology and contains 19 chapters based on tech· handled. Geothermal (ground- Mineral Industries produced a report nical experience at OIT and reflect- sou rce) heat pumps seem to be a on the geothermal resources of ing current trends in the industry. popular informational item, consum- southeast Oregon. The study in· The book covers material on the na· ing about 30 percent of the OIT eluded air·photo fault analysis and ture of geothermal resources, ex· technical assistance activity. In addi- satellite image analysis. ploration for direct-heat resources, tion to the web page, a publication Direct use of hot water for space geothermal fluid sampling tech· on this topic is "An Information Sur· heating, snow melting, and green- niques, drilling and well construc· vival Kit for the Prospective Geother· houses continues, primarily in the tion, well testing and reservoir eval· mal Heat Pump Owner " by Kevin Klamath Falls, lakeview, and Vale ar· uation, materials selection guide- Rafferty. He has also written a paper eas. The Oregon Institute of Technol· lines, well pumps, piping, heat ex- for local Klamath Falls use concerning Table 1. Geothermal leases in Oregon. federal land. 1996-1998

Number of Number of Nu mber of leases, Acres, leases, 1997 Acres, 1997 leases, 1998 Acres, 1998 3-year total Activity 1996 1996 acres Acrts filed 680 0 0 0 0 680 Aerts issued 320 0 0 0 0 320 Aerts expired 623 3 1,961 0 0 2,584 Acres terminated/relinquished 7 13,580 3 3,627 5 6,858 24,065 leases in effect as of 12/ 31 /96 74 70,473 leases in effect as of , 2/31/97 68 64,885 lea5es in effect as of 1 2/31/98 63 58.027

OREGON GEOLOGY, VOLUME 61 , NUMBER 2, MARCH/APRIL 1999 downhole heat exchangers: "Information for the Prospective Geothermal Home Buyer." In 1997, the Geo-Heat Center published" Fossil Fuel-Fired Peak Heating for Geothermal Green­ houses" (Rafferty, 1997), outlining how a facility with limited geother­ mal flow can expand to provide a portion of the heating requirements with a conventionally-fueled peak heating system. The report examined the economics of fossil-fuel peaking for three different climates, including Klamath Faits, Oregon. Data included cost in doltars per square foot of greenhouse floor area and details on capitalization of the equipment, fuel costs, and maintenance for the fossil­ fuel peaking system. An additional Oregon Departm en t of Transportation project on Esplanade in Klamath Falls. report (Rafferty, 1996) explored Buried warm-water pipes keep snow melted. Photo courtesy John Lund, Geo­ some of the issues related to costs in Heat Center, Oregon Institute of Technology. the installation of geothermal district heating in existing residential areas. The Klamath Falls district heating view, where the new USFS/ BLM Over the past three years, the pro­ system and the OIT geothermal sys­ building will be geothermally gram has seen very little activity, with tem are stiJ! in operation, and status, heated. A 72°F water welt has been only a handful of permits issued for challenges, and improvements have drilled and completed, and an injec­ disposal of spent warm water. Geo­ been summarized in two reports tion well is now planned. The build­ graphically, the permitting is (Brown, 1996; Lienau, 1996). The ing is currently being heated with widespread, however, including the two systems have added pavement propane, which will be the backup Klamath basin, Willamette basin, snow melting. OIT now has two system after the geothermal system Umatilla basin , and the Burns area. main stairs and two handicap ramps is in place. heated by geothermal energy: and in OREGON DEPARTM ENT OF GEOL­ downtown Klamath Faits, almost all OREGON OFFICE OF ENERGY, DE­ OGY AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES of the Main Street sidewalks are PARTMENT OF CONSUMER AND (DOGAMI) geothermally heated . In addition, the BUSINE SS SERVICES (OOOE) DQGAMI produced a report on main downtown bus stop, the new With the apparent demise of the the geothermal resources of south­ Klamath County Building, and the Newberry volcano project by CE Ex­ east Oregon (Mad in and others, Catholic church sidewalks are heated. ploration, the OOOE has not had 1996). The presence of numerous The bridge deck and approach on Es­ much geothermal activity in the hot springs, high regional heat flow, planade was recently reconstructed, past three years. A site certificate several Known Geothermal Resource and the 1948 snow melting system for the project was issued by OOOE Areas (KGRAs), and broad geologic was replaced (Figure) . About 20 in early 1996 and has never been similarities with the geothermal zones buildings are now part of the down­ terminated. Shortly afterward, the of Nevada suggest significant poten­ town geothermal district heating sys­ company decided to discontinue tial. The study covered 11 major re­ tem. These recent updates are docu­ operations there and move their ef­ gions: North and south Steens, Cat­ mented in two papers presented at forts to Glass Mountain in northern low Valley, Guano Valley, Owhyee the Geothermal Resources Council California (see BPA section below). Uplands, Lake Abert. Antelope Valley, annual meeting in September 1998 Turpin Knoll , Gold Creek, Christmas (Boyd , T.l., 1998: Brown, B., 1998). OREGON WATER RESO URCE Lake-Summer Lake, and Drewsey. Finally, Lund has summarized DEPARTM ENT (WRD) The study combined air-photo fault geothermal research at the Geo-Heat WRD has a low-temperature mapping and satellite-image analysis Center (lund, 1998). geothermal program, primarily con­ with some field visits to determine Additional direct use geothermal cerned with production and disposal whether the local geology showed heating is under construction in Lake- wells for heat-pump space heating. evidence of blind geothermal sys-

44 OREGON GEOLOGY, VOLU ME 61, NUMBER 2, MARCH/APRlll999 tems. Two areas, lake Abert and find some types (generally silicifica­ ble of 250 gpm flows at around Christmas lake-Summer lake, were tion) of bedrock units under some 3OO¢F. The resource was therefore the subject of more detailed studies circumstances. Hot springs in desert proven, but without a power contract of mineralization, oxygen-isotope environments are often surrounded the operator decided against devel­ geothermometry, and soil-mercury by vegetation, which may mask lo­ oping the resource. The project had (Hg) anomalies. Some areas show cal anomalous mineralization. attracted widespread interest due to low heat flows, no Holocene faulting, The study concluded that the use the existence of the Borax lake chub and few mineral occurrences, which of indirect methods to prospect for in the nearby 10-acre Borax lake. Ul­ in dicates a poor chance for a blind undiscovered blind geothermal sys­ timately, the three wells were late Quaternary geothermal sytem . tems is only moderately useful. At plugged and abandoned in 1996. Other areas, such as the southern best, the techniques can eliminate At Newberry volcano, the wells at Steens, have numerous Quaternary some areas and determine priorities the CE Exploration project on the faults and extensive mineralization for those that might be targets for west flank of the volcano have been associated with range-front faulting, further exploration. in suspended status since being as well as many active geothermal drilled in 1995. Two will maintain this systems. INDUSTRY DRILLING ACTIVITIES status through October 31 , 1999. Landsat thematic mapper imagery AND REGULATORY ACTIONS The DOGAMI Governing Board has was examined for a large area of Anadarko Petroleum Corpora­ extend the suspended status for the southeast Oregon to see whether tion, former operator of three remaining three wells to October mineralization at active hot springs geothermal wells in the Pueblo Val­ 2000. The company has moved its could produce a signal to use in ley of southeast Oregon, failed to project to Glass Mountain in north­ searching for inactive hot springs. obtain a power contract and has ern California and has made the Several targets were field-checked plugged and abandoned its wells Newberry wells available for scientific and some had a definite zone of min­ (Table 2). Permits G-153, G-154 experimentation. A small amount of eralization and silicification. This and G-155 resulted in wells to work has been done by the U.S. Geo­ technique therefore can be used to depths of about 2,500 ft and capa- logical Survey. Vulcan Power Company, holder of Table 2. Geothermal permits and drilling activity in Oregon, 1996- 1998 large amounts of acreage on the Permit Operator, well, Status, west flank of Newberry volcano, has number API number location date of action joined with Davenport Resources to G-153 Anadarko Petroleum NWV. sec. 22 Abandoned, form Northwest Geothermal Company. Pueblo Valley 25-22A T.37 S., R. 33 E. 1996 The new company has responded to a 36-025·90009 Harney County request for proposals from Portland G-154 Anadarko Petroleum NE 'I. sec. 22 Abandoned. General Electric (PGE) with a pro­ Pueblo Valley 52-22A T. 37S .. R. 33 E. '996 36·025-90010 Harney County posed 30-megawatt (MW) geother­ G-1 55 An

OREGON GEOLOGY, VOLUME 61 , NUMBER 2, MARCH/APRil 1999 4S Plugging of Anadarko Petroleum wells in Pueblo Valley, using Halliburton coiled tubing rig, 1996. Above: Well S2-22A. On right: Well 2S-22A. The third well that was plugged was well 66-22A.

the temperatures in the wells. Com­ tained from drill hole MZI-11 A in Geothermal Resource Area. The lake parison of the logs acquired over a Winema National Forest east of averages 3 ft in depth but has a main number of years reveals whether cli­ Crater lake National Park. This sys­ vent with a depth in excess of 90 ft. matic changes have occurred that af­ tem may be supplied by intrusions Over the past 20 years, the Alvord fect the subsurface temperature related to Pleistocene volcanic rocks basin was the subject of leasing and regime. The data from the array of near the east rim of the caldera. exploration by the geothermal indus­ holes provide information on the try. Significant wells were drilled near magnitude of the climatic changes USDA FOREST SERVICE (USFS) Borax lake by Union Oil Company and their duration and spatial extent. USFS involvement in geothermal and Anadarko Petroleum Corpora­ Charles Bacon and Manuel Na­ resources over the 1996-1998 time tion. Bottom hole temperatures were themon have published a study of period consisted mainly of surface in the 3CJOOF range. Meanwhile, the the Crater lake area geothermal re­ oversight for the Newberry volcano u.s. Fish and Wildlife Service sources (Bacon and Nathenson, exploration activity by CE Explo­ (USFWS) listed the Borax lake chub 1996). They found that the main ration. This included sale of timber as an endangered species in 1982. heat source in the upper crust in the to be cut for pad construction, The threat of geothermal develop­ area is the magma chamber that was along with regulation of suriace dis­ ment on adjacent public lands was a responsible for the caldera-forming turbance. factor in the listing. eruption 7,700 years ago. The Prior to 1980 lease agreements, amount of heat transferred to the u .s. BUREAU OF lAND MAN­ the 8lM consulted the USFWS and upper crust during development of AGEMENT (BlM) agreed to monitoring of the lake as a the chamber and the heat stored in The BlM has released the results condition of geothermal develop­ the remains of the chamber following of several years of monitoring Borax ment. The agreement resulted in the the eruption have been estimated on lake in Harney County. The unpub­ data collection on lake and weather the basis of geologic data and petro­ lished report includes data on the conditions. Anadarko initiated a logic models. Some of the heat cur­ lake itself as well as data from a Re­ monthly monitoring program for the rently is being lost through discharge mote Automated Weather Station lake in 1981. Data collection included of the springs of the Wood River (RAWS) from 1990 to 1997. Borax water temperature, water elevation, group and through venting of fluids lake is located in the extreme and air temperature, used three mon­ into Crater lake-manifestations of southeastern corner of Oregon and itoring sites, and was carried out the Crater lake hydrothermal system. is formed by a hot spring that through 1983. The company also The Mazama hydrothermal system is formed the 10-acre thermal lake. It placed thermographs in the lake in identified on the basis of data ob· is located within the Alvord Known 1989 when is was conducting drilling

46 OREGON GEOLOGY, VOLUME 61, NUMBER 2, MARCH/APRIll999 operations nearby. The BLM data col­ flash facility at Fourmile Hill, in the facility. CalEnergy acquired the leases lection at its RAWS site was carried Medicine lake Highlands northwest in 1994, an environmental impact out from August 1990 to November of the Glass Mountain caldera . The statement has been prepared, and 1997. Water samples were analyzed facility will also include the associ­ permitting decisions will be made this for over 20 components. ated geothermal production and in­ year. The Glass Mountain KGRA In addition, the USFWS and the jection wells, well pads, roads, in­ could ultimately yield as much as 500 Nature Conservancy conducted quar­ terconnected pipelines, and a 24- MW of power, according to U.S. Ge­ terly fish population surveys of the mi, 230-kV transmission line. SPA is ological Survey estimates. If the pro­ Borax Lake chub from July 1986 to considering buying output from the ject is approved, commercial opera­ October 1987; then, in 1991, a facility. The Final Environmental Im­ tion could begin in 2001. multi-year study of the chub was pact Statement (FEIS) for the power When Cal Energy determined that started by the USFWS. plant and transmission line was is­ the geothermal resources at New­ Neither the exact character of the sued in October 1998. If the project berry volcano were insufficient to geothermal system nor the intercon· is approved, commercial operation meet its obligations under the power nection of the lake, hot springs, and could begin in 2001. purchase agreement with BPA in a drilled acreage, if any, is known with In September 1996, BPA agreed cost-effective manner, the company any certainty. Additional monitoring to pay Calpine Siskiyou Geothermal notified BPA that it was relocating of the lake and hot springs may be Partners up to a total of $14.5 mil­ the project to Glass Mountain. A dis· appropriate, should geothermal de­ lion in exchange for a release of all pute arose over whether Cal Energy velopment occur in the future. claims related to the Vale Project had the unilateral right to move the and proposed relocation to Glass project and contract. In December BONNEVILLE POWER ADMINIS­ Mountain. As part of the agree­ 1996, CalEnergy and SPA executed a TRATION (SPA) ment. BPA received an option on settlement agreement under which The SPA no longer has geothermal future development on Calpine's Cal Energy, in return for an initial pay­ projects in Oregon but maintains in· geothermal leases at Glass Moun­ ment of $9 million, released SPA volvement nearby in northern CalI­ tain. Calpine also agreed to work from all claims arising from the New­ fornia. The BPA is considering power toward the successful conclusion of berry contract. A power purchase purchases from two geothermal the environmental work already un­ agreement for Glass Mountain was power facilities proposed in the Glass derway. BPA and Calpine have ne­ negotiated, which contains terms Mountain Known Geothermal Re· gotiated a power purchase agree­ more favorable to BPA than those in source Area, about 50 mi south of ment, but SPA is under no obliga­ the Newberry agreement. BPA is not Klamath Falls, along the border be­ tion to execute it. under obligation to execute the Glass tween the Modoc and Klamath Na­ The second geothermal project Mountain agreement, but must pay tional Forests. The power facilities was proposed for Newberry volcano Cal Energy an additional S9 million if began as parts of a BPA geothermal in Deschutes County. Cal Energy the project is approved by the USFS pilot project program in 1991 , Company (doing business as CE Ex­ and BLM and BPA then decides not formed to encourage the develop­ ploration Company in Oregon) had to execute the contract. If BPA exe­ ment of geothermal resources . proposed a 30-MW plant on the cutes the contract, it will instead pay One of the geothermal projects west flank of the volcano. BPA CalEnergy $10 million upon commer­ was located near Vale in Malheur would have bought two-thirds of cialoperatin. County. It was a joint project with the plant's power production and the Springfield Utility Board. When subsidized the purchase of the re­ RelATED ACTIVITIES test wells at the Vale site failed to maining power by the Eugene Wa­ The Geothermal Resources Council discover hot water to run a power ter and Electric Board (EWES). (GRC) held its national convention in plant. the developer, TransPacific Cal Energy explored for a resource Portland in October 1997. Several Geothermal Corporation, formed a by drilling several wells (Table 2) companies had activities in the joint venture with Calpine Corpora­ but without success. The wells are Northwest at that time, and atten· tion of San Jose, California (Calpine still suspended, pending data gath­ dance at the conference was good . Siskiyou Geothermal Partners. loP.), ering and plugging. Cal Energy is The local GRC chapter is now inac· and asked BPA to consider a relo­ now developing a 48-MW facility at tive, however. cated project at Glass Mountain in Telephone Flat. located southwest northern California, still within SPA's of Medicine lake, inside the ACKNOW LEDG M ENTS marketing area . In December 1996, caldera . A reservoir capacity of 15 The following contributors were of BPA ended its commitment to this fa­ MW has been confirmed by earlier great assistance to the author in cility at a cost of $12 million. Calpine wells drilled by Unocat. BPA is also preparing this report: Jack Feuer and is now developing a 49-MW dual- considering buying output from this Donna Kauffman , BLM; John White,

OREGON GEOLOGY, VOLUME 61, NUMBER 2, MARCH/APR IL 1999 47 OOOE; George Darr, BPA; Bob Fuji­ Brown, B., 1996, Klamath Falls geothermal Technology: Geo·Heat Center Quarterly district heating system evaluation . Bulletin, v. 19, no. 2. p. 1-8. moto and Alice Doremus, USFS; Gary Geothermal Resources Council Bulletin, v. Lund, l .W., Lienau, Pl., and Lunis, B.c.. eds., CJow and William Scott, USGS; 25, no. II , p. 426-435. 1998, Geothermal direct-use engineering Michael Zwart, WRD; and John --1998, Klamath Falls geothermal district and design guidebook, 3d edition: Klamath heating system: Geothermal Resources Falls, Oreg., Geo-Heat Center, Oregon Insti­ Lund, on: Council Transactions, v. 22, p. 7-10. tute of Technology, 470 p. Freeman, Mike, 1999, PGE takes shot at Madin, I.P., Ferns, M .L , langridge, R., Jellinek, SelECTED REFERENCES Newberry geothermal: Bend, Oregon, The A.M .• and Priebe, K. , 1996, Geothermal Bulletin, Jan. 16,1999. resources of southeast Oregon: Oregon De­ Bacon, CR .. and Nathenson, M, 1996, Jel!inek, A.M., 1996, Field and stable isotope partment of Geology and Mineral Industries Geothermal resources in the Crater Lake indicators of geothermal resource poten­ Open-File Report 0-96-4, 41 p., 24 maps. area, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey tial, central Lake County, Oregon: Oregon Rafferty, K., 1996, Selected cost considerations Open-File Report 96-663. 34 p. Geology, v. 58, no. 1, p. 3- 9. for geothermal district heating in existing Berger, J.J., 1997, Charging ahead-The busi­ lienau, P.l., 1996, OIT geothermal system single-family residential areas : Geo-Heat ness of renewable energy and what it improvements: Geo-Heat Center Quar­ Cen ter Quarterly Bulletin, v. 17, no. 3, p. means for America: New York, Holt terly Bulletin. v. 17, no. 3. p. 24-28. 10-15. and Company, 399 p. --1997, Geothermal greenhouse devel­ --1997, Fossil-fuel·fired peak heating for Boyd, Il., 1996, Colocated resources : opment update: Geo·Heat Center Quar­ geothermal greenhouses: Geo·Heat Center Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, terly Bulletin, v.18, no. 1. p. 5-7. Quarterly Bulletin, v. 18, no. 1, p. 1-4. v. 20, p. 43-50. lund, l.W.. 1996, Direct heat utilization of --1998, Recent direct-use technical assis­ --1998, The evolution of the Oregon Insti­ geothermal resources: Geo-Heat Center tance activity: Geo·Heat Center Quarterly tute of Technology district heating system : Quarterly Bulletin, v. 17, no. 3, p. 6-9. Bulletin, v. 19, no. 4, p. 1-3. 0 Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, --1998, Geothermal research at the v. 22, p. 3-6. Geo·Heat Center, Oregon Institute of

Residents feel small earthquakes shaking various parts of Oregon A magnitude 2.7 (M 2.7) earth­ earthquake that occurred on March waves could spread farther in all direc- quake centered just west of Molalla 25, 1993. tions before they reached the surlace. ("epicenter"), about 25 mi northeast Gerald L Black, geologist with Another reason for the widespread of Salem. was felt by people the Oregon Department of Geology shaking is the soil of the WiJlamette throughout the northern Willamette and Mineral Industries (DOGAMI) Valley. "We have a Jot of alluvium, Valley on Wednesday morning, said it was unusual for an earth- the loose, unconsolidated deposits February 24. 1999, at 8:45 a.m. The quake of this small size to have from rivers that have been flowing earthquake originated at an esti­ been felt over such a wide area. through the Valley for thousands of mated depth of 25- 35 km ("hypo­ "Typically, quakes of that strength years," explains Lou Clark, Earth Sci+ center"). It caused minor damage to are barely felt. Normally, if you're ence Jnformation Officer with Oregon City High School and shifted on the ground, you wouldn't feel DOGAMJ. "Unfortunately, these are an 83-year-old home in West linn anything unless you were on top of the perfect soils to amplify the effects from its foundation. it." Black said. "It would be a gentle of earthquakes." From Salem to Hillsboro to Van­ vibration." At Oregon City High School. couver, people reported feeling the One reason why shaking was felt cracks were opened in walls and ceil- small earthquake, observing effects and sounds were heard so widely is ings throughout the 67 -year-old from lamps swinging to tables the depth of the event. For compar- building. Bob Walker, a structural en- bouncing on the floor. Several people ison, the Scotts Mills quake was gineer, inspected the building and went outside to see whether a tree only 15 km deep, while this event found no structural damage but did branch had landed on their roof but was about twice that. So the shock say the building could not handle a found nothing to explain the sound Table 1 , List ofsome recent (1999) small earthquakes centered in Oregon and shaking they had noticed, Other earthquakes have occurred Date l ocation Magnitude Oepth (k mJ in the same area as the small Febru­ January 30 Northwest of Salem 2' 25 ary temblor: Two smaller earthquakes lanuary 31 Southwest of Coos Bay (offshore) 2.6 25 (M 2.1 and M 1.6) were recorded earlier in February, and a M 3.6 February 10 Southeast of Scappose 2.1 19 earthquake occurred in February February 15 Southeast slope of Mount Hood 26 7 1995. Although the 1995 earthquake March 3 Southeast of Joseph 3.0 '9 was larger, it was felt by few people because it occurred at night. Geolo­ March 3 Southeast of loseph 2.2 18 gists throughout the state do not be­ March 10 East of Milton-Freewater 2.6 5 lieve these earthquakes were after­ March 15 North of Bend 2.0 28 shocks of the M 5.6 Scotts Mills March 17 East of Milton-Freewater 2.3 3

48 OREGON GEOLOGY, VOLUME 61 , NUMBER 2, MARCH/APRil 1999 larger earthquake (M 5.0 or higher). School officials Seeking a new Director for and structural engineers are also worried that the cu­ mulative effects of many small to moderate earth­ DOGAMI quakes over the years could be undermining the build­ The State of Oregon seeks a Director for the ing's structural integrity. Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Indus­ Clark notes that there are thousands of buHdings in tries (DOGAMI). In co ncert with the Governing the state similar in design to the High School brick Board, the Director oversees the management of the bUilding. "Buildings have only so much ability to resist Department, including goals. policy. budget. and earthquake damage, " she adds . " We know older, unre­ legislative liaison in technical and regulatory pro· inforc.ed brick buildings do not stand up well to earth­ grams. quakes unless they 've been specially strengthened." The Department is responsible for developing in­ Without such improvements, each small earthquake formation about and mitigation strategies for natural hazards such as earthquakes, landslides. floods. and robs the building of a little more of its ability to cope tsunamis. The Department is also the leading regula ­ with the strain of shaking in the ground below it . tory agency for mining, oil and gas. and geothermal Small earthquakes are a daily event in Oregon, and energy exploration, production, and redamation. events over a M 2.0 happen every week or so (See Interested applicants can obtain a detailed job Table 1). description and information on the application pro­ " We know there will be another damaging earth­ cess by contacting laura Trevizo. Recruitment and quake in Oregon, " warns Clark. " We don't know Career Services, 155 Cottage Street NE. Salem , Ore­ where or when, so we aU need to be prepared." 0 gon 97310. Phone: 503-378-3040. Applications must be received by 5:00 p.m., May 14. 1999. WSSPC Award in Excellence goes to Benton County The Benton County Emergency tion, preparedness, response, and re­ • Support for the "Oregon Emer­ Management Council (BCEMC) was covery. Four subcommittees support gency Management Act" to estab­ honored with one of the 1998 the efforts of the full council: Plans ; lish a Governor's Advisory Council "Awards in Excellence " by the West­ Tra ining and Exercise; logistics. Fa­ on Emergency Management. create ern States Seismic Policy Council dlities and Equipment; and Public Ed­ an Oregon disaster relief fund, es­ (WSSPC). The "Excellence in Re­ ucation. Among the many Council­ tablish a competitive grant/mitiga­ sponse Plans " award was presented member initiatives have been the tion fund and bolster Oregon's ex­ at a banquet in Pasadena, California, following: isting emergency management sys­ at the WSSPC annual conference and • Sponsorship of regional disaster tem . . was accepted by Diane Merten. the training and exerc.ise . • Designation as one of the Federal current chair of the BCEMC. The • Coordinated and cooperative re­ Emergency Management Agency 's Council was nominated for recogni ­ sponse to actual emergencies. 50 pilot programs, "Project Impact: tion by the Benton County Board of • Public education campaigns and Building a Disaster Resistant Com­ Commissioners. In the words of presentations induding the unn­ munity," and eligibility for WSSPC Executive Director, Steve Benton Neighborhood Emergen cy $300.000 in federal funding for Ganz. the BCEMC "is an outstanding Training ("lB-NET ") program. mitigation projects. example of a coordinated, public­ • Development of emergency oper­ The BCEMC works without a for­ private partnership focused on emer­ ations plans and protocols. mal budget. It is largely funded by gency preparedness. " • Seismic/ structural and nonstruc­ participating agencies, donations. The BCEMC is a partnership of re­ tural hazard studies and and the Benton County Sheriff's Of­ gional government, business. and retrofitting of critical community fice. Emergency Management Divi­ nonprofit professionals concerned facilities. induding Oregon State sion . The latter is the official adminis­ with making the community safer University and the Corvallis School tering agency and provides staff sup­ and more resilient following a disas­ District, the Corvallis Fi re Depart­ port. partly with its own volunteers­ ter. The brainchild of a dedicated and ment and the law Enforcement which has included the integral thesis tenacious community volunteer. Di ­ Building (Sheriff/ Police) . work of two Oregon State University ane Merten, the BCEMC was offi­ • Flood study and mitigation pro­ students. cially formed in April, 1991 . Merten. jects by the City and County. For more information about the a former California resident and ad­ • A regional. "all -hazards. " mitiga­ BCEMC. visit the web site that is be­ vocate for emergency preparedness. tion study. involving Benton. linn, ing developed with BCEMC member has chaired the Council since 1991 . lane, and lincoln Counties and and partner Oregon State University The BCEMC embraces all phases State Economic Development at of emergency management: mitiga- grant funding. http://osu.orst.edu/ groups/ bcemc

OREGON GEOLOGY. VOLUME 61 . NUMBER 2. HARCHfAPRILI 999 49 Earthquake and tsunami preparedness month Sample exercise for grades 4-6

Several activities and new products dents Kindergarten through grade How likely Are Earthquakes in Oregon? 12. A video shows students at Taft are available during April to help you 1. Tell your students that scientists by to deter­ prepare for earthquakes and tsunamis. Elementary School in Lincoln City mine the chances of earthquakes happening. doing a duck, cover, and hold earth­ • Have the students determine how old they Du ck. cover, hold drill quake drill and a tsunami evacuation would be in 50 years. On April 22 between 9:30 and drill. The 13-minute video also con­ . In Oregon, the chances of a large earth­ quake are thought to be between 1 in 10 10:00 am, schoolchildren and busi­ tains explanations of the dangers of (1/10orl0%)tol in5(1/5or20%)ln nesses across Oregon and Washing­ tsunamis and how to survive them. the ne~t 50 years. ton will be practicing how to duck, All materials were designed with • Ask your students how we might represent cover, and hold to stay safe in an the cooperation of the Oregon De­ that kind of chance using blocks, a spinner. earthquake (duck down, take cover partment of Education and an advi­ or a die. • Show the students what this wou ld look under a sturdy piece of furniture, sory group of teachers and should like with blocks (at least the 1 in 5). hold on until the shaking stops). meet state educational standards. 2. Show the students 1 blue block and 4 or· You may want to see jf your Three separate volumes are avail­ ange blocks. This represents 1 in 5. Put the school is participating, or even prac­ able: grades K-3, 4-6, and 7-12. blocks in the bag. tice yourself. Each volume is available for $25 Ask the students how likely they think it is that the blue block would be picked. Have a from the Nature of the Northwest Earthquake and tsunami curricula student reach in one time. This is our 1 in 5 (order form on back of magazine). chance in the ne~t 50 years. It will probably and videos be an orange block. No quake! How do you explain plate tecton­ Tsunami safety materials • Should we still be prepared? YES, because there is a chance. It may be slight, but it still ics to an a-year-old? Or make high The O regon Department of Geol­ could happen; therefore, we should be pre ­ school students understand the ogy and Mineral Industries has pro­ pared. probability of earthquakes in O re­ duced everything from mugs to 3. This is a good time to relate to your stu­ gon? These and many other topics roadside signs explaining various as­ dents the connection between fire drills and earthquake drills. We practice and prepare for are addressed in a new earthquake pects of tsunami dangers. Several both dangerous situations. even though the and tsunami curriculum available to products have been designed for ho­ chances of either one occurring are small. Oregon schools. tels, motels, and restaurants along the These disasters are not likely to happen Hands-on actitivities and a video coast to give potentially life-saving often, but if either one does occur, we will be much safer if we know about the safe th ing are included in the materials for stu- information to their guests . 0 to do.

AVAILABLE PUBLICATIONS OREGON DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES

BULLETINS Price MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS Price 103 Bibliography (8 th supplement, 1980-84). 1987 8.00 20 Investigations of nickel in Oregon. 1978 6.00 102 Bibliography (7th supplement. 1976-79). 1981 5.00 19 Geothermal eKploration studies in Oregon, 1976. 1977 4.00 101 Geologic field trips, W. Oregon/ SW Wash ington. 1980_ __10 .00 15 Quicksilver deposits in Oregon. 1971 4.00 99 Geologic hazards. NW Clackamas County. 1979 11 .00 11 Articles on meteorites (reprints from the Ore Dirt) . 1968 4.00 98 Geologic hazards, E. Benton County. 1979 10.00 5 Oregon's gold placers. 1954 2.00 97 Bibliography (6th supplement. 1971-75). 1978 4.00 SHORT PAPERS 96 Magma genesis. Chapman Conf. on Partial Melting. 1977 __15 .00 27 Rock material resources of Benton COl)nty. 1978 5.00 95 North American ophiolites (IGCPproject). 1977 8.00 25 Petrography of Rattlesnake FOfmation at type area. 1976___ 400 94 land use geology. central Jackson County. 1977 10.00 OIL AND GAS IN VESTIGATION S 93 Geology, min . res., and rock material, Curry County. 1977 __8.00 19 Oil and gas potential, S. Tyee Basin. 1996 20.00 92 Fossils in Oregon. Reprints from the Ore Din. 1977 5.00 18 Schematic fence diagram, S. Tyee Basin. 1993 9.00 91 Geo!. hazards. Hood River, Wasco. Sherman Co. 1977 9.00 17 Cross section, Mist Gas Field to continental shelf. 1990 10.00 90 Land use geology of western Curry County. 1976 10.00 16 Avail. well records and samples, onshore/ offshore. 1987 6.00 89 Geology and mineral reSOl)rces, Deschutes County. 1976___ ' .00 15 Hydrocarbon e~ploration / occurrences in Oregon. 1989 8.00 88 Geology and min. res. , upper Chetco R. drainage. 1975 5.00 14 Oil and gas investigation of the Astoria 8asin. 1985 8.00 87 Environmental geology. W. Coos/Douglas Counties. '975__ '0 .00 13 8iostratigraphy-e~plor. wells, S Willamet\e Basin. 1985 7.00 82 Geologic hazards, Bull Run watershed. 1974 8.00 12 Biostratigraphy-explor. wells, N. Willamette Basin. 1984 7.00 78 Bibliography (5th supplement. 1961-70). 1973 4.00 11 Biostratigraphy, e~plor. wells, Coos, Douglas, Lane Co. 1984 __7 .00 71 Geology of lava tubes. Bend area. Deschutes Coun ty. 1971 __6 .00 10 Mist Gas Field: EKplor./development. 1979-1984. 1985 5.00 67 Bibliography (4th supplement, 1956·60). 1970 4.00 9 Subsurface biostratigraphy, E. Nehalem Basin. 1983 7.00 65 Proceed ings of the Andesite Conference. 1969 11 .00 8 Subsurface stratigraphy. Ochoco Basin. 1984 8.00 53 8ibliography (3rd supplement, 1951 -55). 1962 4.00 7 Cenozoic stratigraphy. W. Oregon/ Washington. 1983 9.00 46 Ferruginous bau~ite, Salem Hills, Marion County. 1956 4.00 6 Prospects f. oil and gas. Coos Basin. 1980 10.00 44 Bibliography (2nd supplement, 1946-50). 1953 4.00 5 Prospects f. natural gas. upper Nehalem Basin. 1976 6.00 36 Papers on Tertiary Foraminifera (v. 2 Iparts VII-VllIll. 1949 __4.00 4 Foraminifera, E.M . Warren Coos County 1·7 we ll. 1973 4.00 33 Bibliography (1 st supplement, 1936-45). 1947 4.00 3 Foraminifera, General Petroleum long Bell #1 well. 1973 ___4 .00

" OREGON GEOLOGY, VOLUME 61 , NUMBER 2, MARCHjAPRILI999 AVAILABLE PUBLICATIONS OREGON DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES (continued)

GEOLOGICAL MAP SERIES Price Price GMS -l13 Fly Valley 7 W quad .. Union County. 1998 10.00 GMS -46 Breitenbush River area, linn and Marion Counties. 1987_7.00 GMS-l10 Tucker Flat 7'h' quad .. Union/ Saker C. 1997 6.00 GMS-45 Madras WesVEas t 7'h' quads., Jefferson County. 1987 __5.00 GMS-l08 Rio Canyon 7W quad .. Jackson C. 1998 6.00 as set with GMS·43 and GMS-44 11 .00 GMS -l06 Gflzzly P!ak 7 W quad .• Jackson County. 1997 6.00 GMS -44 Seeksuqua Junction/ MetoJius Bench 7'h' quads. 1987__ 5 .00 GMS-105 EO hazards. Salem EasVWest 7'h' quack. 1996 12.00 as set with GMS·43 and GMS-45 11 .00 GMS -l04 EO hazards. Linnton 7'h' quad. 1996 10.00 GMS·43 Eagle Butte/ Gateway 7W quads. 1987 5.00 GMS-l01 Steelhead Falls 7'h' quad. 1996 7.00 as set with GMS-44 and GMS·45 11 .00 GMS-l00 EO hazard maps for Oregon. 1996 8.00 GMS -42 Ocean floor off Oregon &. adj. cont. margin. 1986 9.00 GMS-99 Tsunami hazard map. SIletz Bay. Lincoln C. 1996 6.00 GMS -41 Elkhorn F't'ak 7W quad., Baker County. 1987 7.00 GMS-98 Dora and Sitkum 7W quad.s. Coos County. 1995 6.00 GMS -40 Aeromagnetic anomaly maps. north Cascades. 1985 __5 .00 GMS-97 Coos Bay 7'h' quad .. Coos County. 1995 6.00 GMS-39 Bibliegr. &. indeK: Ocean floor, cont. margin. 1986 6.00 GMS-95 Henkle Butte 7'h' quad .• Deschutes County. 1998__ 10.00 GMS -38 NW V. Cave Junction 15' quad .. Josephine County. 1986_7.00 GMS -94 Charleston 7 'h' quad .. Coos County. 1995 8.00 GMS-37 Mineral resources, offshore Oregon. 1985 7.00 GMS-93 EO hazards. Siletz Bay area. Lincoln County. 1995__ 20.00 GMS-36 Mineral resources of Oregon. 1984 9.00 GMS -92 EO hazards. Gladstone 7'h' quad. 1995 10.00 GMS-35 SWY. Bates 15' quad., Gran t County. 1984 6.00 GMS -91 EO hazards, lake Oswego 7V1 quad. 1995 10.00 GMS-34 Stayton NE 7'h' quad., Marion County. 1984 5.00 GMS-90 EO hazards, Beaverton 7 V~' quad . I995' ______10.00 GMS -33 Scotls Mills 7'h' quad., Clackamas/Marion C. 1984 ___5 .00 GMS-89 EO hazards. Mt. Tabor 7W quad. 1995 10.00 GMS-32 Wilhoit 7'11' quad .. Clackamas/Marion Counties. 1984 __5 .00 GMS-88 lakeCfeek 7W quad .. Jackson County. 1995 8.00 GMS-31 NWY. Ba tes 15' quad., Gra nt County. 1984 6.00 GMS -87 Th ree Creek Butte 7W quad., Deschutes C. 1996 6.00 GMS -30 SE V. P!arsoll Peak 15' qu ., Curry/Josephine C. 1984 ___7 .00 GMS-86 Tenmile 7 W quad .. Dougtas County. 1994 6.00 GMS -29 Nfll< Ba tes 15' quad" 8aker/Grant Counties. 1983 6.00 GMS-85 Mount Gurney 7'h' quad., Douglas/ Coos C. 1994 ___6 .00 GMS -2B Greenhorn 7'h' quad" Baker/ Grant Counties. 1983___ 6 .00 GMS-84 Remote 7W quad., Coos County. 1994 6.00 GMS -27 The Dalles'·" 2Qquadrangle . 1982 7.00 GMS-83 Kenyon Mountain 7'h' quad .. DouglaS/Coos C. 1994__ 6 .00 GMS -26 Residual gravity, north/ ctr./Sooth Cascades. 1982 6.00 GMS -82 Limber Jim Creek 7'h' quad .. Union County. 1994___ 5 .00 GMS -25 Granite 7'h' quad., Gran t County. 1982 6.00 GMS-8' Tumato Dam 7W quad .. Deschutes County. 1994 6.00 GMS -24 Grand Ronde 7'h' quad., Polk/Yamhill Counties. 1982 __6 .00 GMS-80 Mcleod 7'h' quad., Jackson County. 1993 5.00 GMS -23 Sheridan 7'h' quad., Polk and Yamhill Counties. , 982 __6 .00 GMS-79 EO hazards, Portland 7"h' quad. 1993 20.00 GMS -22 Mount Ireland 7'h' quad .. Saker/ Grant C. 1982 6.00 GMS -78 Mahogany Mountain 30K6O' quad., Malheur C. 1993_10.00 GMS -21 Vale East 7W quad .. Malheur County. 1982 6.00 GMS -77 Vale 30K6O' quad., Matheur County. 1993 10.00 GM S-20 SV, Burns IS' quad., Harney County. 1982' ______6.00 GMS-76 Camas Valley 7W quad., Douglas/ Coos C. 1993 6.00 GMS-19 Soume 7'h' quad., Baker County. 19B2 6.00 GMS-75 Portland 7W quad. 1991 7.00 GMS-' B Rtekreall, Salem w.. Monmouth. Sidney 7'h' quads. 1981_6.00 GMS-74 Namorf 7'h' quad., Malheul County. 1992 5.00 GMS -17 Aeromagnetic anomaly map, sooth Cascades. 1981 ___4 .00 GMS-73 Cleveland Ridge 7W quad., Jackson Coonty. 1993 ___500 GMS -16 Gravity anomaly maps, south Cascades. 1981 4.00 GMS -72 Little Valley 7W quad., Matheur County. 1992 5.00 GMS -15 Gravity anomaly maps, north Cascades. 19B1 4.00 GMS -7 1 Wes tfall7 W quad., Matheur County. 1992 5.00 GMS -14 IndeK to published geol. mapping. 1898-1979. 1981 __8.00 GMS -70 Boswell Mountain 7'11' quad., Jackson County. 1992 __7 .00 GMS-13 Huntington/Olds Ferry 15' quads .. Bake r/ Malheur C. 1979_4.00 GMS -69 Harper 7'h' quad .. Matheur Coun ty. 1992 5.00 GMS -12 Oregon part, Mineral 15' quad" 8aker County. 1978__ 4.00 GMS-68 Reston 7'h' quad., Douglas County. 1990 6.00 GMS -l0 low· to Intermediate· temp. thermal springS/wells. 1978_ 4 00 GMS -67 Sou th Mountain 7W quad., Malheur County. 1990__ 6.00 GMS-9 Aeromagnetic anomaly·map, central Cascades. 1978 __4 .00 GMS -66 Jonesboro 7W quad., Matheur Coun ty. 1992 6.00 GMS-8 gravi ty anom. map, central Cascades. 1978__ 4 .00 GMS -65 Mahogany Gap 7'h' quad., Matheur County. 1990___ 5 .00 GMS -6 Part of Snake River canyon. 1974 8.00 GMS -64 Sheavltle 7 V1 quad., Malheur Coonty. 1990 5.00 GMS-5 Powers 15' quadrangle. Coos and Curry C. 1971 4.00 GMS -63 Vines HIt! 7'h' quad., Malheur County. 1991 5.00 INTERPRETIVE MAP SERIES GMS -62 The Elbow 7W quad., Malheuf County. 1993 8.00 IMS -6 Wa ter-induced landslide hazards, Salem Hills. 1998__ 10.00 GMS -6l Mltchetl 8utte 7'/l quad., Malheur Coonty. 1990 5.00 IMS -4 Geology/faulls/sedim. thickness, Oregon City quad. 1997_10.00 GMS -60 Damascus 7'h' quad , Clackamas/ Multnomah C. 1994_'.00 IMS -3 TsunamI hazard map , Seas.de area. 1998 6.00 GMS-59 lake Oswego 7'h' quad. 1989 7.00 IMS -2 Tsunami hazard map. Yaquina Say area. 1997 6.00 GMS -58 Double Mountain 7'/l quad, Malheur County. 1989__ 5.00 IMS-1 RelatIve EO hazards, Portland metro area. 1997 12.00 GMS-57 Grassy Mountain 7W quad., Malheur County. 1989__ 5 .00 GMS·56 Ad"an 7'h' quad .. Malheur County. 1989 5.00 MINED LAND REClAMATION PROGRAM STATUS MAPS GMS-55 Owyhee Dam 7'h' quad , Malheur County. 1989 5.00 MLR-03 Clackamas County. '~'2======'000 GMS-54 Graveyard Point 7'11' quad .. Malheur/ Owyhee C. 1988_5.00 MlR-l0 Douglas County. 1998 10.00 GMS -53 Owyhee Ridge 7W quad. Malheur County. 1988 ___5 .00 MlR-17 Josephine County. 1998 10.00 GMS -52 Shady Cove 7W quad., Jackson County. 1992 6.00 MLR -24 Ma rion County. 1998 10.00 GMS -5 1 PralJle 7W quad .. Mallon/Clackamas C. 1986 5.00 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MAPS PLOTIED ON DEMAND GMS -50 Drake Crossing 7W quad., Marion County. 1986 5.00 OFR 97-513 Volcano huards at Newberry volcano 10.00 GMS -49 Map of Oregon seismicity, 1841·1986. 1987 4.00 OFR 97·089 Volcano hazards in the Mount Hood region 10.00 GMS -48 McKenZie 8ndge 15' quad., Lane County. 1988 9.00 OFR 94·021 Geologic map, Tillamook highlands (2 sheetsJ ___20.00 GMS -47 Crescent Mountain area. linn Coun ty. 1987 _____7 .00 Allow two weeks for delivery on aU maps plotted on demand.

OREGON GEOLOGY, VOLUME 61, NUMBER 2, MARCH/APRIL 1999 51 OREGON GEOLOGY Periodicals postage paid at Portland, OR Suite 965, 800 NE Oregon Street # 28, Portland, OR 97232-2162

AVAILABLE DEPARTMENT PUBLICATIONS (continued) SPECIAL PAPERS Price MISCEllANEOUS PUBLICATIONS Price"

29 Earthquake damage and loss estimates for Oregon. 1999 10,00 Oregon earthquake and tsunami cu rriculum. 1998. 3 vols., ea._25.00 28 Earthquakes Symposium Proceedings, AEG Meeting. 1997 __12 .00 "Oregon lossils.1999 40.95 27 Construction aggregate markets and forecast. 1995 15.00 "Uving with earthquakes in the Pacific Northwest. 1998 21 .95 26 Cross section, N. Coast Range to continental slope. 1992 __11 .00 "Islands & Rapids. Geologic story of Hells Canyon. 1998 25.00 25 Pumice in Oregon . 1992 9.00 "The Pacific Northwest coast: Uving with shores. 1998 18.50 24 Index to Forums on Industrial Minerals, 1965-' 989. 1990__ '.00 "Hiking Oregon's geology, E.M. Bishop and J.E. Allen, 1996__ 1 6.95 23 Forum on Industtial Minerals, 1989, Proceedings. 1990___ ,0.00 "Assessing EO hazards in the PNW (USGS Prof. Paper 1560) __25 .00 22 Silica in Oregon. 1990 8.00 "Geology of Oregon, 4th ed. 1991 33.95 21 Geology. NWY. Broken Top 15' quad., Deschutes Co. 1987 __ 6.00 "Geologic map of Oregon . 1991 11 .50 20 Bentonite in Oregon. 1989 7.00 "Geo/. of the Pacific Northwest. 1996 45.00 19 Umestone deposits in Oregon. 1989 9.00 'Geologic highway map (AAPG), PNW region. 1973 8.00 18 Investigations of talc in Oregon. 1988 8.00 "Landsat mosaic map (published by ERSAl, OSU). 1983 11 .00 17 8ibliography of Oregon paleontology, 1792-1983. 1984 7.00 Mist Gas Field map. 1999 (OFR 0-99-1) 8.00 16 Inde)( to Ore 81n and Oregoo GeolOp(1939-82). 1983 5.00 Digital disk (CAD formats .DGN . .DWG . . DXF) __25 .oo 15 Geology/geothermal resources, central Cascades. 1983 ___13.00 Mist Gas Field production 1979-1992 (OFR 0-94-6) 5.00 14 Geology/geothermal resources, Mount Hood area. 1982 ___'00 Oregon rocks and minerals. a description. 1988 (OFR 0-88-6) __600 13 Faults and lineaments of southern Cascades, Oregon. 1981 __500 Mineral information by county (OFR 0-93-8). 2 diskettes 25.00 12 Geologic linears, N. part of Cascade Range, Oregon. 1980__ 400 Directory of mineral producers. 1993 (OFR 0-93-9) 8.00 11 Bibliography/index, theses/dissertations, 1899-1982. 1982 __'00 Geothermal resources of Oregon (DOGAMI/NOAA map). 1982_400 10 Tectonic rotation of the Oregon Western Cascades. 1980___ 4 .00 Mining claims (State laws on quartz and placer claims) Free 9 Geology of the Breitenbush Hot Springs quadrangle. 1980 __500 Back issues of Oregon Geology, 3.00 8 Geology and geochemiStry. Mount Hood volcano. 1980 4.00 , Non-Departmental publicati ons require additional S3 for mailing. 7 Pluvial Fort Rock lake. lake County. 1979 5.00 6 Geology of the la Grande area. 1980 6.00 Separate price lids for open-file reports, tour guides, recre­ 5 Analysis and forecasts of demand for rock materials. 1979__ 4.00 ational gold mining Information, and non-Departmental maps 4 Heat flow of Oregon. 1978 4.00 and reports will be malted upon request. 3 Rock material. Clackam./Columb./Multn./Wash. Co. 1978__ ' .00 The Department also sells Oregon topographic maps pub­ 2 Field geology. SW 8roken Top quadrangle. 1978 5.00 lished by the U.S. COeologlcal Survey.

ORDER AND OREGON GEOLOGY RENEWAL FORM Use publications in list to indicate desired publications and enter total amount below. Send order form to The Nature of the Northwest Infor­ mation Center, Suite 177, 800 NE Oregon Street, Portland, OR 97232-2162, or to FAX (503) 731-4066. If you wish to order by phone, have your credit card ready and call (503) 872-2750. Payment must accompany orders of less than $50. Payment in U.S. dollars only. Publica­ tions ate sent postpaid. except where noted. All sales are final. Subscription price for Oregon Geology. $10 for 1 year, 522 for 3 years. Renewal _/ new subscriptron _ to Oregon Ge%gy 1 yr ($10) or 3 yrs ($22) $______Total amount for publications marked in list of available publications: $ ______Total payment enclosed-or to be charged to credit ca rd as indicated below: $ ______

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52 OREGON GEOLOGY, VOLUME 61 , NUM8ER 2, MARCHjAPRIll999