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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-89796-9 - Beyond Totalitarianism: Stalinism and Nazism Compared Michael Geyer and Sheila Fitzpatrick Index More information Index Abel, Theodor, 311 Andreev, Andrei, 49 abortion anticapitalist revolution, Soviet (1929–30), Nazi 141 compulsory, 247 anti-Jewish legislation, Nazi (April 1933), 72 differential access to, 113 antisemitism, 68, 247, 254. See also eugenics, 114 persecution therapeutic, 114 anti-Soviet elements, defined, 252 Soviet, 110 appointments, Soviet, 47, 48, 50, 62, 70 1944 decree on, 125 Arbeitswissenschaftliches Institut (Institute for and fertility, 93, 113 Labor Science of the German Labor illegal, 113, 124, 125 Front), 152 justifications for bans on, 113 Arendt, Hannah, 20, 22, 24, 33, 266, 281, 299 outlawed by decrees (June and Arkhangel’sk, 351 November 1936), 112 Arkhitektura za rubezhom (Architecture unauthorized, 124 Abroad), 438 Weimar, 113 armament production, Nazi (1939–44), 82 Achenbach, Oscar Robert, Genealogische Armenia/Armenians, 96, 212, 222 Plauderei, 330 Armia Krajowa, 221 Administration for Special Resettlements, 160 Army Afinogenov, Alexander, On the Eve, 363 Red, 49, 360 Ahnenpass (genealogical passport)/Ahnentafel, casualties, 162, 163 330 compared to Stakhanovite worker, 336 Aktionseinheit, 313, 327 service in, as proletarian credential, 234, album procedures, Soviet, 214 258 Aleksandrov, Grigorii, 435 Soviet, 159, 275, 289, 360. See also Army Alexander Nevsky (Eisenstein, 1938), 439 High Command Algeria, 255 Army Group Center, 165, 371, 381 All-Ukrainian Association of Proletarian Army High Command, 192. See also Army, Artists (VUAPKh), 242 Soviet All-Union Association of Proletarian Army of the East, 354, 358, 371, 374, 375, Architects (VOPRA), 242 378. See also Ostarmee All-Union Communist Party. See aryanization Communist Party of the Soviet Union of Germans, 327, 330, 339 alphabet reform, Soviet, 234 of Jewish property, 255 Alsace, 152, 154 of Polish property, 156 517 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-89796-9 - Beyond Totalitarianism: Stalinism and Nazism Compared Michael Geyer and Sheila Fitzpatrick Index More information 518 Index Askaris (auxiliaries), 262. See also auxiliaries Red, 425 asocials Berliner Tageblatt, 123 Nazi, 144, 255, 257 Bevolkerungspolitik¨ , 115. See also population categories of, easily identifiable, 280 Beyrau, Dietrich, 22 defined (December 1937), 256 Bialystok, 155 estimated numbers of, 175 biography, Soviet heroic, 319 preventative detention decree against birth control (December 1937), 256 Nazi, availability of, 105 projected violence against, 176 Weimar clinics, 105 Soviet, social and political, 142 blat, 295 Association of Revolutionary Workers of Bloch, Marc, 21 Cinematography (ARRK), 242 blocking detachments (zagraditel’nye otriady), associations, youth 364, 386 Catholic, 298 Blomberg, Werner von, 74 Nazi, 271–73 Blood Is Our Frontier (slogan), 194 Stalinist, 273–74 Blutschutzgesetz (Law for the Protection of atomization, social, 266, 299 German Blood and German Honor, atrocities, 259, 349, 354, 368, 372, 373, 389. 1935), 115 See also ethnic cleansing; eugenics; Bogdanov, Alexander, 315 genocide; Holocaust; murder, mass Bohemia, 152. Auschwitz (concentration camp), 154, 157, Bolsheviks 377 aspirations to centralism, 43 Austria, 74, 75, 153 and class analysis, 232 autonomy, of Nazi officials, 137 and cultural communities of descent, 226 auxiliaries, 143, 376. See also Askaris and ethnic homogeneity, 214 Azerbaijan, 209, 211, 212 militaristic bent of, 361 nationalizing backwardness, 207 Baberowski, Jorg,¨ 32 as an occupying force during Civil War, 49 Baku, 204 and quest for social order, 201, 204, 208 Balkars, 159, 222 and race, 226 Baltic Republics, 153, 182, 210, 254, 259 and Russia’s historical backwardness, 204 Baltic-Belomor Canal, 319, 416 scorn for prerevolutionary class hierarchies, bandit nations, 210 268 Barbarism and Civilization (Wasserstein, and social transformation, 205, 214 2007), 13 utilitarian morality of, 314 barbarization, 350, 356, 394 and xenophobia, 217, 224 Bartov, Omer, 357 See also Communist Party of the Soviet Bauman, Zygmunt, 32, 50, 180 Union Bavaria, 282 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 408 Beamteneid, 56 bonds Becher, Johannes, 323 associational Beck, Ludwig, 79 Nazi, 293 Belgium, 336, 354 Soviet, 293–95, 296 Belorussia (Belarus), 162, 254, 380 family, 281–87, 299 Belyi, Andrey, 418 approaches to, 281 Beratungsstellen fur¨ Erbgesundheit und Nazi, 281–82 Rassenpflege (counseling centers for Soviet, 282–87 genetic and racial health), 115 social, in the Gulag, 296 Bergson, Henri, 433 workplace, 287–92 Beria, Lavrentii, 81, 86, 159, 166, 217, 219, Nazi, 289 223 Soviet, 288–92 Berlin, 123, 371, 388, 397, 416–18, 421 books, Nazi burning of (1933), 430, 436 Ostbahnhof Europas (Schlogel),¨ 425 Bormann, Martin, 53, 82 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-89796-9 - Beyond Totalitarianism: Stalinism and Nazism Compared Michael Geyer and Sheila Fitzpatrick Index More information Index 519 bourgeoisie, Soviet, 232, 251, 280, 314 Central Institute of Labor, Soviet, 315 Brecht, Bertolt, 348 Central Statistical Administration, Soviet, 92, Brecker, Arno, 419 93, 96 Brest-Litovsk, peace of, 186 centralism, Bolshevik aspirations to, 43 Broszat, Martin, 60, 85 centralization, Stalinist, 50–52 Brown Book, 434 Chaadaev, Pyotr, 409 Browning, Christopher, 33, 134 Charles XII, 408 brutalization, 350, 381 Chechens, 159, 210, 222, 223, 224, 260 Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 20, 300 Cheka, 217 Buddenbrooks (Mann, 1901), 429 Chelmno, Wartheland (extermination camp), Budennyi, Semen Mikhailovich, 365 157 Bukharin, Nikolai, 63, 235, 314, 416, 424 Chernyshevsky, Nikolai, 317, 326 Bulgakov, Mikhail, Master and Margarita, What Is to Be Done?, 435 The, 437 child support, Soviet, 110 Bulgarians, 222 children, Polish, kidnapped by Lebensborn, Bund deutscher Madel¨ (Nazi Youth, BDM), 109 291, 298, 334 Chuev, Feliks, 222 burgerlicher¨ (bourgeois), 108 Chukhrai, Grigorii Naumovich, 382 Byron, George Gordon, 433 Cinema and Life, 242 byvshie (former people), 232, 243, 279, 297 Circus, The (Tsirk, Aleksandrov, 1936), 435 Cabinet, German, 55 civil rights, Soviet, for all citizens (1936), 250 camaraderie (Kameradschaft), 263. See also Civil War community of fate; Mannerbund¨ Soviet (1918–21), 22, 47, 92, 232, 234, camps 314, 362, 386, 411 concentration, 133, 140, 154 society declassed by, 232 Nazi, 334 Spanish (1936–39), 363, 398 lack of social bonding in, 296 civilization, history of, 403 POW deaths in, 162 Clark, Katerina, 36, 37, 398 corrective labour, 140 class distinguishing centrality of, to Nazi and analysis, Bolshevik, 232, 280 Stalinist regimes, 42 as a universal category, 33 Soviet, 240 Soviet POW deaths in, 163 enemy, 280 slave labor, 42 initiatives to end discrimination based UPVI (Administration for Affairs of on, 250 Prisoners of War and Internees), Soviet, and social identity, 232 166–69 and social transformation, 231 Capek, Karel, 413 structure Castoriadis, Cornelius, 20 Bolshevik, 204 Catholic Church, German, 298 diminution of, as a basis for legal Caucasus, 209, 222 discrimination, 250 Soviet expulsion of persons from the, 211 German, 44 censuses, special, 250 Clausewitz, Carl von, 433 Center Party, German, 236, 238 clergy, 279, 297 Central Asia, 160, 227 collectivization, Soviet, 269, 290 Central Committee, 48, 50, 51, 53, 59, 60, 62, forced, 139, 140, 418 70, 79, 86 peasant objections to, 298 April 1929 plenum of the, 63 Comintern, 424 February–March 1937 plenum of the, 69, Commissar Order (Decree for the Treatment 251 of Political Commissars, Nazi, June 6, Central Executive Committee (TsIK), secret 1941), 163, 198, 353 resolution of the (March 24, 1924), 140 Commissariat of Health, Soviet, 97, 102 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-89796-9 - Beyond Totalitarianism: Stalinism and Nazism Compared Michael Geyer and Sheila Fitzpatrick Index More information 520 Index communal housing, 316 Croatia, 154 Communist, Lenin’s ideal, 320 crusade for Europe against Bolshevism, 155 Communist Party of Germany. See KPD culture Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 56, 58, Hitler and oral, 426, 430 59, 71, 253 native, 196 candidates for membership in, 234 Nazi, 426, 427, 430, 432 cells of, in the workplace, 59 Soviet, 318, 425, 428 composition of, 233 appreciation for written, 426, 435–38 congresses of nurturist orientation of, 120, 121 VIII Party Congress (March 1919), 48 proletarian, 315 XII Party Congress (April 1923), 48 and reverse discrimination, 234 XVII Party Congress (January–February as a sub-function of ethnicity (Hitler), 427 1934), 50, 251 Czarnowski, Gabriele, 117 XVIII Party Congress (March 1939), 71 Czechoslovakia, 398 and urban working class, 44 See also Bolsheviks Dagestan, 209 community Danzig-West Prussia, 155, 193, 194, 195 aliens (Gemeinschaftsfremder), 255 Dark Side of Democracy (Mann, M., 2004), of despair, 416 23 of fate (Schicksalgemeinschaft), 263, 374, Darre,´ Richard Walther, 54, 57 393, 402. See also camaraderie Day of the Revolution (Soviet, November 7), companionship, redeeming grace of (Arendt), 270 266 Day of the Seizure of Power (German, January comparison, 36 30), 270 Comrades! A History of World Communism DDP (German Democratic Party), 236, 237 (Service, 2007), 13 decentralization, Nazi, 52 conflict, intergenerational family, 286 decrees Congress for the Defense of Culture (Paris, against dangerous habitual criminals, Nazi 1935), 431 (November 1933), 255 conquest,
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  • Shifting Racial Boundaries and Their Limits. German Women, Non-European Men, and the Negotiation of Sexuality and Intimacy in Nazi Germany

    Shifting Racial Boundaries and Their Limits. German Women, Non-European Men, and the Negotiation of Sexuality and Intimacy in Nazi Germany

    genealogy Article Shifting Racial Boundaries and Their Limits. German Women, Non-European Men, and the Negotiation of Sexuality and Intimacy in Nazi Germany Christoph Lorke Historisches Seminar, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48143 Münster, Germany; [email protected] Received: 14 December 2019; Accepted: 16 March 2020; Published: 20 March 2020 Abstract: This essay examines the cultural, ethnic, and “racial” boundaries of the National Socialist “Volksgemeinschaft” based on planned, failed, and completed marriages between German women and non-European men in the early twentieth century. From evidence in the relevant files from the Federal Archives and the Political Archive of the Federal Foreign Office, this essay discusses male partners from various countries of origin as examples of the role of the state in racially mixed unions. The reactions of the institutional actors and the couples themselves demonstrated the surprising ambivalence of National Socialist racial policy due to political and diplomatic requirements. Keywords: gender; race; marriage; demography; family 1. Introduction At the turn of the twentieth century, German authorities faced increasing instances when German women wished to marry foreign partners. As in other European countries, German authorities regarded ethnically unwanted mixed marriages as dangerous liaisons, for the nation as well as for (female) individuals. After 1918/19, changes in territories and citizenship and the increase in migration led to an apparently greater need for documenting and regulating marriages involving foreigners. The authorities were usually displeased with male partners from non-European countries of origin and thus often rejected their applications for licenses. The mainsprings of these tangible expressions of rivalry (economic, as well as sexual) were xenophobia and ethnocentrism.