148 Dossier Catalonian Journal of Ethnology December 2019 No. 44
Xerardo Pereiro Pedro Azevedo UNIVERSIDADE DE TRÁS-OS-MONTES E ALTO DOURO UNIVERSIDADE DE TRÁS-OS-MONTES E ALTO Europeus Doctor in social and cultural DOURO anthropology from the University He holds a bachelor's degree in of Santiago de Compostela and in history and a master's degree Anthropology from the Instituto Superior in cultural heritage and cultural de Ciências do Trabalho e da Empresa tourism from the University of (ISCTE) - Instituto Universitário de Lisboa Minho, and is currently a researcher (IUL). He also holds a Doctorate in at CETRAD at UTAD and a doctoral International Tourism from the University scholarship holder in anthropology of La Laguna (Tenerife - Canary Islands - Spain). He is currently at the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, with a tenured professor of anthropology and cultural tourism at the support from the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD) (Vila Real - (FCT). His doctoral thesis project at UTAD is part of the Portugal). He is also a researcher at CETRAD (Centro de Estudos "Desenvolvimento, Sociedades e Territórios” programme, Transdisciplinares para o Desenvolvimento). A member of the and focuses on the effects of the heritagisation of the Economics, Sociology and Management Department at the UTAD Way of St James in Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro. School of Human and Social Sciences, Xerardo Pereiro is currently Among other distinctions, he received the Almedina director of the tourism degree programme at UTAD and was Award for the best student at the "Instituto das Ciências coordinator of the degree in applied anthropology and director of Sociais - Universidade do Minho", for the academic year the master's degree in anthropology at UTAD-ISCTE. 2013/2014.
The CICATUR model applied to the cultural heritage of the CPIS (the Portuguese Camino de Santiago)1
Paraules clau: CICATUR; patrimoni cultural, ruta turisticocultural, atracció turística, Interior portuguès Camí de Santiago (CPIS). Palabras clave: CICATUR, patrimonio cultural, ruta turisticocultural, atractivo turístico, Camino Portugués Interior de Santiago (CPIS). Keywords: CICATUR, cultural heritage, tourist- Tourist-pilgrim on the CPIS cultural route, tourist crossing Rio Corgo in Vilarinho attraction, Portuguese de Samardã. Source: Xerardo Way Inside of Santiago de Pereiro, January 2016. Compostela. XERARDO PEREIRO Cultural heritage in tourist contexts Dossier 149
Introduction: They want to make or controversy. It is like a flame that can be 1 everything cultural heritage now used to cook a delicious meal or to start a This work is part of the R & D project “Cultural Heritage of the wildfire. Such an analysis must acknowledge Northern-Galicia-North of Portugal: ultural heritage is a its multidimensional nature: identification, Valuation and Innovation.” GEO- metacultural phe- ARPAD "Operational program classification, appreciation, management, EP - INTERREG V Spain - Portugal nomenon, a public interpretation, presentation, visitation and (POCTEP). Call 1, Identifier representation of conservation are essential words when it 769- GEOARPAD (0358_GEO- ARPAD_1_E), funded by the Euro- identity (Prats, 1997; comes to building the meaning of a herit- pean Regional Development Fund Peralta and Anico, age landmark. (ERDF) through the INTERREG 2006). Rather than alluding to the past it is V-A Spain-Portugal 2014-2020 Cooperation Program (POCTEP) Can exercise in giving meaning to the present And in contrast to the authorised heritage ". The text was developed in the that implicates different agents in the process discourse of the heritage concept put for- tourism and development line of research at CETRAD.CETRAD is a of creating significance and understanding ward by Laurajane Smith (2006: 4), which multidisciplinary research centre in who we are and who we want to be (Ballart is dominant, specialised, aesthetic, national UTAD, internationally described as and Juan, 2001; Ballart, 2002; Hernández "very good", with a line of research and monumental. Authoritative heritage on tourism and development, sup- i Marti et al., 2005; Smith, 2006: 1; Silva, discourse is based on the great national and ported by funds: A) from the ERDF 2014). Heritage experiences are complex and class narratives, on technical knowledge and through the COMPETE 2020 program, Project No. 006.971 are motivated by identity, leisure, tourism, in aesthetic judgement (Smith, 2006: 9). (UID/SOC/04011), reference: etc. These experiences steer us toward con- But there are numerous social discourses POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006.971; sidering cultural heritage not as a thing or b) FCT National Fund - Foundation and practices that challenge and oppose this for Science and Technology, UID/ an object, but rather as a social and cultural dominant viewpoint, and redefine cultural SOC Project / 04011/2013. In process during which acts of remembrance, heritage as a set of values and meanings that addition, the text was written as part of a sabbatical fellowship selection and forgetting take place. make it a social heritage in their cultural awarded to Xerardo Pereiro, in practices. These diverse heritage discourses the Department of Geography Cultural heritage has no inherent or innate at the University of Santiago de include the local, regional, transnational Compostela, under the guidance value other than that attributed to it by soci- and personal (e.g. women, ethnic minority of Prof. Dr. Rubén Lois, funded ety (cf. Smith, 2006: 2), which implies a groups, indigenous and peasant commu- by FCT, under the code SFRH/ BSAB/143053/2018; and with more critical, open re-evaluation of how it nities, working class, etc.), voices which are the research grant awarded is managed, preserved and conserved (Kir- often alienated and absent from the domi- by FCT, with reference SFRH/ shenblatt-Gimblett, 2001). Identifying cul- nant discourses on cultural heritage. BD/136459/2018. tural and natural elements as heritage and attributing value and meaning to them is a According to Laurajane Smith (2006: 11) practice subject to debate, and to political there are two types of heritage practices: (a) and economic aspirations. Cultural herit- management and conservation of heritage age can unite or divide, create agreement sites and objects; (b) management of cul-
Aquest article pretén reflexionar sobre Este artículo tiene como objetivo reflexio- This article aims to reflect the relationship la relació entre el patrimoni cultural i el nar sobre la relación entre patrimonio between cultural heritage and tourism turisme a partir d’un estudi de cas com cultural y turismo a partir de un caso de about the case study of the patrimonial- la patrimonialització d’una nova ruta de estudio como es la patrimonialización ization of a new tourist-cultural route of peregrinació turisticocultural a Santiago de una nueva ruta turisticocultural de pilgrimage, as the Portuguese Way Inside de Compostel·la, com ara l’interior del peregrinación a Santiago de Compostela, of Santiago de Compostela (CPIS) - Vi- Camí Portuguès de Santiago de Com- como es el Camino Portugués Interior de seu, Castro Daire, Lamego, Régua, Santa postel·la (CPIS) - Viseu, Castro Daire, Santiago de Compostela (CPIS) – Viseu, Marta de Penaguião, Vila Real, Vila Pouca Lamego, Régua, Santa Marta de Pena- Castro Daire, Lamego, Régua, Santa de Aguiar, Chaves, Ourense, Santiago guião, Vila Real, Vila Pouca de Aguiar, Marta de Penaguião, Vila Real, Vila Pouca de Compostela. This case study, to which Chaves, Ourense, Santiago de Compos- de Aguiar, Chaves, Ourense, Santiago de we have applied the CICATUR analysis tel·la. Aquest estudi de cas, al qual hem Compostela. Este caso de estudio, al cual model, will allow us to illustrate some of aplicat el model d’anàlisi CICATUR, ens hemos aplicado el modelo de análisis CI- the problems of heritage selection in its permetrà il·lustrar alguns dels problemes CATUR, nos permitirá ilustrar algunos de promotion of tourism value. de la selecció patrimonial en el seu valor los problemas de la selección patrimonial turístic. en su puesta en valor turística. 150 Dossier Catalonian Journal of Ethnology December 2019 No. 44 tural heritage tourism. Here we refer to the The Portuguese Way of St James latter, beginning by stating the existence The Portuguese Way of St James (CPIS) is of a long-standing critical opinion of cul- a pilgrimage route of medieval origin (cf. tural heritage managers towards tourism, Cunha, 2005) which runs through the Por- particularly mass tourism (cf. Pereiro and tuguese municipalities of Viseu, Castro Daire, Fernandes, 2018). The focus of this critique Lamego, Peso da Régua, Santa Marta de Pena- is the idea that cultural heritage has been guião, Vila Real, Vila Pouca de Aguiar and reduced to entertainment, consumerism Chaves (cf. Tranoy, 1981; Portomeñe, 2007; and entertainment, the “Disneyfication” of Brochado de Almeida, C A. and Brochado tourism marketing and the interpretation de Almeida, P. M. 2011; Almeida Fernandes, of cultural heritage, while its educational 2018), before crossing the Portuguese-Gali- role has been neglected (Smith, 2006: 33). cian border at Verín and continuing on to Route of the Portuguese Way Ourense and Santiago de Compostela along of St James to Santiago de Beyond these critiques, cultural heritage the Silver Route (Vía de la Plata or Mozarabic Compostela. USED WITH THE has embraced tourism but not without Way), "which starts in Seville, [...] following PERMISSION OF THE ASSOCIAÇÃO DE AMIGOS DO CAMINHO DE SANTIAGO evident tension and negotiation (Poria an ancient Roman route, later used by the DE VIANA. See http://www. and Ashworth, 2009). These days the new Arabs" (Adrião, 2011: 10). Its total length is caminhosantiagoviana.pt/ functions, meanings and users of cultural heritage are also being addressed by tour- ism. And this could be a platform to present alternatives, divergences and dissonances rather than the dominant discourse of her- itage. Tourism can also be used to stimulate debate on cultural diversity: community, gender, transnationalism, cosmopolitanism and inequality.
Cultural heritage has been transformed from a national emblem of identity to a marketing tool for tourism that earns prof- its for businesses and communities (Rich- ards, 2004). It has become a business card, a magnet for tourists and a mechanism for debate on the future of societies. Tourism uses cultural heritage to convert localities and territories into tourist destinations, and cultural heritage also uses tourism for self-legitimation and social and economic gain. But not all cultural heritage is bene- ficial to tourism, as we will see in our case study analysis.
The structure of the text is as follows: first, we briefly contextualise the CPIS, before explaining CICATUR’s case study meth- odology. Then we present the CICATUR model applied to the CPIS, and finally, our conclusions and final notes reflect on the relationship between cultural heritage and tourism, based on our analyses. Cultural heritage in tourist contexts Dossier 151
387 kilometres, 205 of which are in Portugal with public hostels and services provided 2 (Pereiro, 2017: 415). The CPIS crosses 108 with the collaboration of local social agents http://www.monumentos.gov.pt/ Site/APP_PagesUser/Default.aspx parishes and is one of the five Portuguese pil- such as volunteer firefighters. grimage routes to Santiago currently proposed by the Portuguese Ministry of Culture for CPIS hostels are converted from buildings listing as UNESCO World Heritage (Pereiro, such as former primary schools - abandoned 2017). This historical pilgrimage route, which because there are so few children in these is being recovered and revitalised by local low-density and largely unoccupied territo- municipalities, also crosses the "Alto Douro ries with a very elderly population. Examples Vinhateiro", another cultural heritage asset of these are the hostels in Almargem, Ribol- and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in the hos, Bertelo, and Parada de Aguiar (Descrição organically evolved landscape category. This Etnográfica do CPIS, Xerardo Pereiro, unpub- internationally recognised heritage asset is lished). But in addition to the hostels, the complemented by an ensemble of heritage route offers a variety of accommodation and elements recognised as cultural heritage by catering options such as hotels, inns and local Portuguese heritage law, which are analysed accommodation, identified with their basic later in our text. It features numerous exam- services on our WEBSIG2. ples of Jacobean cultural heritage, i.e., dedi- cated to the cult of St James, patron saint of To better understand the revitalisation and Portugal before the creation of the Kingdom heritagisation of the CPIS, these phenom- of Portugal in the Middle Ages, whose cult ena should be set in the Jacobean context of remains a prominent feature of the tangible pilgrimages to Santiago which, as the graph and intangible culture of Portugal, particu- shows (Figure 1) have grown exponentially larly in the north of Portugal, as described by since the mid-1980s, closely linked to the Arlindo Cunha de Magalhães (2005). celebration of the Jacobean Holy Years (when 25 July falls on a Sunday). In 1986, One of the idiosyncrasies of the CPIS is the around 2,491 pilgrims arrived in Santiago, fact that it is a two-way pilgrimage route, a number that had risen to 277,854 by 2016 heading north toward Santiago de Compost- and reached 301,036 in 2017. ela, marked by a yellow arrow, and south- bound towards Fatima, marked by a blue However, the Jacobean phenomenon of the arrow. The municipalities that manage this pilgrimages to Santiago de Compostela has pilgrimage route represent eleven official now become a global phenomenon, creat- stages in Portuguese territory for tourist-pil- ing a global cultural and tourist route that grims (cf. Pereiro, 2017), each stage covering involves processes of osmosis and imitation between 25 and 30 kilometres, equipped almost everywhere (cf. Pereiro, 2019).
Figure 1
3500000 Evolution of the number of
301 036 pilgrims arriving in Santiago 3000000 de Compostela between 1986 272 417 and 2017. PILGRIM'S OFFICE OF 2500000 THE CABILDO OF THE CATHEDRAL OF SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA https:// 2000000 oficinadelperegrino.com/ 179 944 183 378 estadisticas/ 154 613 1500000
100000 99 436 93 929
50000 30 126 0 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 152 Dossier Catalonian Journal of Ethnology December 2019 No. 44
These days, rather than the Camino de Santi- from a critical anthropological perspective ago, we would have to say Caminos, because we would say that they are more biographical multiplication and diversity has led to the and personal than structural (cf. Prat, 2011; emergence of numerous Ways, the most Pereiro, 2019). Based on our fieldwork in popular of which are highlighted in figures the CPIS and the scientific literature we can 2 and 3. This is what anthropologist Peter confirm that these reasons have fluctuated Margry (2008) calls "caminoisation". from a historical standpoint, and that these days they are diverse and integrated. First, Based on this data (fig. 2 and 3), and also our there are general reasons: religious, cultural, own comparisons and comparative observa- sightseeing and spiritual. Then there are tion of different ways, we observe that half biographical-social reasons such as socia- of these pilgrims to Santiago de Compostela bility, sports, social therapy after break-ups, travel the so-called French Way, although encounters with nature and cultural diver- Figure 2 Distribution of pilgrims Figure 2 Figure 3 along the different Caminos Route No. of pilgrims % Route No. of pilgrims % de Santiago in 2017. BY THE AUTHORS, BASED ON https:// French Way 180,738 60.04 % French Way 186,199 56.88 % oficinadelperegrino.com/ Portuguese Way 59,235 19.68 % Portuguese Way 67,822 20.72 % estadisticas/ North Way 17,836 5.92 % North Way 19,040 5.82% Primitive Way 13,684 4.55 % Primitive Way 15,038 4.59% Figure 3 English Way 11,321 3.76 % English Way 14,150 4.32 % Distribution of pilgrims Via de la Plata 9,138 3.04 % Via de la Plata 13,841 4.23 % along the different Caminos de Santiago in 2018. BY THE Portuguese way 6,630 2.43 % Portuguese way 9,127 2.79 % AUTHORS, BASED ON https:// of the Coast +581+116 of the Coast oficinadelperegrino.com/ Muxía-Fisterra 665 0.22 % Muxía-Fisterra 1,131 0.35 % estadisticas/ Way Way Winter Way 526+29 0.18 % Winter Way 703 0.21 % Other routes 537 0.17 % Other routes 326 0.10 % The Portuguese 338 0.11 % The Portuguese 308 0.09 % Way of St James Way of St James while their number increases, its proportion sity, finding oneself, and also to bring some in relation to the other “ways” is gradually order to the pilgrims’ lives (cf. Pereiro, 2019). decreasing; in other words more and more pilgrims are choosing the other routes to The cicatur methodology applied to Santiago, many of them motivated by their the analysis of cultural heritage experiences of other ways (cf. Pereiro, 2019). The methodology used in this research was Demand for the CPIS is still extremely low anthropological field work in a triangular among pilgrims, because it is still largely multi-method articulation with documen- unknown and barely publicised, although it tary analysis and interviews with pilgrims, is noteworthy that many of the pilgrims who walkers, tourism officials, politicians, entre- travel to Santiago do not collect the "Com- preneurs and other social agents around the postela" at the Pilgrim's Reception Office run CPIS. The research began in September by the Cathedral church of the Archdiocese 2015 and was supported by national and of Santiago de Compostela, so they are not European research funding. During the registered as pilgrims in the official statistics. fieldwork stage we carried out an exercise in auto-anthropology by walking several There are numerous reasons for making the stages along the Portuguese Way of the CPIS pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela and and the Via de la Plata from Verín. While Cultural heritage in tourist contexts Dossier 153 walking, we captured ethnography on the The CICATUR model applied to the anal- move, making an audiovisual record of the ysis of the CPIS was carried out in three route, identifying and analysing elements phases: such as signage, and talking to hostel work- 1) Identification, inventory and cataloguing ers, hotel managers, restaurateurs, tourism heritage assets classified in the territory officials, pilgrims and local people (cf. Ingold crossed by the CPIS, based on the infor- and Vergunst, 2008). mation provided by the Portuguese State in the SIPA database (cf. Direção Geral This exploratory research gave us a qualita- do Património Cultural). tive and quali-quantitative understanding of 2) Definition of types of classified cultural the revitalisation of this pilgrimage route and heritage (e.g. civil, military, religious, the relationship between tourism and pil- archaeological, vernacular) and assess- grimage as a general problem (cf. Phillmore ment of their attractiveness to tourists and Goodson, 2004; Gutierrez Brito, 2006, based on five categories and several types Ateljevitch, 2007; Richards and Munsters, and subtypes. The result of this step was 2010). Therefore, a fundamental element the creation of a CPIS heritage spread- was the confrontation between auto-an- sheet. thropology and the anthropology of others. 3) The third phase of the application of the But here, we focus on the application of the model consisted of the hierarchisation CICATUR model to the analysis of the cul- of the heritage elements of the CPIS tural heritage of the CPIS and its potential according to their potential attractiveness relationship with tourism. The CICATUR to tourists defined by the researchers in model is a methodology for classifying and combination with the field work on the characterising cultural heritage in order to route itself. analyse its potential (Varisco et al: 2014) to be included or excluded from the tour- For the first phase of the CICATUR model, ist offer of a destination. The CICATUR we applied the following classification sheet methodology has been promoted by the to each cultural heritage asset on the CPIS, Inter-American Tourism Training Center shown in figure 4. (CICATUR) and the Organization of American States (OAS) since 1973, with This sheet (fig. 4) enabled us to analyse the the objective of linking cultural heritage with situation of each classified heritage asset tourism and development. As we will see, and its current or potential relationship to the CICATUR methodology is a type of tourism, something explored in more detail exploratory and descriptive research, which in the section on the analysis of the model we have adapted to the territory in question applied to the CPIS below. Although not and also to Portuguese cultural heritage leg- dealt with in depth in this text, other factors islation. such as accommodation and catering can be including when preparing inventory sheets The techniques associated with this method- (Almeida, 2006: 90), essential elements of ology consist of preparing inventory sheets of the offer for tourists and the pilgrimage each cultural heritage asset of a tourist des- experience. tination to assess the value and importance of cultural heritage in relation to tourism When applying the model in the second and its power of attraction, for example in application phase we used the following the construction of a heritage tourism route. CICATUR sheet, which has five different To assess the potential attractiveness of a categories, as shown in figure 5. heritage asset, its characteristics and pos- sible interest among potential tourists are Category 1 (natural sites) considers the land- considered. scape importance of the asset. Category 2 154 Dossier Catalonian Journal of Ethnology December 2019 No. 44
(museums and historical-cultural events) be analysed, in this case, not only from the identifies historical sites of importance and researcher’s observations and interpretation, the relevance attributed to them by social but also incorporating voices and perspec- actors. Category 3 (folklore and traditional tives of the social agents of the heritage. We culture) addresses the traditional cultural do not look upon this sheet as the destina- diversity of a territory. Category 4 (contem- tion, rather as a starting point that allows us porary technical achievements) focuses on to identify existing cultural heritage assets mining, industrial, technical and scientific and to analyse their social processes of con- heritage. Category 5 (scheduled events) struction, classification and appreciation. defines organised events and activities, for locals, visitors or both. Lastly, for the third phase of the CICATUR model, i.e. the tourism potential of the CPIS Based on this sheet, the cultural heritage heritage assets, we applied the following of a territory or a tourist-cultural route can analysis and hierarchisation sheet (figure 6).
Figure 4
Identification of the cultural asset - tourist attraction Open to the Location District Municipality Rural public? (visits) Spring Coordinates Type and Period of opening subtype to the public Summer Autumn Property Type Private Public Mixed / other Winter Level of tourist Potential All year round exploitation of Active the attraction The weekend Basic services Drinking water Other Morning/afternoon Electricity Schedule All day Other Which? Secondary Phone/mobile phone Free or paid services Internet entry? Other Dissemination Yes Access roads No Avinguda Carrer Plaça Other Local Regional Sing-posting Yes No National Means of access Public Bus International Taxi Demand Train/metro for asset or attraction (%)/no. Other of visitors Private Car Origin of visitors Local Bicycle Regional Other National Distance From the municipal headquarters International (kilometres) From the municipal capital Evaluation of heritage cultural assets as potential tourist Time (minutes) From the municipal headquarters attractions From the municipal capital Hierarchy 3 Hierarchy 2 Hierarchy 1 Hierarchy 0 State of With intervention conservation Without intervention CICATUR file for cataloguing cultural heritage. CICATUR MODEL Deteriorated ADAPTED FROM https://www.mincetur.gob.pe/wp-content/uploads/ documentos/turismo/consultorias/directoriosManuales/Manual- Formulacion-InventarioRecursosTuristicos-NivelNacional.pdf Cultural heritage in tourist contexts Dossier 155
Figure 5
Categories Type Subtype Categories Type Subtype Mountains Mountain ranges Religious manifestations Religious manifestations and popular beliefs Mountain ranges Popular beliefs Volcanoes Fairs and markets Valleys and gorges Music and dances Plateaus Crafts and arts Ceramics Snowy areas/glaciers Fabrics and clothing (...). Metals Plains Plains Leather and skins Deserts Wood Salt Flats Stone Highlands Straw fabrics (...). Musical instruments Valleys Masks Coasts Beaches Objects of rituals 3. Folklore – traditional culture 3. Folklore Cliffs Painting
1. Natural places Imaginary Islets Other Dunes Typical dishes and drinks Bays Ethnic groups Salt Flats Popular and Rocks spontaneous Hot springs architecture Other Mining explorations Agricultural explorations Lakes, lagoons and estuaries Industrial explorations Rivers Works of art and Painting technique Waterfalls Sculpture Caves and caverns Handicrafts Museums Ethnographic Industrial design Architecture Archaeological Urban achievements History
technical achievements Engineering works Natural sciences Scientific centres Zoological
Technology 4. Contemporary scientific or artistic Botanical Artistic Planetary Painting Works of art and Artistic Music technique Sculpture Theatre Decorative arts Film festivals Architecture (...). Urban achievements Events Conventions Engineering works Festivals
2. Historical-cultural manifestations Historical / Places and landmarks Congresses archaeological sites Historical/National events 5. Scheduled Festivals Religious festivals and ruins Monuments Carnivals Archaeological remains Other (...).
CICATUR model classification system. ADAPTED FROM https://www.mincetur.gob.pe/wp-content/uploads/documentos/turismo/consultorias/ directoriosManuales/Manual-Formulacion-InventarioRecursosTuristicos-NivelNacional.pdf 156 Dossier Catalonian Journal of Ethnology December 2019 No. 44
Evaluation of the tourist Figure 6 potential of the classified heritage assets of the CPIS according to the CICATUR Varies Factor Score model. AUTHOR’S COMPILATION Quality Exceptionality / potential attraction 10 Exploration of attraction Active 5 No 0 State of conservation With intervention 5 Without intervention 0 Environment/protected area Yes 5 No 0 Property It is possible to access it 5 30 It is not possible/private 0 Support Accessibility/transport Distance 10 Time 10 Services 5 60 Association with other attractions 5 Diffusion/meaning Local 0 Regional 5 National 10 International 15 Demand for the asset All year round 10 100 1/2 seasons of the year 0 Total 100 %
Application of the cicatur model to According to Portuguese cultural heritage 3 the CPIS law, the above three categories (assets of http://www.patrimoniocultural.pt/ pt/patrimonio/legislacao-sobre- Portuguese cultural heritage is legally clas- national, public and municipal interest) can patrimoni/ sified based on Law No 107/20013, cul- be subdivided into different types: immova- tural heritage can be classified into three ble assets (monuments, ensembles and sites), types (immovable, movable and intangible movable and intangible (ethnographic and assets), and into three categories according ethnological). The assets of national interest to a hierarchy of importance, relevance and category is the most widely recognised nation- territorial recognition: ally and includes the immovable national (a) Assets of national interest: immovable monuments, movable national treasures and national monuments (monuments, UNESCO World Heritage in Portugal. ensembles and sites), movable national treasures, cultural world heritage. As already mentioned, the CPIS runs through 108 parishes which contain 122 b) Assets of public interest. classified cultural heritage assets. The CPIS c) Assets of municipal interest. runs through eight municipalities. Viseu, Lamego, Vila Real and Chaves have the most The CPIS runs through some 108 parishes classified cultural assets and are also the most that contain 122 cultural heritage assets densely populated municipalities. Viseu has classified according to level of interest, con- 30 classified assets, Lamego 21 and Vila Real sidering the above description, which are 23, while Chaves has 15 (fig. 8). The city of classified as follows (fig. 7). Cultural assets classified in the CPIS by categories Eleven heritage assets are in the process of Figure 7 according to Law 107/2001. BY being classified and have not been assigned THE AUTHORS, BASED ON http://www. Assets of national interest 24 monumentos.gov.pt/Site/APP_ to a category. The following is a description Assets of public interest. 80 PagesUser/Default.aspx of the cultural properties classified by type Assets of municipal interest. 13 and municipality. Cultural heritage in tourist contexts Dossier 157
Figure 8 Classification Assets of national Assets of municipal District Municipality Total interest Assets of public interest. interest. MN IIP MIP SIP CIP MIM IIM CIM SIM EVC Vila Real Chaves 6 8 1 15 Vila Real Vila Pouca de Aguiar 2 4 3 2 11 Vila Real Vila Real 4 11 4 4 23 Vila Real Santa Marta de Penaguião 4 1 5 Vila Real Peso da Régua 1 1 1 1 3 7 Viseu Lamego 4 12 2 1 1 1 21 Viseu Castro Daire 1 8 1 10 Viseu Viseu 6 14 4 1 2 1 2 30 TOTAL 24 62 11 0 1 1 11 1 0 11 122 MN: National Monument; IIP: Public Interest Property; MIP: Monument of Public Interest; SIP: Public Interest Site; IIM: Municipal Interest Property; MIM: Monument of Municipal Interest; CIP: Ensemble of Public Interest; CIM: Ensemble of Municipal Interest; SIM: Site of Municipal Interest; EVC: In the process of being classified.
Types of cultural heritage Peso da Régua and the towns of Santa Marta Interest Property. We will not analyse here assets classified in the CPIS de Penaguião and Vila Pouca de Aguiar have the intangible Jacobean cultural assets we according to their function, fewer classified heritage assets. found and gathered along the CPIS (e.g. content and meaning and their municipal distribution. BY THE sayings, prayers, poetry, liturgy, legends, AUTHORS, BASED ON http://www. The two predominant classification types oral narratives, festivals, rituals, etc.), but monumentos.gov.pt/Site/APP_ PagesUser/Default.aspx are National Monuments and Public Inter- we would still remark upon the materialistic est Property. There are 24 heritage assets and objectifying domain of cultural heritage classified as National Monuments and 62 classification in the CPIS territory. as Public Interest Property. As for heritage assets of municipal interest, these are scarce In addition to the classifications guided by in the CPIS territory. Law 107/2001 on Portuguese cultural her- itage, we have divided the CPIS cultural According to our CPIS cultural heritage assets into five other types according to their database4, there are 507 unprotected and function, content and referential meaning: a) unclassified cultural heritage elements, and religious cultural assets; b) military cultural nine points of landscape and natural inter- assets; c) civil cultural assets; d) archaeolog- est on the route, which shows how heritage ical cultural assets; e) vernacular cultural selection is always a funnel and a version of assets. In figure 9 below we break down this culture and nature. division, with its corresponding municipal distribution. Another important aspect for our research is the link between classified cultural heritage As shown in figure 9, the types of civil cul- and the Jacobean heritage of the CPIS, that tural heritage (houses, bridges, fountains, is, the relationship between heritage and roads, pelourinhos...) and religious heritage the cults of Saint James. Throughout the (churches, chapels, monasteries, crosses...) CPIS there are 17 Jacobean tangible assets predominate, followed by archaeological linked to the cult to Saint James. These con- heritage and military heritage. There is little sist of religious heritage like churches and of the heritage defined here as vernacular, chapels, whose patron is Saint James. The which we could also call ethnological and 4 https://www.arcgis.com/apps/ church of Santiago de Mondrões in Vila partly intangible, while still affirming the webappviewer/index.htm- Real is the only one which has been classi- close relationship between the tangible and l?id=37deb265f0834e3a81e- fied and recognised, in this case as a Public intangible aspects of heritage construction. f8e0377ef4f8d 158 Dossier Catalonian Journal of Ethnology December 2019 No. 44
Figure 9 Religious Military Archaeological Vernacular Municipality heritage heritage Civil heritage heritage heritage Total Chaves 4 4 2 5 15 Vila Pouca de Aguiar 2 1 3 5 11 Vila Real Santa Marta de Penaguião 11 1 10 1 23 Peso da Régua 6 1 7 Lamego 12 1 7 1 21 Castro Daire 3 6 1 10 Viseu 7 1 14 8 30 Total 42 14 45 19 2 122
Applying the CICATUR model to the suggests inequality, heritage hierarchy and Types of cultural heritage assets classified in the CPIS CPIS a dominant institutional and legal vision according to their function, Based on the cultural heritage classified (Smith, 2006). content and meaning and their according to Portuguese Cultural Heritage municipal distribution. AUTHOR’S COMPILATION Law 107/2001, we applied the CICATUR As regards the hierarchy of classified her- model and divided the heritage assets into itage assets and their potential for tour- five categories, subdivided into types and ism, i.e. the third phase of the CICATUR 5 subtypes according to the CICATUR model model, we evaluated the importance of https://www.mincetur.gob.pe/ manual adapted to the CPIS5. several factors such as distance, ownership, wp-content/uploads/documentos/ turismo/consultorias/directorios access, state of conservation of the asset Manuales/Manual-Formulacion- According to the CICATUR data sheet and other variables shown above in fig- InventarioRecursosTuristicos- Niv- shown in figure 5 above, we can confirm ure 6. To summarise, we conclude that in elNacional.pdf that all the heritage assets classified in the terms of the quality of the assets we have CPIS fall into the "museums and cultural in the CPIS 58 private assets, 51 public events” category: assets, four of mixed ownership and nine undefined assets. Most of the private assets We conclude that most of the cultural her- belong to the Catholic Church and many itage classified in the CPIS environment of them are out of bounds to visitors, such consists of historical architectural and as the chapel of "Nossa Senhora de Saúde" Classification of CPIS archaeological heritage, with an absence of attractions according to the (Viseu) and the pelourinho of Ervededo CICATUR model. AUTHOR’S ethnological and intangible heritage, which (Chaves). The fact that numerous assets are COMPILATION
Figure 10 Peso Vila Pouca Vila Santa Marta de da Castro Area Type Subtype Chaves de Aguiar Real Penaguião Régua Lamego Daire Viseu Museums History 1 1 1 5 Natural sciences 1 Works of art Architecture 4 5 13 3 12 2 10 and technique Urban achievements 2 5 2 5 4 5 13 Engineering works
manifestations Historical/ Places and landmarks 1 3 archaeological Museums and cultural sites and ruins Historical monuments 6 1 4 1 4 1 5 Archaeological remains 3 5 4 Total: 122 15 11 23 5 7 21 10 30 Cultural heritage in tourist contexts Dossier 159
Hierarchies of tourism potential of heritage assets Figure 11 according to the CICATUR Hierarchy Description model. BY THE AUTHORS, ADAPTED FROM THE CICATUR MODEL Hierarchy IV Exceptional appeal and of great significance for the international tourist market, capable by itself of motivating a considerable stream of current or potential visits. Hierarchy III Exceptional appeal capable by itself of attracting a stream of visitors from the internal, national or domestic market, and to a lesser extent than the assets in hierarchy IV. Hierarchy II Heritage assets with some impressive features, able to interest visitors either from the internal market or from the external market coming to the region, or able to motivate current or potential local tourists. Hierarchy I Assets without sufficient merits to be considered in the previous hierarchies even though they may be included as a complementary part of the tourist experience. private does not mean that they are closed CPIS heritage assets in descending order as to the public, as is the case with churches explained in figure 11. and chapels owned by the Catholic Church. Although today’s tourism market seems to Another important piece of information is support the idea that all heritage assets can the state of repair. Only eight of the 122 assets be integrated into the tourism system, the in the CPIS are in a poor state of repair or CICATUR model establishes limits, hierar- abandoned, and the rest have been preserved chies of relevance and the implicit sustaina- or have been restored or rehabilitated. Access bility of the heritage asset itself and its mean- to these assets is important and all are easy to ings. According to the CICATUR model, reach by car or on foot, but reaching some the higher the score of the heritage asset, the heritage properties located in rural areas greater its attractiveness and potential for along the CPIS route by public transport is tourism to be included in routes or other more difficult. Most of these properties are tourist products and experiences. Based only known about locally or regionally, and on the application of this model, the fol- only some (e.g. Black Clay Pottery in Bisal- lowing are the results of the hierarchisation hães is recognised by UNESCO as intangible and tourist potential of the CPIS heritage world heritage for its production process, (figure 12): Alto Douro Vinhateiro is world heritage for its organically evolved landscape) are By applying the data sheet we have added promoted and disseminated internationally. seven heritage assets to hierarchy IV, namely the Roman Baths and the Roman Bridge of In this third phase of application of the Trajan in the city of Chaves; the palace of CICATUR model and after analysing 122 Mateus in Vila Real; the Sanctuary of "Nossa heritage properties classified according to Senhora dos Remédios" in Lamego, jewel Hierarchy and tourist potential the Evaluation of Tourism Potential sheet of Portuguese Baroque; Lamego Cathe- of the CPIS classified heritage assets distributed (fig. 6) explained above, we established dral; Viseu Cathedral; and the Grão Vasco by municipalities. AUTHOR’S four hierarchies of potential for tourism of Museum of Contemporary Art in Viseu. COMPILATION
Figure 12 Vila Pouca Vila Santa Marta de Peso da Castro Hierarchy Chaves de Aguiar Real Penaguião Régua Lamego Daire Viseu Total IV 2 1 2 2 7 III 6 1 6 1 1 2 3 20 II 2 5 9 3 11 3 14 47 I 5 5 7 5 3 7 5 11 48 Total 15 11 23 5 7 21 10 30 122 160 Dossier Catalonian Journal of Ethnology December 2019 No. 44
These properties are classified as "national elements can or should obey tourism log- monuments" and currently attract large ics. In the past, cultural heritage considered numbers of national and foreign visitors. identity logics that tourism must neither They are considered exceptionally attractive underestimate nor undervalue. and important to the international tourism market. As a result of the case study presented in this paper, we also conclude that additional We have included 20 heritage assets in hier- classification, relevance and recognition of archy three which correspond to religious heritage assets facilitates increased poten- buildings. We registered 47 assets in hierar- tial for tourism. However, from a critical chy II and 48 in hierarchy I. In our opinion, perspective, we believe that the dominant the latter seem to be of little interest to tour- classifications of cultural heritage should be ists because they are in a poor state of repair, challenged and that other types of cultural isolated and inaccessible. We believe they are heritage, which are less significant and rele- only able to attract local and regional tour- vant to legislators and technicians than they ism and that this will not change (Oliveira, are to local people, should be integrated in 2012: 64). the interests of their identity and for social and educational purposes. In other words, Conclusions ethnological, intangible and ethno-anthro- Based on the application of the CICATUR pological heritage could be more prominent model to the analysis of the classified heritage in official cultural heritage classifications. of the CPIS we can conclude that not all her- How? By increasing non-cosmetic social par- itage assets are plausible tourism products. ticipation in the cultural heritage selection, In the past, cultural heritage was not initially definition and classification processes. And intended for tourism, but in contemporary also by questioning the monumental, archi- societies, the relationship between cultural tectural, material and religious dominance heritage and tourism has become problem- of the hegemonic classifications of cultural atic as regards its commercialisation, appreci- heritage. This would make it possible to rec- ation, interpretation and consumption. This ognise the cultural diversity of heritage with is why it is necessary to establish models and more subtlety and offer more diversity and criteria for analysing the potential of heritage intercultural tourism. n assets as tourist attractions, starting from the theoretical assumption that not all heritage
REFERENCES
Adrião, V. M. (2011). Santiago Ballart Hernández, J.; Juan i Cova, M.; Meléndez, Z. (2014). de Compostela: Mistérios da Ro- Treserras, J. (2001). Gestión del “Jerarquización de los Recursos ta Portuguesa. Lisboa: Dinapress. patrimonio cultural. Barcelona: Turísticos de la Parroquia Catedral, Ariel. Municipio Heres, Estado Bolívar”, Almeida, M. V. (2006). Matriz de Espacios, 35(1), 4. Avaliação do Potencial Turístico de Ballart, J. (1997). El patrimonio Localidades Receptoras. (Doctor- histórico y arqueológico: valor y Cunha, A. (2005). “O Caminho al thesis). University of São Paulo, uso. Barcelona: Ariel. português: património e etnogra- São Paulo. fia”. Turismo religioso: o Camiño Brochado de Almeida, C. A.; de Santiago, 49-84. Vigo: Univer- Ateljevic, I.; Pritchard, A.; Mor- Brochado de Almeida, P. M. sidade de Vigo. gan, N. (ed.). (2007). The Critical (2011). Caminhos Portugueses Turn in Tourism Studies. Innovative de Peregrinação. O Caminho do Fernandes, P. A. (2018). Guia Research Methodologies. Amster- Litoral para Santiago. Maia: IS- dos Caminhos de Santiago. Porto: dam: Elsevier. MAI-CEDTUR-CETRAD. Porto Editora. Cultural heritage in tourist contexts Dossier 161
local – localising the global (187- Gutiérrez Brito, J. (coord.) Pereiro, X; Fernandes, F; 201). Tilburg: ATLAS. (2006). La investigación social (2018). Antropologia e turismo. del turismo. Perspectivas y apli- Teorias, métodos, praxis [en línea]. Richards, G.; Munsters, W. (co- caciones. Madrid: Thomson. La Laguna (Tenerife): PASOS ord.) (2010). Cultural Tourism Re-
Pereiro, X. (2017). “Turipere- Richards, G. (2004). “The fes- grinos portugueses no Caminho tivalisation of society or the so- Português Interior de Santiago cialisation of festivals: the case of de Compostela”. Revista Turismo Catalunya”. In Richards, G. (ed.), & Desenvolvimento, 27/28, 413- Cultural Tourism: globalising the 423.
INTERNET REFERENCES
risticos-NivelNacional.pdf> [Last