Setembro 2013 Tese De Doutoramento Em História Da Arte

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Setembro 2013 Tese De Doutoramento Em História Da Arte A sacristia e a encomenda episcopal portuguesa no período da Reforma Católica. O caso da Sé de Coimbra e o patrocínio do bispo D. Afonso de Castelo Branco Cátia Cristino Correia Teles e Marques de Sousa Branco Tese de Doutoramento em História da Arte Moderna Setembro 2013 Tese apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em História da Arte Moderna, realizada sob a orientação científica do Prof. Doutor Carlos Alberto Louzeiro de Moura Apoio financeiro da Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, através de fundos nacionais do Ministério da Educação I II DECLARAÇÃO Declaro que esta Tese é o resultado da minha investigação pessoal e independente. O seu conteúdo é original e todas as fontes consultadas estão devidamente mencionadas no texto, nas notas e na bibliografia. A candidata, _____________________________________ Cátia Teles e Marques de Sousa Branco Lisboa, 23 de Setembro de 2013 III IV DECLARAÇÃO Declaro que esta Tese se encontra em condições de ser apreciada pelo júri a designar. O orientador, _____________________________________ Carlos Alberto Louzeiro de Moura Lisboa, 23 de Setembro de 2013 V VI Ao Ricardo VII VIII Agradecimentos Esta tese não teria sido possível sem o apoio e a contribuição de todos aqueles que, de alguma forma, me ajudaram ao longo do percurso. Gostaria de deixar registado o meu agradecimento em particular: Ao Prof. Doutor Carlos Moura por ter aceitado orientar esta tese, pelo interesse e acompanhamento da investigação e pela leitura atenta do texto. Ao Instituto de História da Arte (FCSH/UNL) que acolheu este projecto de Doutoramento, em particular à Prof.ª Doutora Raquel Henriques da Silva e à Dr.ª Ana Paula Louro. À Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia pela bolsa concedida, que me permitiu desenvolver a investigação a tempo inteiro. Aos Profs. Doutores Alexandra Curvelo, Rafael Moreira e António Camões Gouveia, pelo encorajamento da proposta de investigação. E ao Prof. Doutor José Pedro Paiva, que generosamente contribuiu para este trabalho com cedência de documentação inédita e indicação de fontes. Ao Prof. Doutor Rui Lobo agradeço as conversas tidas e as sugestões críticas sobre as reconstituições arquitectónicas realizadas. Deixo também uma palavra de reconhecimento aos técnicos e funcionários das bibliotecas e arquivos portugueses e italianos onde decorreu a investigação, e à Dr.ª Virgínia Gomes, conservadora do Museu Nacional Machado de Castro. À Giulia Rossi Vairo, pelo generoso acolhimento em Roma. Pela amizade, apoio e motivação, à Leonor de Oliveira, Alexandra Campos, Pedro Marques, Hugo Xavier, Ana Sofia Morais e Miguel Abrantes. E à minha família, em particular a meus pais e à Cristiana, Karen, Lurdes e Luísa. Por tudo, ao Ricardo Lucas Branco, meu marido, a quem esta tese é dedicada. IX X A sacristia e a encomenda episcopal portuguesa no período da Reforma Católica. O caso da Sé de Coimbra e o patrocínio do bispo D. Afonso de Castelo Branco Cátia Teles e Marques PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Sacristia, patrocínio episcopal, tipologia arquitectónica, Reforma Católica, Carlo Borromeo, constituições sinodais, Sé Velha de Coimbra, D. Afonso de Castelo Branco, Sé de Viseu, Sé de Leiria, Sé de Elvas, Mosteiro de Santa Cruz de Coimbra RESUMO: A sacristia, como a concebemos hoje, é uma realização da Época Moderna. Para a definição e autonomia deste espaço concorreram factores artísticos, relacionados com a pesquisa arquitectónica e a cultura material, e outros históricos derivados da Reforma Católica, nomeadamente a exortação ao decoro do culto e a normalização da liturgia. Esta tese tem como finalidade principal compreender, primeiro, o processo de configuração da sacristia enquanto tipologia particular da arquitectura religiosa e, depois, a introdução e desenvolvimento de modelos em Portugal a partir do período pós-tridentino. Assim, consideram-se as realizações do Renascimento italiano, onde a tipologia encontra a sua génese, e à formação precoce de modelos em Espanha, para melhor situar o caso português. A caracterização geral do universo de sacristias portuguesas abrange obras do século XVI ao XVIII, destacando-se os grandes empreendimentos monástico-conventuais do período filipino, momento em que a tipologia melhor se define em Portugal. Com o objectivo de caracterizar a função do espaço e progressiva atenção que ele mereceu no decurso da Reforma Católica, estudam-se os aspectos relacionados com a liturgia, subjacentes à reflexão sobre a arquitectura religiosa realizada no período pós-tridentino. Neste âmbito, são analisadas as instruções eclesiásticas a respeito da sacristia, nomeadamente as contidas na Instructionum Fabricae de Carlo Borromeo e na legislação diocesana ibérica. No seguimento desta abordagem, são objecto de estudo mais aprofundado as sacristias das sés de Viseu, Leiria e Elvas, articulando a leitura tipológica e XI artística com o significado mais amplo da encomenda episcopal no contexto da Reforma Católica. O patrocínio das sacristias é, assim, compreendido à luz da acção reformadora dos prelados, quer no domínio disciplinar como no dos empreendimentos arquitectónicos. Assinalam-se, por essa razão, as campanhas de reedificação dos paços episcopais, o provimento das sés e a reforma de igrejas e conventos dos respectivos bispados. Neste particular, destaca-se, especialmente, a figura do bispo-conde D. Afonso de Castelo Branco, pelo interesse assinalável do seu percurso, da correspondência e relações que manteve com a corte papal e das várias obras que patrocinou. Entre estas, conta-se a nova sacristia da Sé de Coimbra, espaço monumental irremediavelmente transfigurado por uma amputação efectuada no primeiro quartel do século XX. No estudo desta sacristia, procura-se entender os motivos da encomenda, descrever o processo de construção e decoração ao tempo do bispo-conde, reconstituindo a sua feição original e respectiva fortuna crítica e patrimonial. Simultaneamente, avaliam-se os modelos de influência do projecto, procurados na arquitectura local e noutras realizações nacionais, sem esquecer a dimensão de novidade que representou ao tempo. Originalidade, desde logo, indiciada pela monumentalidade da empresa e o perfil do seu encomendante, ambos indicadores de grande destaque seja no conjunto das sacristias portuguesas ou no campo do patrocínio episcopal. XII The Sacristy and the Portuguese Episcopal Commissions during the period of the Catholic Reformation. The case of the Cathedral of Coimbra and the patronage of the bishop D. Afonso de Castelo Branco Cátia Teles e Marques KEYWORDS: Sacristy, episcopal patronage, architectural typology, the Catholic Reformation, Carlo Borromeo, synodal constitutions, Old Cathedral of Coimbra, D. Afonso de Castelo Branco, Cathedral of Viseu, Cathedral of Leiria, Cathedral of Elvas, Monastery of Santa Cruz of Coimbra ABSTRACT: The sacristy, as we understand it today, is a result of the Early Modern period. To the definition and the autonomy of that space, artistic and historical factors concurred, the ones related to architectural research and material culture, the others, namely the exhortation to cult decorum and the normalization of the liturgy, arising from of the Catholic Reformation. The main purpose of this thesis is to assess, firstly, the process through which the sacristy was configured as a particular typology of religious architecture and, secondly, the introduction and the development of models in Portugal, from the post-tridentine period on. To better situate the Portuguese case, focus is placed on the sacristies of the Italian Renaissance, where the typology’s genesis can be found, and on the precocious formation of models in Spain. The overview of the Portuguese sacristies encompasses the works of the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries, singling out the great monastic-conventual building projects of the Philippine period – moment at which, in Portugal, the typology is best defined. With the purpose of characterizing the function of this space and the growing attention it was granted in the course of the Catholic Reformation, aspects connected to the liturgy were considered, which underlie the reflection upon religious architecture made in the post-tridentine period. In that extent, the ecclesiastical instructions regarding the sacristy, namely the ones included in Carlo Borromeo’s Instructionum Fabricae and in the Iberian diocesan legislation, are object of analysis. XIII Pursuing this approach, the sacristies of the Cathedrals of Viseu, Leiria and Elvas merited deeper study, articulating the typological and artistic survey with the wider meaning of the episcopal commission in the context of the Catholic Reformation. Patronage of the sacristies is thus understood in the light of the reformations undertook by the prelates, be it in the realm of discipline or in that of architectural commissions. For that reason, the episcopal palaces’ re- edification campaigns, the provision of the Cathedrals and the reform of the churches and convents of each diocese, are pointed out. In this particular, the figure of the bishop-count D. Afonso de Castelo Branco stands out, for the remarkable interest of his career, the correspondence and relations that he kept with the Papal court, and the several works he was patron of. Among them is the new sacristy of the Cathedral of Coimbra, a monumental space irredeemably transfigured by an amputation performed in the first quarter of the twentieth century. Study of this sacristy aims at understanding the motives for the commission and describing the process of construction
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