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Politična Ekonomija Komuniciranja in Strukturne Transformacije Kapitalizma

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Politična Ekonomija Komuniciranja in Strukturne Transformacije Kapitalizma UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI FAKULTETA ZA DRUŽBENE VEDE Jernej Amon Prodnik Politična ekonomija komuniciranja in strukturne transformacije kapitalizma Doktorska disertacija Ljubljana, 2013 UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI FAKULTETA ZA DRUŽBENE VEDE Jernej Amon Prodnik Mentorica: izr. prof. dr. Tanja Oblak Črnič Politična ekonomija komuniciranja in strukturne transformacije kapitalizma Doktorska disertacija Ljubljana, 2013 1 Arthur: How do you do, good lady. I am Arthur, king of the Britons. Whose castle is that? Zahvala Woman: King of the who? Arthur: King of the Britons. Woman: Who are the Britons? Zahvale so ob projektih, kot je Arthur: Well we all are! We are all Britons! And I am doktorska disertacija, najbrž zmeraj your king. Woman: I didn't know we 'ad a king! I thought we were an vsaj malo krivične. Bi jo moral pričeti autonomous collective. z zahvalo avtorjem, zavedenim v Man: You're fooling yourself! We're living in a literaturi? Za možnost, da stojim na dictatorship! A self-perpetuating autocracy in njihovih ramenih, da sem se lahko which the working classes--- napajal v njihovih idejah in Woman: There you go, bringing class into it again... Man: That's what it's all about! If only people would-- dognanjih? Že brez večine teh ljudi Arthur: Please, *please*, good people, I am in haste! disertacija ne bi bila takšna, WHO lives in that castle? kakršna je. Woman: No one lives there. Arthur: Then who is your lord? Woman: We don't have a lord! In disertacija zagotovo ne bi bila, Arthur: [surprised] What??? kakršna je, brez čudovitih prijateljev, Man: I *told* you! We're an anarcho-syndicalist s katerimi sem bil v stiku na Fakulteti commune! We're taking turns to act as a sort of za družbene vede Univerze v Ljubljani executive-officer-for-the-week--- in izven nje, brez številnih ljudi, ki sem Arthur: [uninterested] Yes... Man: But all the decisions *of* that officer 'ave to be jih spoznal na konferencah in z njimi ratified at a special bi-weekly meeting-- razpravljal o tematikah, ki jih Arthur: [perturbed] Yes I see! obravnavam v tem besedilu, in Man: By a simple majority, in the case of purely brez podpore moje širše družine, internal affairs--- Arthur: [mad] Be quiet! ki jo imam tako rad. Man: But by a two-thirds majority, in the case of more Hvala vsem! major--- Arthur: [very angry] BE QUIET! I *order* you to be quiet! Tega besedila ne bi pričel pisati brez Woman: "Order", eh, who does 'e think he is? Arthur: I am your king! podpore mentorice, dr. Tanje Oblak Woman: Well I didn't vote for you! Črnič. Hvala za ponujeno priložnost Arthur: You don't vote for kings! in zaupanje, vloženo energijo, vse Woman: Well how'd you become king then? nasvete, predvsem pa za Arthur: [holy music] The Lady of the Lake - her arm clad in dostopnost in prijateljstvo. the purest shimmering samite, held aloft Excalibur from the bosom of the water, signifying by divine providence that I, Arthur, was to carry Excalibur. Za znanstveno pomoč bi se posebej THAT is why I am your king! rad zahvalil dr. Slavku Splichalu in Man: [laughingly] Listen: Strange women lying in dr. Igorju Pribacu, članoma komisije, ponds distributing swords is no basis for a system of government! Supreme executive power derives in sicer za komentarje, razprave, from a mandate from the masses, not from some... nasvete in konstruktivno kritiko, farcical aquatic ceremony! ki mi je omogočila, da sem tole Arthur: [yelling] BE QUIET! delovišče zaključil. Man: You can't expect to wield supreme executive power just 'cause some watery tart threw a sword at you!!! Arthur: [grabbing the man] Shut *UP*! Tega besedila zagotovo ne bi Man: I mean, if I went 'round, saying I was an emperor, dokončal brez žene Vesne, ki mi že just because some moistened bink had lobbed a dolgo stoji ob strani in me podpira. scimitar at me, they'd put me away! Hvala, ker si (sta)! Arthur: [throwing the man around] Shut up, will you, SHUT UP! Man: Aha! Now we see the violence inherent in the system! Doktorat posvečam mami Alenki, Arthur: SHUT UP! ki je v času mojega pisanja pogumno Man: [yelling to all the other workers] Come and see premagala zahrbtno bolezen, in starim the violence inherent in the system! HELP, HELP, I'M BEING REPRESSED! staršem – »bici« Zofki, »mami« Miri in pokojnemu »dedanu« Mirotu, v družbi Monty Python and the Holy Grail (John Cleese, Graham Chapman, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, Terry Jones, Michael Palin) katerih sem tako rad odraščal. 2 3 Povzetek Naslov: Politična ekonomija komuniciranja in strukturne transformacije kapitalizma Izhodiščni namen disertacije je utemeljitev politične ekonomije komuniciranja, temeljnega kritičnega pristopa v komunikologiji. Vključno s spreminjanjem in s širitvijo njegove razlagalne moči raziskovalni pristop po eni strani zgodovinsko umeščam v kontekst strukturnih transformacij kapitalizma, po drugi strani pa te transformacije razlagam prav s pomočjo analiz, ki jih omenjeni pristop podaja. Političnoekonomska raziskovalna tradicija s svojim teoretskim vpogledom, z izgrajenim »kategorialnim aparatom« in z obstoječimi razlagami omogoča celovito obravnavo strukturnih zgodovinskih transformacij s posebno osredotočenostjo na širšo komunikacijsko sfero ter spremembe v njej. V disertaciji prispevam k širitvi kritične teoretske moči tega pristopa, ki jo ima ta raziskovalna tradicija glede na zgodovinski razvoj že od svojih začetkov. Poleg tega si prizadevam pokazati, kakšno pojasnjevalno moč ima pristop pri razumevanju družbe v obstoječi zgodovinski dobi. Ker je na teoretski ravni v slovenskem raziskovalnem prostoru bilo do sedaj objavljenih relativno malo razprav, namenjenih znanstvenemu utemeljevanju politične ekonomije komuniciranja, je pomembni prispevek disertacije mogoče videti v odpiranju vprašanja o raziskovalni vlogi tega komunikološkega pristopa, ki lahko služi kot morebitna pobuda (in spodbuda) za izgrajevanje raziskovalnega področja v prihodnosti. V okviru dolgoročnih in globokih zgodovinskih transformacij izpostavljam predvsem poblagovljenje, ki je temeljnega pomena za delovanje kapitalizma. Gre za enega ključnih procesov, ki jih analizira političnoekonomski pristop v komunikološkem raziskovanju. V njegovi zgodovinski analizi sem se poleg splošnejše razlage širitve poblagovljenja skozi družbo osredotočil predvsem na njegovo problematiko v komunikacijski sferi: na dolgo revolucijo vključevanja področij kulture, informacij, medijev in komuniciranja v okvire kapitalistične akumulacije in proizvodnje. Na te tematike sem posredno ali neposredno osredotočen skozi celotno disertacijo. V skladu z osnovnim ciljem naloge (tj. teoretična utemeljitev politične ekonomije komuniciranja) sem si v raziskovalnem delu pomagal s tremi splošnimi raziskovalnimi vprašanji. Prvič: kakšna je vloga in pomen politične ekonomije komuniciranja za razumevanje družbe ter za širitev poblagovljenja v aktualni družbeni dobi in stopnji kapitalizma. Drugič: kako je mogoče razumeti, širiti in krepiti pojasnjevalno moč tega raziskovalnega pristopa v obstoječem zgodovinskem kontekstu. Tretjič: skozi kakšne strukturne transformacije je na materialni ravni šel kapitalizem in kako je s temi premiki kritični pristop k politični ekonomiji komuniciranja dodatno pridobil na veljavi. Raziskovalni temelji disertacije so v zgodovinskem vpogledu, ki nudi oporo na vseh ravneh analize: od razumevanja dolgoročnih sprememb v družbenih strukturah, zgodovinskega umeščanja, kontekstualizacije ključnih družbenih procesov, ki pomagajo ohranjati in širiti določene družbene formacije, do zgodovinske obravnave discipline in avtorjev, ki so konstituirali raziskovalno področje. Precejšni del disertacije je namenjen podrobni razčlenitvi raziskovalnih izhodišč in predpostavk, ki so v raziskovanju pogosto prisotne le implicitno (kljub temu da so zmeraj njegov sestavni del). Na ravni metateorije sem po eni strani izhajal iz kritičnega realizma in po drugi strani iz materializma, pri katerem sem za osnovo jemal različne interpretacije Marxove filozofije. Na ravni družbene ontologije sem predpostavil, da je človek zaradi generično prirojene sposobnosti govora v svojem bistvu politična žival, komuniciranje pa skupaj z delom pomembno (so)ustvarja družbeno realnost. Z materialističnim dojemanjem te 4 predpostavke sem izpostavil pogojenost konkretnih sredstev komuniciranja in komunikacijske sfere s širšim družbenim kontekstom, z razmerji moči in z občimi proizvodnimi odnosi v družbi. Aktualna sredstva komuniciranja so v določenih zgodovinskih okoliščinah navezana na družbeno totaliteto, v kateri so se razvila. Moje ontološko dojemanje družbe je ob tem relacijsko: ljudje so tisti, ki ohranjajo in spreminjajo družbo, slednje pa so rezultat človeškega delovanja. Vendar kljub temu drugačne družbe in spremembe v njih zmeraj izhajajo iz že obstoječih družb in družbenih odnosov (materialna kontinuiteta). Na ravni ohlapne »metode« sem izhajal iz dialektičnega mišljenja, ki vključuje abstrakcijo in nujnost zgodovinske perspektive. Odprto dialektiko sem opredelil za dinamični in odprti pristop k preučevanju družbenih procesov, pripadajočih sprememb in protislovij v družbi, ki je usmerjen nadvse zgodovinsko. Na aksiološki ravni je moj pristop mogoče opredeliti kot kritičen do obstoječe družbene ureditve. Paradigmatsko sem izhajal iz kritične teorije družbe, posebej iz različnih interpretacij (neo)marksizma, pri čemer sem med različnimi teoretskimi pristopi in tradicijami poskušal iskati preseke in skupne točke, s katerimi je mogoče vzpostaviti skupno kritiko obstoječih družbenih razmer in bolje razložiti predmet preučevanja. Te osnovne predpostavke
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