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Chemisches Zentralblatt Chemisches Zentralblatt 1945. n. Halbjahr Nr. 11/12 III. Quartal A. Allgemeine und physikalische Chemie. J. Ormston, Die organische Chemie des Fluors. II. Mitt. Reaktionen organischer Fluorverbindungen. (I. vgl. C. 1945. II. 354.) Zusammenfassender Überblick. (School Sei. Rev. 26. 146—54. Febr. 1945. Cardiff, The Technical Coll.) W in ik e r G. W. Scott Blair, Ableitung der Maxwell'sehen Relaxationszeiten aus Zugwerten. Bei der Anwendung der Elastizitätstheorie auf hochelast. Stoffe ist die Formel n = E/2(l + n) nicht ohne weiteres gegeben (E YouNQscher Modul, n Schermodul, Ti Poissoxsche Zahl). Es besteht Unklarheit, ob sich die von den Relaxationszeiten verschied. Orientierungszeiten auf Scher- oder Druck-Zug-Beanspruchung beziehen. (Nature [London] 154. 213. 12/8. 1944.) H en tsc h el Darwin Kirschman und Richard Pomeroy, Die Löslichkeit von Kaliumjodid in Natriumhydroxydlösungen bei 200 Vgl C. 1945. I. 523.. Es wurde die Löslichkeit von KJ in 0,95—16,5nNaOH bei 20° sowie die D. dieser Lsgg. gemessen. (J. Amer. ehem. Soc. 66. 1793—94. O kt. 1944. Los Angeles, Univ. of Calif.) B eh r le G. M. Almy und P. R. Gillette, Die Quantenausbeute der Diacetylfluorescenz. F ür Strahlen der Wellenlängen 4047 u. 4358 wurde die Quantenausbeute der Diacetyl­ fluorescenz zu 0,145 ±0,03 bestimmt. Sie ist nahezu druckunabhängig. Die Ausbeute­ messungen von N oyes u . H en r iq u e s (C. 1 9 4 0 .1. 3363) bei Anregung durch die Wellen­ länge 3650 ergaben im Druckbereich 0—5 cm Hg einen Anstieg von 0 bis nahe an den Wert bei Anregung durch längere Wellen. Das unterschiedliche Verh. wird duren Prädissoziation erklärt. (Physic. Rev. [2] 63. 64. 1/15. 1. 1943. Illinois, Univ.) F laschka Roy W. Goranson, Physikalische Effekte extremer Drucke. Es wird der Vers. gemacht, an einigen Beispielen (Graphit-Diamant) zu zeigen, welche Art von Umwandlungen bei extrem hohen Drucken zu erwarten sind. Auf gegenwärtige Grenzen der theoret. Physik, Erscheinungen bei sehr hohen Drucken auf Grund von Messungen bei niedrigen Drucken vorauszusagen, wird eingegangen. Schließlich werden App. zur Erzeugung sehr hoher Drucke beschrieben. So wird z. B. eine App. besprochen, die es gestattet, gleichzeitig bei hoher Temp. (1200°) u. hohem Druck (4000 Bar) zu arbeiten. Weiterhin wird eine zweistufige Anordnung erklärt, die aus einer Druckanlage im Inneren einer zweiten Druckanlage besteht, in der Drucke bis zu 200 000 Bar erzeugt werden können. (Sei. Monthly 51. 524—35. Dez. 1940. Washington, Geophys. Labor., Carnegie Inst.) S chöne A. Aufbau der Materie. S. Titeica, Die Polarisation des Vakuums. Die Polarisierbarkeit des Vakuums wird auf Grund eines früher gemachten Vorschlages für die Subtraktionsglieder der Löchertheorie in erster Näherung einer Entw. nach den Potenzen der Feinstruktur- konstanten berechnet. Es ergibt sich, daß die Positronentheorie zu keinen linearen Modifikationen der MAXWELLschen Gleichungen Anlaß gibt. (Bull. Soc. roum. Physique 43. 55—64. 1942.) N itka Gleb Wataghin, Thermisches Gleichgewicht zwischen Elementarteilchen. Unterss. von W eizsä c k er u . a. über den prästellaren Zustand des Universums, basierend auf der Verteilung der ehem. Elemente u. auf der Theorie der therm. Rkk. zwischen Atom­ kernen u. Elementarteilchen, veranlaßten Vf. zu einer Unters, des therm. Gleichgewichtes zwischen Elementarteilchen bei sehr hohen Temperaturen. So wird u. a. die Konz, von Positronen u. Elektronen berechnet; im Falle eines therm. Gleichgewichtes zwischen Protonen, Neutronen, Elektronen u. Photonen kann oberhalb einer bestimmten Temp. der Wert für die Protonen u. für die Neutronen gleich sein. Es werden Fragen des Stoßquerschnittes der kinet. Energie u. der Teilchenerzeugung kurz erörtert. (Physic. Rev. [2] 63. 137. 1/15. 2. 1943. Sao Paulo, Bras., Univ.) N itka Georg Jaffe, Über Elektronenströme einheitlicher Anfangsgeschwindigkeit. Vf. behandelt folgendes Problem: Elektronen einheitlicher Anfangsgeschwindigkeit treten in einen Raum zwischen 2 unendlich langen parallelen Ebenen senkrecht zu diesen Ebenen ein. Der Strom wird für alle möglichen positiven u. negativen Werte der Poten- 41 610 A 1. A u f b a u d e r M a t e k i e . 1945.II. tialdifferenzen zwischen den Ebenen untersucht. Eine vollständige Lsg. kann dann erhalten werden, wenn folgende Grenzhedingungen angenommen werden: Die Anzahl der in den Entladungsraum eintretenden Elektronen muß gleich oder kleiner sein als eine gegebene Zahl N0 pro qcm u. pro Sek. u. sie ist so groß, wie das Potential es er­ laubt. Das Problem hängt von zwei dimensionslosen Parametern ab, £0, einem redu­ zierten Plattenabstand f „ = (16 n i/v0 E0) V» x ; i = Stromdichte, v0 = Anfangsgeschwin­ digkeit, x = Koordinate senkrecht zu den Ebenen gemessen, u. rj0 = V0/E0, V0 die an­ gelegte Potentialdifferenz, eE0 = die Energie der Elektronen. Für jeden Wert von f0 ist der Strom unterhalb eines krit. Wertes von r]0 raumladungsbegrenzt. Die Charakteri­ stik für die Raumladungsbegrenzung ist eine einfache Verallgemeinerung der Formel von Ch il d u . L angmtjir. Die Abweichungen von dieser Formel sind bes. für Werte E 0 ~ V„ beträchtlich. (Physic. Rev. [2] 65. 91—98. 1/15.2.1944. Baton Rouge, La., U niv.) P lieth L. G. Elliott und M. Deutsch, Kernenergieniveaus im 56Fe aus dem Zerfall von 56M n und 56C'o. Bisher konnte kein Energieniveauschema gegeben werden für die Strahlungen, die den Zerfall von 66Mn begleiteten, die mit den ß-,y-Strahlen- u. Koin- zidenzmessungen übereinstimmten. Unter Benutzung eines Spektrometers mit magnet. Linsen mit beträchtlich gesteigerter Auflsg. wurden die Photoelektronen untersucht, die in Blei durch die y-Strahlen ausgelöst werden. Dabei wurde eine weitere y-Strah­ lung von 1,81 ± 0,04 Mev aufgefunden, die bisher noch nicht beobachtet wurde. Vff. können jetzt ein mit den Experimenten übereinstimmendes Zerfallsschema an­ geben. (Physic. Rev. [2] 63. 321—22. 1/15. 4. 1943. Cambridge, Mass., Mas­ sachusetts Inst, of Technology.) P lieth A. Roberts, L. G. Elliott, J. R. Downing, W. C. Peacock und M. Deutsch, Spaltungs­ schemata radioaktiver Substanzen. V. Mitt. 130J. Aus dem Beschuß des Tellurs mit Deuteronen resultieren mindestens vier radioakt. Arten des Jods mit T = 25 Min., T = 12,6 Stdn., T = 8 Tagen u. T = 13 Tagen-T = 25 Min. wurde dem 126J, T = 12,6 Stdn. dem 130J, T = 8 Tage dem 131J u. T = 13 Tage dem 126J zugeordnet. Der Positronenstrahler mit T = 4 Tage u. 126 J konnten nicht beobachtet werden. Die Spaltung des 130 J wurde mit spektralen u. Koinzidenzmethoden untersucht . Der Zerfall findet unter Emission von zwei Arten Elektronen mit einer maximalen Energie von 0,61 ± 0,02 MeV bzw. 1,03 ± 0,02 MeV statt. Das Spektr. hoher Energie stellt 60 ± 10% der Spaltungen dar u. wird von drei y-Strahlen mit den Energien 0,537 ± 0,005 MeVi 0,667 ± 0,008 MeV u. 0,744 ± 0,010 MeV begleitet. Das Spektr. kleiner Energe, wird von denselben drei y-Strahlen u. zuzüglich eines vierten mit der Energie 0,417 ± 0,005 MeV begleitet. Die Koeff. der inneren Umwandlung in der K-Schale sind in der Reihenfolge abnehmender y-Strahlenergie 0,0031; 0,0038; 0,0069; u. 0,012 (20%). Die Umwandlung in der L-Schale ist wesentlich geringer. Die F e e m i-Kurve des gesamten Spektr. kann in zwei Geraden zerlegt werden, aus denen durch Extrapolation die genauen Zerfallsenergien erhalten werden können. (Physic. Rev. [2] 64. 268. 1/15.11. 1943. Cambridge, Mass., Massachusetts Inst, of Technology). S chikore Martin Deutsch und Lloyd G. Elliott, Spaltungsschemata radioaktiver Substanzen. VII. Mitt. 5iM n und 58Co. (Vgl. vorst. Ref.) Die von 54Mn u. 58Co ausgesandten Strahlungen wurden mittels des magnet. Spektrometers u. durch Koinzidenzmethoden untersucht. 54Mn geht durch Außenelektroneneinfang in einen angeregten Zustand des 54Cr über, woran sich die Aussendung eines 0,85 Mev-y-Strahls anschließt. Eine Unters, der ausgesandten Röntgenstrahlen, die dem Einfangprozeß folgen, ergibt, daß ein großer oder wenigstens ein überwiegender Teil der Einfangelektronen K-Elektronen sind. Höchstens einzelne Einfangübergänge führen direkt zum Grundzustand. 58Co geht in einen Zustand des 58Fe über, der 0,805 MeV oberhalb des Grundzustandes liegt u. durch Aussendung eines y-Strahls weiter zerfällt. Ungefähr 90% der Spal­ tungen des 58Co erfolgen durch K-Elektroneneinfang. Bei den übrigen 10% werden Positronen mit einer maximalen Energie von 0,47 MeV ausgesandt. Das Verhältnis zwischen diesen beiden Zerfallsarten ist mit der Annahme verträglich, daß die Um­ wandlung mit einer Änderung des Momentes um 0 oder 1 erfolgt. Spaltungsschemata des 64Mn u. des 58Co werden aufgestellt. Die niedrigsten bekannten Anregungszustände des B4Cr, 66Fe u .58 Fe haben Anregungsenergien, die sich um weniger als 5% voneinander unterscheiden. Die Anregungsenergien für die drei Kerne sind: 54Cr: 0,835 MeV; 66Fe: 0,845 MeV u. 68Fe: 0,805 MeV. Die Differenz zwischen den MM. der neutralen Atome des 68Co u. s8Fe muß 2,46 ± 0,03-IO-3 ME, der Schwellenwert für die Rk. 58Fe (p, n) 58Co 3,10 i 0,03 MeV betragen. (Physic. Rev. [2] 65. 211— 15. 1/15.4. 1944. Cam­ bridge, Mass., Massachusetts Inst, of Technology.) S c h ik o r e 1945. II. Ax. Aufbau der M aterie. 611 L. G. Elliott und M. Deutsch, Strahlungen aus der 100 Tage-77As-Aktivität. Beim Deuteronenbeschuß von Germanium wurde eine As-Aktivität mit T — 100 Tagen er­ halten, die dem 77As zugeordnet wurde, da sie in der Aussendung von Elektronen besteht, die im /1-Strahlenspektrometer untersucht wurden. Sie ist der inneren Um­ wandlung eines 0,052 i 0,003 MeV-y-Strahls zugeordnet. Die Umwandlung in der K-Schale ist fünfmal so stark wie die in der L-Schale. K-Röntgenstrahlen wurden beob­ achtet. Aus Koinzidenzmessung zwischen Umwandlungselektronen u. K-Röntgen­ strahlen wird geschlossen, daß die 100-Tage-Aktivität durchElektroneneinfang verfällt, dem sofort ein 0,052 Me V-y-Strahl nachfolgt. Positronen werden ausgesandt, aber machen höchstens 2% der Spaltung aus. (Physic. Rev. [2] 63. 457—58. 1/15. 6. 1943. Cambridge, Mass., Massachusetts Inst, of Technology).
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