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Volumen Xvi.Qxd 342 CLIX. COMPOSITAE – CARDUOIDEAE 29. Centaurea Repisas y grietas de roca, roquedos marítimos, a veces en laderas pedregosas, en lugares ± umbrosos y substratos calizos; 0-700 m. V-VI(VII). ⅷ Ibiza e islotes próximos, montañas mediterráneas subcoste- ras y secas o subhúmedas del N de Alicante: macizo del Montgó y sierra de Bernia. Esp.: A PM[Ib]. ESPECIE QUE HA DE BUSCARSE C. pinnatus (Desf.) DC., Prodr. 6: 614 (1838) [Carthamus pinnatus Desf., Fl. Atlant. 2: 258, tab. 229 (1799), basión; C. acaulis C. Presl, Fl. Sicul.: XXX (1826); Onobroma pinnatum (Desf.) Spreng., Syst. Veg. 3: 393 (1826); C. pinnatus var. acaulis (C. Presl) DC., Prodr. 6: 614 (1838); Carthamus acaulis (C. Presl) C. Presl ex Steud., Nomencl. Bot. ed. 2, 1: 300 (1840); Kentrophyllum pinnatum (Desf.) Ces., Pass. & Gibelli, Comp. Fl. Ital. 2: 449 (1886); C. pinnatus var. caulescens Batt. in Batt. & Trab., Fl. Algérie (Dicot.): 513 (1889), nom. illeg.; Carthamodes pinnatum (Desf.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl.: 326 (1891); C. pinnatus subsp. eupinna- tus Maire in Jahand. & Maire, Cat. Pl. Maroc 3: 823 (1934), nom. inval.]. Hierba perenne, acaule o subacaule. Hojas con (8)11-15 pares de segmentos laterales dis- puestos casi perpendicularmente al raquis –en posición casi vertical–, sobre el que se prolongan por un resalte estrecho de anchura uniforme que nace del nervio me- dio; segmentos con nervadura muy prominente, ligeramente decurrentes, con espi- nas marginales dirigidas hacia el ápice e indumento de pelos aracnoideos muy es- paciados. Corola de un azul-violeta intenso. Aquenios 5,5-6 mm, tetragonales, ru- gosos, con reborde de la placa apical dentado. Vilano 17-30 mm, caedizo, con pe- los subplumosos, ± rígido. Principalmente norteafricana, se ha mencionado por error del centro de la Península, pero las citas se corresponden con C. monspellien- sium var. megacephalus (C. matritensis), y también de Badajoz por confusión con C. cuatrecasasii [cf. P.J. Gómez Hernández in Bol. Soc. Brot. ser. 2, 57: 334 (1984)]. Aún persisten, sin embargo, las menciones que se hacen en las floras cata- lanas más recientes para Baleares [cf. O. de Bolòs & J. Vigo, Fl. Països Catalans 3: 951-952 (1995)], citas que no se han visto respaldadas por material de herbario, por lo que la presencia de esta especie allí –en Europa solo crece con seguridad en Sicilia– parece poco verosímil. 29. Centaurea L. [nom. cons.]* [Centauréa, -ae f. – gr. kentaúr(e)ion, -r(e)íou n., kentauría, -as f., kentaurís, -ídos f., etc.; lat. cen- taur¬um(-—on, -—um), -i n., centaur¬a(-r—a), -ae f. = en Dioscórides [kentaúr(e)ion méga] y Plinio (cen- taurium y centaurium maius), planta abundante en Licia y el Peloponeso, de tallos de 2-3 codos, hojas alargadas, de margen aserrado, parecidas a las de la karýa basilik¬´ (en Dioscórides) –el nogal (Juglans * J.A. Devesa (descripción del género y clave para determinar sus especies, secciones Acro centron p.p., Benedicta, Calcitrapa, Centaurea p.p., Cyanus p.p., Hymenocentron p.p., Jacea p.p., Lepteranthus p.p., Melanoloma, Mesocentron p.p., Phalolepis p.p. y Seridia p.p.), E. López Nieto (secciones Acrocentron p.p., Centaurea p.p., Hymenocentron p.p., Mesocentron p.p. y Phalolepis p.p.), I. Arnelas (secciones Jacea p.p. y Lepteranthus p.p.), G. Blanca (sect. Centaurea p.p.), V.N. Suárez-Santiago (sect. Centaurea p.p.), V. Rodríguez Invernón (sect. Seridia p.p.) & A.F. Muñoz Rodríguez (sect. Cyanus p.p.). CLIX. COMPOSITAE – CARDUOIDEAE 343 29. Centaurea regia L., Juglandaceae)–, y cabezuelas semejantes a las del m¬´k‹n (en Dioscórides) o papaver (en Plinio) –probablemente, la adormidera (Papaver somniferum L., Papaveraceae)–, de contorno alarga- do, y flores azuladas; planta que muchos autores han supuesto será la Rhaponticoides Centaurium (L.) M.V. Agab. & Greuter (C. Centaurium L.) –pero es endémica del S de Italia–, la Rh. amplifolia (Boiss. & Heldr.) M.V. Agab. & Greuter (C. amplifolia Boiss. & Heldr.), que crece en el Peloponeso, pero no en Licia, etc. Según Plinio (25.66), “Se dice que Quirón se curó con la centaura cuando cayó sobre su pie una flecha al manejar las armas de Hércules, su huésped, por lo cual algunos la llaman ‘planta de Quirón’” –gr. Kentaúreios, -a, -on, lat. Centaur¬us, -a, -um = propio del centauro [del gr. Kéntauros, -aúrou m.(f.); lat. Centaurus, -i m. = centauro, palabra ésta que designa una estirpe de seres mitológi- cos, mitad hombre y mitad caballo, que habitaba en las montañas de Tesalia y en la que sobresalía Quirón, sabio y prudente, renombrado médico y preceptor de muchos héroes mitológicos, como Heracles (Hércules)]–. El género Centaurea L. (Compositae) fue creado por Linneo (1737: 263) como “Centauria”, cambiado en el Hort. Cliff.: 420-424 (1738) por “Centaurea”, y validado en Linneo (1753: 909-919; 1754: 389)] Hierbas anuales, bienales o perennes, con raíz axonomorfa o bien con raíces fasciculadas tuberizadas, o rizomatosas, por lo general sufruticulosas, más rara vez sufrútices o matas, inermes salvo con muchísima frecuencia las brácteas del involucro –a menudo con una espina o con un apéndice apical espinoso o espinu- loso–, con pelos tectores unicelulares, araneosos o seríceos y pelos pluricelulares uniseriados, a veces también escábridas, y a menudo con glándulas punctiformes sésiles. Tallos bien desarrollados, simples o ± ramificados, a veces escapiformes, alados o no, más rara vez plantas acaules. Hojas rosuladas y ± pecioladas en las especies acaules, en las demás hojas caulinares casi siempre bien desarrolladas, las basales –a menudo rosuladas– y las caulinares inferiores pecioladas y el resto sésiles, ± decurrentes o no decurrentes, enteras, dentadas, sinuado-dentadas, pin- natífidas, pinnatipartidas o pinnatisectas, rarísima vez con margen espinuloso. Capítulos multifloros, terminales o axilares, solitarios, reunidos en grupos o dis- puestos en inflorescencias complejas paniculiformes o corimbiformes laxas, sési- les o ± pedunculados, discoides o radiantes, homógamos, a veces rodeados de ho- jas involucrales. Involucro cilíndrico, fusiforme, ovoide, obcónico o globoso, re- dondeado, umbilicado o truncado en la base; brácteas dispuestas en (3)4-9 series, herbáceas, ± coriáceas, imbricadas y ± adpresas, mayores hacia el interior o las medias mayores que el resto, las externas y medias con un apéndice apical esca- rioso, coriáceo, de forma muy variada –triangular, semilunar, elíptico, orbicular, lanceolado, etc.–, entero, dentado, lacerado, pectinado-fimbriado, pectinado-espi- nuloso, pectinado-espinoso o palmeado-espinoso, en ocasiones en forma de una espina apical ± desarrollada y punzante o reducido a una espínula, de erecto-pa- tente a patente o incluso reflexo, a veces ± decurrente sobre el borde de la brác- tea, las internas a menudo sin apéndice o muy diferente del de las medias y exter- nas, y casi siempre inerme. Receptáculo por lo general plano, a veces ligeramente cóncavo o convexo, alveolado, con páleas setáceas comprimidas, caedizas tras la fructificación. Flósculos todos hermafroditas –capítulos discoides–, o los del cen- tro hermafroditas y los de la periferia neutros –capítulos radiantes–, estos del mismo tamaño o mucho mayores que los del disco, todos casi siempre sobrepa- san el involucro. Corola tubular, pentámera –la de las flores neutras también trí- mera, tetrámera, etc.–, ± zigomorfa, glabra o ± papilosa en el exterior, rosada, ro- sado-blanquecina, purpúrea, rosado-purpúrea, rosado-violeta, de color crema, 344 CLIX. COMPOSITAE – CARDUOIDEAE 29. Centaurea amarilla, anaranjada, amarillento-anaranjada o azul, rara vez blanca, blanquecina o de un amarillo pálido, la de las flores neutras gradualmente infundibuliforme y notablemente zigomorfa, con lóbulos muy desiguales, y la de las hermafroditas con tubo y limbo netamente diferenciados, este con 5 lóbulos ± desiguales, por lo general uno o dos con los senos algo más profundos. Estambres con filamentos libres, papilosos, pelosos o con espículas, insertos en la base del limbo de la coro- la; anteras con conectivo prolongado en una lengüeta apical lanceolada ligera- mente incurva, calcariformes en la base, con apéndices basales membranáceos o escariosos, truncados y ± dentados o lacerados. Estilo liso, con dos ramas por lo general unidas al principio y luego ± erecto-patentes o patentes, delimitadas por un anillo de pelos colectores cortos, el resto glabro, rodeado en la base por un nectario, que persiste en el fruto a modo de prominencia sobre la placa apical. Aquenios homomorfos, casi siempre con vilano, obovoides, obcónicos, oblongo- obovoides o cilíndricos, de sección ± elíptica o circular, con superficie lisa o ± acostillados longitudinalmente –a menudo con 4 o 5 costillas ± tenues, o con 15- 19 muy marcadas–, glabros, laxamente vilosos o adpreso-seríceos, a veces con pelos blancos erectos en torno al hilo cárpico, truncados en el ápice, con placa apical plana, de borde entero y con nectario central ± cilíndrico; hilo cárpico late- ral-adaxial, ± circular, elíptico o rómbico; con o sin eleosoma, que sobrepasa o no la base del aquenio. Vilano doble, persistente, rara vez simple, a veces poco de- sarrollado o que incluso falta; el externo con varias filas de escamas planas, serra- das, erectas o erecto-patentes, y el interno con una fila de escamas mucho más pequeñas, erectas y ± conniventes. x = 9, 10, 11 (en especies extraibéricas tam- bién 7, 8, 12, 13 y 15). Observaciones.–El género comprende unas 250 especies eurasiáticas con espe- cial representación en las regiones Mediterránea e Irano-Turania [A. Susanna & N. Garcia in Kubitzki (ed.), Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl.: 146 (2007)], aunque muchas de ellas se han introducido en diversas partes del Globo. La complejidad taxonómica de Centaurea es bien conocida y, en el tratamiento tradicional, se ha reconocido un gran número de táxones infragenéricos [cf. M. Dittrich in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 88: 70-122 (1968); J. Dostál in Tutin & al. (eds.), Fl. Eur. 4: 254-301 (1976)], buena parte de ellos cuestionados hoy en día a la luz de los estudios filogenéticos con marcadores moleculares. En la actualidad, el género se considera parafilético en su concepción clásica [A.
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