2019 Rule Change Proposal 2-Amended

Purpose of Proposal: To add Camassia quamash, Camass Flower to Volume 1, Table 2A and to Volume 3 of the AOSA Rules.

Present Rule: None

Proposed Rule:

Volume 1. Principles and Procedures

Table 2A. Weights for working samples. Minimum Minimum Approximate Approximate weight for Pure weight for number of number of noxious-weed Seed Chaffy purity seeds per seeds per a Kind of seed seed or bulk Unit Seed analysisb gramc ounced examination # Grams Grams Number Number Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene 1 Camass flower; blue camass; common 13 130 200 5,657 camass

Volume 3. Uniform Classification of Weed and Crop Seeds

CONTAMINATING NOMEN SPP. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME FAMILY CLASSIFICATION # CLASS A F H R S T V Camass Flower, blue Camassia quamash (Pursh) 400195 camass, common Asparagaceae F, R W C W C W W W Greene camass

Harmonization and Impact Statement: Camassia quamash is not in the Federal Seed Act Regulations, the Canadian M & P, or the ISTA Rules. This is a commercially marketed species; therefore, adding working weights and a pure seed unit definition to the AOSA Rules will standardize seed testing procedures among laboratories. This species is not listed in Volume 3 Uniform Classification of Weed and Crop.

Supporting Evidence: Camassia quamash is a perennial bulbiferous monocot native to the western US and Canada and is also sold commercially as a garden ornamental. The plants produce intensely blue to blue-violet, star-shaped flowers in dense spikes. Fruits are 3-chambered, containing 5-10 black seeds per chamber (Figure 1). Plants (bulbs) go dormant in late spring to early summer and plants will reseed given light shade to full sun and sufficient moisture. Occasional nectar species for butterflies, hummingbirds, and bees. Since this species is native and is also sold as a landscape ornamental and as a pollinator attractant the spp. class for Volume 3 should be flower (F) and range/revegetation (R) and Other Crop (C) when found as a contaminant in other flower and range/revegetation kinds.

Seed counts were conducted at the Agri Seed Testing Lab on ten seed lots received since 2008. The seed count method was in accordance to AOSA Rules, Section 13: Non-mechanical Seed Count and Working Weight Determinations (Figure 2). Refer to Appendix 1 of this proposal for replicate data.

Figure 1. Seeds of Camassia quamash. Photograph by Steve Hurst, source USDA Plants Database, https://plants.usda.gov/java/largeImage?imageID=caqu2_006_ahp.tif

Purity Working Weight for Camassia quamash 15 14 13

12 11 10

9 PurityWeight (g) 8 7

6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Lot Number

Figure 2. Purity working weights of ten commercial seed lots of Camassia quamash, cammas flower, based on non-mechanical seed counts (Lot 2 outlier excluded). The red line indicates the average purity working sample weight across seed lots is 12.64 grams (lot 2 excluded).

Results of the statistical analysis are shown in Table 1. Methodology for the analysis: 1. Each set of data per seed lot (usually 8 replications) was checked for normality of distribution (Shapiro-Wilk test for normality, p  0.05; ranks not averaged for tied values). 2. For non-normally distributed data sets of a single seed lot, an outlier test was used to identify a single outlier (Grubbs’ test, p  0.05). 3. Data was rechecked after removing a single outlier. Revised data sets (after removing the outlier) were used in the final determination of average weight of 100 seeds. If removing a single outlier still resulted in non-normally distributed data, the data set for that seed lot was considered unreliable and results excluded from further data analysis. 4. Means of each lot were then used to calculate the overall mean weight of 100 seeds for that species and a 95% confidence interval for the mean. 5. The same means were also checked for normality of distribution and presence of outliers. However, no attempt was made to discard outliers at this stage. If the outlier replicate average can be ascribed to errors in data collection, then the data should be discarded. However, if the outlier is due to natural variation (e.g., genetic, varietal or cultural differences), discarding the data is not recommended. This is a judgment call unrelated to statistical analysis results.

Table 1. Species mean seed weight and confidence intervals of data checked for normality of distribution and presence of outliers.

Results of Results Single No. revised lots Mean wt. normally outlier Standard Species of normally of 100 CI (95%) for mean distributed removed error lots1 distributed seeds (Y/N) 2 (Y/N) 3 (Y/N) 4 Y: lots 2 and N: lot 2 data Camassia quamash 10 N 0.5057 0.0165 0.4677-0.5436 7 excluded 1Original number of tested lots. 2 Shapiro-Wilk test for normality (p  0.05). Normality test separately applied to replication data of each seed lot. 3 If data set (replications) for a seed lot is not normally distributed, one outlier (replication) is removed. Presence of outliers verified using Grubbs’ test (p  0.05). 4 Each seed lot was tested for normality after outlier was removed. If data set of a seed lot was still not normally distributed after removing outlier, that seed lot was excluded from analysis.

References: Sources for general plant information provided above and additional information on this species can be found in the following reference and websites:

Baldwin, B. G., D. H. Goldman, D. J. Keil, R. Patterson, T. J. Rosatti, and D. H. Wilken (Eds.). 2012. The Jepson manual: vascular plants of California. 2nd Ed. University of California Press. https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=caqu2 http://www.heritageseedlings.com/page_175_52/camassia-quamash http://www.nwplants.com/business/catalog/cam_qua.html

Submitted by: Sharon Davidson, RST, Agri Seed Testing, Inc., 1930 Davcor ST SE, Salem, OR 97302 [email protected]; Deborah Meyer, Purity Subcommittee AOSA Co-chair, [email protected]; and Gil Waibel, Purity Subcommittee SCST Co-chair, [email protected]

The authors would like to thank Dr. Riad Baalbaki for performing the statistical analysis.

Date Submitted: October 15, 2018

Appendix 1 – Seed counts for Camassia quamash, camassia flower.

Replication Lot 1 Lot 3 Lot 4 Lot 5 Lot 6 Lot 7 Lot 8 Lot 9 Lot 10 1 0.4400 0.5700 0.5700 0.5300 0.4400 0.5600 0.4660 0.4700 0.5210 2 0.4500 0.5700 0.5600 0.5500 0.4400 0.5600 0.4840 0.4800 0.5260 3 0.4300 0.5400 0.5200 0.5600 0.4400 0.5700 0.4460 0.4900 0.5500 4 0.4400 0.5500 0.5600 0.5400 0.4500 0.5600 0.4850 0.4700 0.5570 5 0.4300 0.5700 0.5300 0.5400 0.4300 0.5300* 0.4750 0.4900 0.5310 6 0.4300 0.5500 0.5200 0.5200 0.4400 0.5700 0.4680 0.4600 0.5030 7 0.4500 0.5400 0.5100 0.5200 0.4200 0.5600 0.4900 0.4600 0.5410 8 0.4400 0.5300 0.5400 0.5600 0.4500 0.5500 0.4840 0.4500 0.5340 9 x x 0.5600 x x x x x x 10 x x 0.5600 x x x x x x 11 x x 0.5700 x x x x x x 12 x x 0.5200 x x x x x x 13 x x 0.5500 x x x x x x 14 x x 0.5400 x x x x x x 15 x x 0.5300 x x x x x x 16 x x 0.5100 x x x x x x Mean 0.43875 0.5525 0.540625 0.54 0.43875 0.56142 0.47475 0.47125 0.532875 1-8 or 1-16 purity wt. 10.96875 13.8125 13.51563 13.5 10.96875 14.03571 11.86875 11.78125 13.32188 nox wt. 109.6875 138.125 135.1563 135 109.6875 140.3571 118.6875 117.8125 133.2188 wt./seed 0.004388 0.005525 0.005406 0.0054 0.004388 0.005614 0.004748 0.004713 0.005329 seeds/g 228 181 185 185 228 178 211 212 188 seeds/oz 6464 5131 5245 5245 6464 5,046 5982 6010 5330 seeds/lb 103421 82102 83916 83916 103421 80,741 95710 96163 85277 Mean weight of 100 seeds = 0.5057 grams Mean purity working weight across all seed lots = 12.64 Mean noxious working weight across all seed lots = 124.4 Mean weight per seed across all seed lots = 0.005057 Mean number of seeds per gram across all seed lots = 200 Mean number of seeds per ounce across all seed lots = 5,657 Mean number of seeds per pound across all seed lots = 90,519 *Outlier highlighted and removed from data set. Lot 2 (not shown) – outlier data deleted from further analysis.