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Cao-Prairie-Plant-Manual-8-16-2019-Published Version.Pdf Introduction to the Deliberative Draft version of Thurston County Government’s Prairie Plant Manual April 23, 2018 This is a draft version of the County’s prairie plant manual. A final draft will be published after the draft version is completed. This manual is intended for the use of Thurston County property owners, residents, staff members and all those who may be interested in visually identifying the prairie plant species targeted in the Thurston County Critical Areas Ordinance. The draft version is not the final version. The list of contributors and editors may not be complete. The Table of Contents may not reflect some content that has been reordered or augmented. This work is copyrighted by Thurston County government. Written consent is required prior to reproducing the content in part or whole. Please contact: Marisa Whisman, Biologist Thurston County Community Planning A division of Thurston County Government [email protected] 360-867-2104 Deliberative Draft November 27, 2017 Thurston County Critical Areas Ordinance Target Prairie Plant Species Manual: Indicators of Prairie Habitat in Thurston County Grasslands Thurston County Resource Stewardship Community Planning & Economic Development Building 1, 2nd Floor 2000 Lakeridge Drive SW Olympia, WA 98502-6045 Prepared by Marisa Whisman Reviewed by: Brian Combs, Pacifica Restoration and South Puget Sound Salmon Enhancement Group; Roberta Davenport, Department of Natural Resources, Aquatic Resources Division; David Hays, Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife, Wildlife Program; Ted Thomas, Pacific Region, Washington Fish and Wildlife Office Division of Listing and Recovery; David Wilderman, Department of Natural Resources, Natural Areas Program Introduction The following plant species descriptions are organized alphabetically and according to plant family. Whenever possible, photos depict plants in their vegetative, flowering and fruiting stages to increase likelihood of detection in the field. Lastly, this manual was created in order to include all target prairie plants listed in the Critical Areas Ordinance (CAO) in one guide source. Table of Contents Plant families Asparagus family (Asparagaceae) Crown brodiaea (Brodiaea coronaria)…………………………………....1 Common camas (Camassia quamash)………………………………….....1 Great camas (Camassia leichtlinii)………………………………………..2 Howell’s triteleia (Triteleia grandiflora)…………………………………....3 Fool’s onion (Triteleia hyacinthina)…………………………...……….....3 Aster or Sunflower family (Asteraceae) Puget balsamroot (Balsamorhiza deltoidea)………………………………4 Showy fleabane (Erigeron speciosus)……………………………………..5 Oregon sunshine (Eriophyllum lanatum)……………………….................6 Cutleaf silverpuffs (Microseris laciniata)…………………………………7 Hound tongue hawkweed (Hieracium scouleri)…………………………...8 Missouri goldenrod (Solidago missouriensis)……………………………..9 Sticky goldenrod (Solidago simplex var. simplex (S. Spathulata))………10 White-topped aster (Sericocarpus rigidus)……………………………....10 Harebell or Bellflower family (Campanulaceae) Cascade downingia (Downingia yina)…………………………………...11 Borage family (Boraginaceae) Fragrant popcorn flower (Plagiobothrys figuratus)……………………...12 Broomrape family (Orobanchaceae) Golden paintbrush (Castilleja levisecta)……………………………........13 Harsh paintbrush (Castilleja hispida)……………………………….........13 Buckwheat family (Polygonaceae) American bistort (Bistorta bistortoides)………………………………….14 Bunchflower family (Melanthiaceae) American wild hellebore (Veratrum viride)………………………………16 California wild hellebore (Veratrum californicum)………………………16 Death camas (Toxicoscordion venenosus var. venenosus)……………….17 Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) Menzies larkspur (Delphinium menziesii)………………………………..18 Nuttall’s larkspur (Delphinium nuttallii)…………………………………18 Plantain-leaved buttercup (Ranunculus alismifolius)…………………….19 Straight-beak buttercup (Ranunculus orthorhynchus)…………………....20 Western buttercup (Ranunculus occidentalis var. occidentalis)………….21 Carrot family (Apiaceae) Barestem biscuitroot (Lomatium nudicaule)……………………………..22 Nineleaf biscuitroot (Lomatium triternatum)…………………………….22 Spring gold (Lomatium utriculatum)………......………………………....23 Gairdner’s yampah (Perideridia gairdneri)………...……………………24 Dogbane family (Apocynaceae) Spreading dogbane (Apocynum androsaemifolium)……………………..25 Grass family (Poaceae) California oatgrass (Danthonia californica)……………………………..25 Tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia cespitosa)………………………………26 Annual hairgrass (Deschampsia danthonioides)………………………...27 Roemer’s fescue (Festuca roemeri)……………………………………..28 Prairie Koeler’s grass, Junegrass (Koeleria macrantha)………………..30 Iris family (Iridaceae) Idaho blue-eyed grass (Sisyrinchium idahoense)………………………31 Lily family (Liliaceae) Chocolate lily (Fritillaria affinis)……………………………………....32 Mallow family (Malvaceae) Rose checkerbloom (Sidalcea malviflora var. virgata)………………...33 Pea family (Fabaceae) Sicklekeel lupine (Lupinus albicaulis)…………………………………34 Prairie lupine (Lupinus lepidus var. lepidus)…………………………..34 Large leaved lupine (Lupinus polyphyllus)…………………………….35 Meadow bird’s-foot trefoil (Lotus pinnatus)…………………………..36 Springbank clover (Trifolium willdenovii (T. tridentatum))…………..37 Phlox family (Polemoniaceae) Bicolored linanthus (Leptosiphon bicolor)………………………….…38 Great polemonium (Polemonium carneum)…………………………...38 Pink family (Caryophyllaceae) Scouler’s catchfly (Silene scouleri)……………………………………39 Primrose family (Primulaceae) Henderson’s shootingstar (Dodecatheon hendersonii)….…………….40 Rose family (Rosaceae) Slender cinquefoil (Potentilla gracillis)……………………………….41 Wild (Virginia) strawberry (Fragaria virginiana)…………………….43 Saxifrage family (Saxifragaceae) Whole-leaf saxifrage (Micranthes integrifolia)………………………43 Bog saxifrage (Micranthes oregana)…………………………………44 Sedge family (Cyperaceae) Dense sedge (Carex densa)……………………………………………45 Green-sheath sedge (Carex feta)………………………………………46 One-sided sedge (Carex unilateralis)…………………………………46 Foothill sedge (Carex tumulicola)…………………………………….47 Long-stolon sedge (Carex inops ssp. inops)…………………………..48 Valerian family (Valerianaceae) Seablush (Plectritis congesta)………........……………………………49 Violet family (Violeaceae) Early blue violet (Viola adunca) ………………………………………50 Upland yellow violet (Viola praemorsa var. nutallii)……………….…51 Thurston County Long Range Planning Target Prairie Plant Species for Determination of Prairie Habitat: Species Profiles and Photos Asparagus family (Asparagaceae) Bluedick brodiaea, crown brodiaea (Brodiaea coronaria); Reclassified from the lily family Ecology: Open, gravelly areas; grasslands, balds, prairies, meadows and hillsides at low elevations Flowering period: May - June Characteristics: Perennial up to 30 cm tall, arising from a thick, round scaly underground stem (corm) 2 cm wide. Leaves: All basal, narrow and grass-like, 2 to 3 mm wide and withering prior to flowering stage; the only Brodiaea in this region with leaves this narrow. Flowers: Violet to blue-purple, 2 to 5 cm long, tubular with 6 tepal lobes that curve at the tips and fuse at the base, forming a tube. Stamens attached to tepals, anthers usually noticeably white, surrounded by conspicuous staminodia (modified, petal-like stamen that do not produce pollen – see picture). Fruits: Egg-shaped, stalkless capsules with black seeds Common camas (Camassia quamash) (Reclassified from the lily family) Ecology: Abundant in prairies, with variable levels of moisture. Flowering period: April - June Characteristics: Perennial 20 to 70 cm tall, from an egg-shaped, 2 cm-long bulb Leaves: all basal, grass-like, 8-20 mm wide, up to 50 cm long, and noticeably shorter than the leafless flower stalk (scape). Flowers: Inflorescences in terminal spikes of 5 or more, 5 to 30 cm long; flowers often slightly irregular, pale to dark blue but occasionally white; 6 tepals, 6 stamen and 3 stigmas. Lowest tepal often curves away from stem in late flowering period, tepals wither individually but do not cover the ovary. Flower stalks are 10-20 mm long; scapose. Fruits are 3-chambered egg-shaped capsules 15-25 mm long, containing shiny, black, angled seeds; stalks of fruits curve in toward base of stem 1 Great Camas (Camassia leichtlinii) Reclassified from the lily family; photos next page Ecology: Moist meadows, prairies and hillsides; a wet prairie species. Flowering period: April - May Characteristics: Perennial from bulb, 24 to 120 cm tall Leaves: All basal, 7 to 20 mm wide and up to 60 cm long Flowers: Inflorescences in Terminal spikes of 5 or more, 10-20 cm long or greater, usually pale to dark blue but occasionally white; flower stalks are 10-40 mm long, leafless, arising from the ground level (scapose). Regular flowers; 6 tepals, 6 stamen and 3 stigmas; tepals tend to twist together in late flowering period, persisting and covering the ovary. Fruits are 3-chambered egg-shaped capsules 15-25 mm long, containing shiny, black, angled seeds; stalks of fruits curve in toward base of stem. 2 Key to distinguishing giant camas from common camas: Giant camas – flowers are regular, and anthers are dull yellow to violet; flower stalks and overall plant size are larger than those of common camas; tepals twist together and remain over the ovary and conceal it in anthesis; leaves often bear a fine, waxy powder, and seeds are generally larger than those of common camas. Common camas – Flowers fairly irregular, lowest tepal segment curves out and down, away from others; tepals wither separately and expose the ovary. Howell’s triteleia (Triteleia grandiflora); formerly Brodiaea grandiflora;
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