Liliaceae and Allies

Home , Allium cernuum, Allium geyeri, Allium textile, Amaryllidaceae, Amaryllis, Anticlea (plant)

AN ILLUSTRATED KEY TO THE LILIES & ALLIES OF ALBERTA [LILIACEAE OF MOSS, 1983]

AMARYLLIDACEAE ASPARAGACEAE LILIACEAE MELANTHIACEAE TOFIELDIACEAE

Compiled and writen by Linda Kershaw & Lorna Allen

April 2019

© Linda J. Kershaw & Lorna Allen This key was compiled using informaton primarily from Moss (1983), Packer & Gould (2018), Douglas et. al. (2001) and the Flora of North America (2008-2010). Taxonomy follows VASCAN (Brouillet, 2015). Please let us know if there are ways in which the keys can be improved. The families are arranged systematcally. The 2017 S-ranks of rare species (S1; S1S2; S2; S2S3; SU, according to ACIMS, 2017) are noted in superscript (S1;S2;SU) afer the species names. For more details go to the ACIMS web site. If naturalized, exotc species are discovered in Alberta, their names would be followed by a superscript X (x). → TOFIELDIACEAE [LILIACEAE, in part] False-asphodel Family Key to Genera 01a Stems smooth; fower clusters with 1 fower/ joint; fower bractlets absent; capsules ± spherical, 2.5-3 mm; seeds (→) without appendages ...... Tofeldia pusilla 01b Stems glandular hairy (especially above); fower clusters with 3 fowers/joint; fower 1a bractlets present; capsules egg-shaped, 4-9 1b mm long; seeds ± 1 mm, tipped with (1)2 tail- like appendages ......

------...... Triantha [Tofeldia, in part] → TRIANTHA Sticky False-asphodel 01b Each seed with an infated, net-like, whitish

→ envelope (seed coat), tipped with (0)1-2 similar appendages (1 at each end) [→]; upper fowering stems with at least some coarse, cylindrical hairs 2-6X longer than wide; tepals 3-7 mm long; rare in the cordillera ...... Triantha occidentalis S1 ...... [Tofeldia glutinosa, in part] 01a Seeds lacking seed coats, tipped with 2 appendages (1 at each end; 1 twisted and

→ 2-4X long than the other [→]); upper fowering stems with coarse, cylindrical hairs <1X to 1a 1b 2X longer than wide; tepals 3.8-5 mm long; widespread in the cordillera and at scattered sites in c-ne AB ...... Triantha glutinosa ...... [Tofeldia glutinosa, in part]

3 MELANTHIACEAE 2a Bunchflower Family [Trillaceae; Liliaceae, in part] Key to Species 01a Leaves strap-like to narrowly lance-shaped, usually >5X as long as wide ...... 02 01b Leaves lance-shaped to broadly egg-shaped, ≤5X as long as wide ...... 05 02a Basal eaves numerous, tough, fbrous, in dense tussocks ...... Xerophyllum tenax 02b Leaves few, soft and easily broken, not forming tussocks ...... 03

4b 03a Flowers nodding, narrowly bell-shaped, bronze, purplish or greenish-yellow; with slender-pointed, sharply recurved tips, with a 3a small, 2-lobed gland . .Anticlea occidentalis ...... [Stenanthium occidentale] 03b Flowers mostly angled upwards, bell- to saucer-shaped, white, yellowish white or greenish white; tepals ± fat ...... 04 04a Tepals 7-10 mm long, with a dark, heart- shaped nectary gland; ovaries with fower parts attached near the middle (partly inferior); leaves usually bluish green with a pale, waxy coating, (3)5-15 mm wide . Anticlea elegans ...... [Zigadenus elegans] 04b Tepals (3)4-5(6) mm long, with a poorly defned, egg-shaped to semicircular nectary 4a gland; ovaries with fower parts attached at the base (superior); leaves 2-3(10) mm wide, yellowish green, without a pale coating ...... Toxicoscordion venenosum ...... [Zigadenus venenosus] 05a Leaves in a ring of 3 at the stem tip; fowers 5-8 cm across, 1 per stem; Waterton Lakes NP ...... Trillium ovatum S1 05b Leaves numerous, alternate on the stem; fowers 1-2(2.5) cm across, numerous in large 5b (30-70 cm), branched clusters; s-n Rockies . . 5a . Veratrum viride [Veratrum eschscholtzii]

4 AMARYLLIDACEAE Amaryllis Family [; Liliaceae, in part]

ALLIUM Onion 01a Leaves ± cylindrical, hollow (at least near the base); fower clusters ± compact, head-like; ovaries without a crest ...... Allium schoenoprasum 01b Leaves fat or channelled, not hollow; fower clusters umbrella-like (umbellate); ovaries with a crest of 6 fattened or knob-like bumps . . .2 02a Bulb coats without fbres or with parallel (not netted) fbres; fower clusters nodding ...... Allium cernuum 02b Bulb coats with netted fbres; fower clusters ± erect ...... 3

1a 03a Leaves ≥3/stalk; tips of the inner tepals erect; 2a fowers pink (usually) to white, all fertile or some/all replaced by small, bulb-like growths (bulbils); seed-coat cells each with a tiny bump (papilla); wet sites in swAB, s of Crowsnest Pass ...... Allium geyeri S2 03b Leaves 2/stalk; tips of the inner tepals spreading; fowers white (rarely pink), all fertile (bulbils absent); seed-coat cells smooth; dry sites across s-cAB ...... Allium textile

5 LILIACEAE LILY FAMILY [Colchicaceae; Uvulariaceae] Key to Genera 3a 01a Leaves strap-like or narrowly lance-shaped, usually >5X longer than wide; fruits dry . . .02 01b Leaves lance-shaped to egg-shaped, ≤5X as 2a long as wide; fruits often juicy ...... 04 02a Petals distinctly larger than sepals, yellowish white, hairy on the inner side, 2-2.5 cm long ...... Calochortus apiculatus 02b Petals and sepals all of similar size (tepals) 03 03a Plants 30-60 cm tall; fowers erect to spreading, shaped like a classic lily; tepals 5-7 cm long, red to reddish orange, dotted with purplish- black spots ...... Lilium philadelphicum 03b Plants 10-30 cm tall; fowers nodding, narrowly 3b cup-shaped; tepals 1.5-2.5 cm long, yellow to orange, with an obscure gland at the base ...... Fritillaria pudica 04a Tepals >15 mm long; fowers mostly ≤5/stem ...... 05 5a 04b Tepals <15 mm long; fowers mostly >3/stem ...... 06 05a Tepals yellow, 20-35 cm long, sharply recurved 5b at maturity; fruits 3-sided capsules ...... Erythronium grandiforum 05b Tepals white, 18-25 mm long, spreading but not sharply recurved; fruits juicy, blue berries ...... Clintonia unifora 06a Flowers in showy clusters of 5-15, very fragrant, urn-shaped, with fused tetals ...... Convallaria majalis X 06b Flowers in groups of 1-3 in leaf axils or at stem tips, bell-shaped, with separate tepals . . . .07 6a 07a Flowers greenish white or reddish, single in leaf-axils, usually hanging below leaves along the stem ...... Streptopus 07b Flowers creamy- to greenish-white, (1)2(4) at branch tips ...... Prosartes [Disporum] 7a

6 PROSARTES Fairybells [Disporum]

01a Leaves edged with scattered, fattened hairs; fruits ± spherical, covered in tiny wart-like bumps (papillose), 6-12(18)-seeded ...... 1a ...... Prosartes trachycarpa ...... [Disporum trachycarpum] 01b Leaves edged with tiny, forward-pointing hairs, sometimes rough to touch; fruits egg-shaped, not papillose, 4-seeded. . Prosartes hookeri ...... [Disporum hookeri] 1b ------

STREPTOPUS Twistedstalk 01a Plants 50-100 cm tall, freely branched; fowers greenish white; stem joints hairless ...... Streptopus amplexifolius 01b Plants <30 cm tall, simple or occasionally branched; fowers reddish; stem joints fringed 2a with hairs...... 02 02a Flowers bell-shaped, with down-curved tepals; leaf edges smooth or with irregularly spaced, 1a many-celled hairs; stems 15-40 cm tall, with 0-few branches; moist montane forest in the n Rockies ...... Streptopus lanceolatus S1 [Streptopus roseus] 02b Flowers wheel-shaped, with widely spreading tepals; leaf edges with crowded, 1-celled, semi-transparent teeth; stems 10-20 cm tall, unbranched; coniferous woodland in the Swan Hills ...... Streptopus streptopoides S1

7 ASPARAGACEAE [Agavaceae; Liliaceae, in part] Asparagus Family Key to Genera 01a Leaves scale-like, with a slender, 3-4 mm blade; plants feathery, ‘fern-like’, with tufts of thread-like, 8-15 mm long stems (cladodes); fowers in leaf axils . Asparagus offcinalis X 2a 01b Leaves with well-developed blades; plants without tufted, thread-like stems; fowers 1a usually at stem tips ...... 2 02a Leaves lance-shaped or wider, ≤5X as long as wide; fruits often juicy ...... Maianthemum ...... [including Smilicina] 02b Leaves strap-like or narrowly lance-shaped, usually >5X as long as wide; fruits dry . . . . .3 03a Petals purplish blue, ±2 cm long; leaves grass- like, hairless; wet meadows in swAB ...... 3b ...... Camassia quamash 03b Petals white to greenish white, 3-5 cm long; leaves tough, whitish at the edges with thread- like fbres; dry Mixedgrass in seAB ...... Yucca glauca S1 3a MAIANTHEMUM [Smilacina, in part] ------False Solomon-seal 01a Stems 5-20 cm tall with 2-4 leaves; rhizomes 1-2 mm thick, with roots at the joints only . . 02 01b Stems 20-100 cm tall with 7-12 leaves; rhizomes 3-14 mm thick, with scattered roots ...... 03 02a Tepals 4; leaves egg-shaped, notched to rounded at the base; moist woodlands ...... 2a 2b ...... Maianthemum canadense 02b Tepals 6; leaves lance-shaped to oval, tapered to a ± sheathing base; bogs and swamps . . . Maianthemum trifolium [Smilacina trifolia] 03a Flower clusters loosely branching, pyramidal (panicles); tepals inconspicuous, 0.5-1 mm long; leaves 9-17 x 5-8 cm; stems 30-100 cm tall; rhizomes 8-14 mm thick ...... Maianthemum amplexicaule ...... [Maianthemum racemosum ...... Smilacina racemosa] 03b Flowers in clusters elongating along a central axis (racemes); tepals conspicuous, >1 mm 3b long; leaves 5-6 x 2.5 -3.5 cm; stems 20-60 cm tall; rhizomes 3-4.5 mm thick ...... Maianthemum stellatum ...... [Smilacina stellata] 3a

8 References

Alberta Conservation Information Management System (ACIMS). 2017. List of all Vascular Plant Taxa Confrmed for Alberta as recorded in the ACIMS database - July 2017.in A. Parks, editor. ACIMS, Government of Alberta, Edmonton, AB.

Britton, N. L. and A. Brown. 1913. An illustrated fora of the northern United States and Canada. Reprinted by Dover Publications in 1970 edition. Dover Publi- cations, Inc., New York, New York.

Brouillet, L., F. Coursol, S.J. Meades, M. Favreau, M. Anions, P. Bélisle & P. Des- met. 2015. VASCAN, the Database of Vascular Plants of Canada. http:// data.canadensys.net/vascan/

Douglas, G. W., D. Meidinger, and J. Pojar. 2001. Illustrated fora of British Colum- bia. Volume 6 Monocotyledons (Acoraceae through Najadaceae). British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, British Columbia.

Flora North America Editorial Committee. 2008-10. Flora North America website. Oxford University Press. Accessed 2014-2016. www.fna.org.

Gleason, H. A. and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. 2 edition. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York.

Hitchcock, C. L., A. Cronquist, M. Ownbey, and J. W. Thompson. 1955-69. Vascular plants of the Pacifc Northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle, Washington.

Lesica, P. 2012. Manual of Montana Vascular Plants. Botanical Research Institute of Texas, Fort Worth, Texas.

Looman, J. and K. F. Best. 1979. Budd’s fora of the Canadian prairie provinces. No. 1662. Canadian Government Publishing Centre, Hull, Quebec.

Moss, E. H. 1983. Flora of Alberta. 2nd edition. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Ontario.

Packer, J. G. and A. J. Gould. 2017. Vascular Plants of Alberta Part 1: Ferns, Fern Allies, Gymnosperms, and Monocots. University of Calgary Press, Calgary, Alberta.

9 List of Species and Illustration Sources Illus. Scientfc Name Source Allium cernuum H&C Key to Illustration Sources Allium geyeri H&C Allium schoenoprasum H&C B&B = Britton, N. L. and A. Brown (1913) Allium textle H&C H&C = Hitchcock, C. L., A. Cronquist, M. Antclea elegans H&C Ownbey, and J. W. Thompson (1955-69) Antclea occidentalis H&C Asparagus ofcinalis H&C JM = John Maywood. Calochortus apiculatus H&C Camassia quamash H&C Clintonia unifora H&C Convallaria majalis B&B Erythronium grandiforum H&C Fritllaria pudica H&C Lilium philadelphicum H&C Maianthemum canadense JM Maianthemum amplexicaule H&C Maianthemum stellatum H&C Maianthemum trifolium JM Prosartes hookeri H&C Prosartes trachycarpa H&C Streptopus amplexifolius H&C Streptopus lanceolatus H&C Streptopus streptopoides H&C Tofeldia pusilla JM Toxicoscordion venenosum H&C Triantha glutnosa H&C; LK Triantha occidentalis H&C; LK Trillium ovatum H&C Veratrum viride H&C Xerophyllum tenax H&C Yucca glauca H&C

10 Index hookeri 7 Agavaceae. See Asparagaceae trachycarpa 7 Alliaceae. See Amaryllidaceae Smilacina. See Maianthemum Allium 5 racemosa. See Maianthemum cernuum 5 amplexicaule geyeri 5 trifolia. See Maianthemum trifolium schoenoprasum 5 Smilicina. See Maianthemum textile 5 Stenanthium Amaryllidaceae 5 occidentale. See Anticlea occidentalis Anticlea Streptopus 6, 7 elegans 4 amplexifolius 7 occidentalis 4 lanceolatus 7 Asparagaceae 8 streptopoides 7 Asparagus Tofeldia. See Triantha ofcinalis 8 glutinosa. See Triantha occidentalis; Calochortus See Triantha glutinosa apiculatus 6 pusilla 3 Camassia Tofeldiaceae 3 quamash 8 Toxicoscordion Clintonia venenosum 4 unifora 6 Triantha 3 Colchicaceae. See Liliaceae glutinosa 3 Convallaria occidentalis 3 majalis 6 Trillaceae. See Melanthiaceae Disporum. See Prosartes Trillium hookeri. See Prosartes hookeri ovatum 4 trachycarpum. See Prosartes Uvulariaceae. See Liliaceae trachycarpa Veratrum Erythronium eschscholtzii. See Veratrum viride grandiforum 6 viride 4 Fritillaria Xerophyllum pudica 6 tenax 4 Liliaceae 6. See also Tofeldiaceae; Yucca See also Melanthiaceae; See glauca 8 also Amaryllidaceae; See Zigadenus also Asparagaceae elegans. See Anticlea elegans Lilium venenosus. See Toxicoscordion philadelphicum 6 venenosum Maianthemum 8 amplexicaule 8 canadense 8 racemosum. See Maianthemum amplexicaule stellatum 8 trifolium 8 Melanthiaceae 4 Prosartes 6, 7 11