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T.C. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Felsefe Ve Din Bilimleri Anabilim Dali Dinler Tarihi Bilim Dali

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T.C. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Felsefe Ve Din Bilimleri Anabilim Dali Dinler Tarihi Bilim Dali T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE DİN BİLİMLERİ ANABİLİM DALI DİNLER TARİHİ BİLİM DALI ŞİNTOİZMDE İBADET Yüksek Lisans Tezi Samet YAŞKAN Ankara- 2020 T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE DİN BİLİMLERİ ANABİLİM DALI DİNLER TARİHİ BİLİM DALI ŞİNTOİZMDE İBADET Yüksek Lisans Tezi Samet YAŞKAN Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Durmuş ARIK Ankara- 2020 T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE DİN BİLİMLERİ ANABİLİM DALI DİNLER TARİHİ BİLİM DALI ŞİNTOİZMDE İBADET Yüksek Lisans Tezi Tez Danışmanı: ………………………………………. Tez Jüri Üyeleri Adı ve Soyadı: İmzası: ………………………….......... …………………………… …………………….................. ……………………………. ………………………………. …………………………..... ……………………................. …………………………….. ………………………………. ……………………............... Tez Sınavı Tarihi ..………………….. T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü’ne, Prof. Dr. Durmuş ARIK danışmanlığında hazırladığım “Şintoizmde İbadet” (Ankara/2020) adlı yüksek lisans tezimdeki bütün bilgilerin akademik kurallara ve etik davranış ilkelerine uygun olarak toplanıp sunulduğunu, başka kaynaklardan aldığım bilgileri metinde ve kaynakçada eksiksiz olarak gösterdiğimi, çalışma sürecinde bilimsel araştırma ve etik kurallarına uygun olarak davrandığımı ve aksinin ortaya çıkması durumunda her türlü yasal sonucu kabul edeceğimi beyan ederim. Tarih: 31/ 01 /2020 Samet YAŞKAN ÖNSÖZ İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nda şehirlerine atom bombası yağan Japonya’nın daha sonraki süreçlerde yaralarını iyileştirip, günümüzde ekonomi ve bilim dünyasında söz sahibi bir devlet haline gelmesi yerli ve yabancı birçok bilim insanının dikkatini çekmiştir. Bu yüzden Japonya’nın İkinci Dünya Savaş’ından sonra güçlenerek her alanda söz sahibi olmasını konu edinen çeşitli eserler kaleme alınmıştır. Ülkemizde ekonomi alanında Japonya’yı inceleyen birçok Türkçe eser bulunmakla birlikte, Şinto dini ve pratiklerini inceleyen Türkçe kaynaklar yok denebilecek kadar azdır. Bu tezde ibadet bağlamında Şintoizm’in tarihine değinilerek bilgi verilmesi, çeşitli yönlerden Şintoizm’in anlaşılması ve bundan sonraki süreçlerde Şintoizm ile ilgili hazırlanacak çalışmalara katkı sağlayabilmek amaçlanmıştır. Öncelikle tezin hazırlanmasında bilgi birikimi, yönlendirmeleri, tecrübesi ve hoşgörüsü ile özveride bulunarak desteklerini esirgemeyen tez danışmanı hocam Sayın Prof. Dr. Durmuş ARIK’a son derece müteşekkir olduğumu ifade etmek isterim. Japonca kaynakların temini ve bir Japon’nun hayatında Şintoizm’in nasıl ifade bulduğuna dair verdiği önemli bilgiler için Şinto düşünürü ve öğreticisi Sayın Kosaka TATSUYA’ya, tez yazma sürecinde desteğini esirgemeyen arkadaşım Barış YAŞAR’a, fikir alışverişinde bulunduğum arkadaşım İbrahim Emre ŞAMLIOĞLU’na, destekleri için Sayın Nurcan DİKME Hanfendi, arkadaşım Eyüp ÖZKAYA’ ya ve sevgili anneciğime teşekkürü bir borç bilirim. Samet YAŞKAN/ 2020 I İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ ......................................................................................................................... I İÇİNDEKİLER .......................................................................................................... II KISALTMALAR ....................................................................................................... V GİRİŞ .......................................................................................................................... 1 1. Tezin Konusu, Önemi ve Amacı .......................................................................... 1 2. Tezin Kapsam ve Sınırları ................................................................................... 2 3. Tezin Kaynakları ................................................................................................. 3 4. Şinto İbadetlerine Kaynaklık Eden Tabiat Fenomenleri ................................... 5 4.1 Güneş ............................................................................................................. 6 4.2 Dağ ............................................................................................................... 12 4.3 Su ................................................................................................................. 16 4.4 Ağaç ............................................................................................................. 19 4.5 Ateş .............................................................................................................. 21 4.6 Rüzgâr ......................................................................................................... 24 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM ŞİNTOİZM’DE TEMEL İBADETLER................................................................... 26 1. Şintoizm’de İbadet ve Tarihsel Gelişimi ........................................................... 26 1.1 Antik Dönem ............................................................................................... 29 1.1.1 Jomon ve Yayoi Dönemleri ..................................................................... 30 1.1.1.1 Kofun Dönemi ......................................................................................... 44 II 1.2 Klasik ve Modern Dönem ........................................................................... 57 1.2.1 Asuka, Nara ve Heian Dönemleri ve Sonrası ......................................... 57 1.2.1.1 Meiji Dönemi (ModernDönem) ve Sonrası ............................................. 74 2. Temel İbadetler ve Uygulanışı ........................................................................... 80 2.1 Arınma ........................................................................................................ 81 2.1.1 Misogi Harae Shubatsu ................................................................................ 82 2.1.1.1 Misogi ve Saikai Ritüellerinin Uygulanışı .............................................. 85 2.2 Sunu ............................................................................................................. 90 2.2.1 Sunu Ritüeli ile Kami İlişkisi ........................................................................ 91 2.2.1.1 Sunu Ritüeli Uygulanışı ........................................................................... 93 2.3 Kutlama ve Anma ....................................................................................... 98 2.4 Dua ve Dua Ritüelinin Uygulanışı .............................................................. 99 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM KUTLAMALAR ANMALAR FESTİVALLER .................................................... 105 1. Matsuri Kavramı ............................................................................................. 105 2. Geçiş Dönemi Matsurileri (Kutlama ve Anmalar) .......................................... 110 2.1 Doğum ve Çocukla ilgili Matsuriler ......................................................... 110 2.2 Evlilik ile İlgili Matsuriler ........................................................................ 115 2.3 Ölümle İlgili Matsuriler ............................................................................ 117 2. Festivaller (Gyouji) .......................................................................................... 119 2.1 Festival Takvimi........................................................................................ 120 2.2 Yıl İçinde Yapılan Festivaller (Nennchuu Gyouji) ................................... 122 III SONUÇ .................................................................................................................... 139 KAYNAKÇA ........................................................................................................... 143 ÖZET ....................................................................................................................... 159 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ 160 IV KISALTMALAR M.Ö. : Milattan Önce M.S. : Milattan Sonra Bkz.: Bakınız Çev. : Çeviren s. : Sayfa v.dgr. : Ve diğerleri e.t. : Erişim Tarihi V GİRİŞ 1. Tezin Konusu, Önemi ve Amacı Bu çalışmanın konusunu Şintoizm ve belli başlı Şinto ritüelleri oluşturmaktadır. Tezin amacı ise Japonya ve Japon olmakla ilişkilendirilen ve tamamen Japonya’ya özgü bir din olan Şintoizm ve Şinto ritüellerinin belli sınırlar dâhilinde tanıtılmasıdır. Japon kültürü hakkında net bir bilgi sahibi olmak için Şinto geleneği ve ilgili ritüelleri hakkında genel olarak bilgi sahibi olunması gerekmektedir. Zira Şintoizm, sistemik kurumlardan oluşmuş teolojik ve felsefi argümanlar ile temellendirilmiş bir öğreti veya disipline sahip olmaktan çok, Japon olmakla ilgili kültürel bir durum ve anlayışı temsil etmektedir.1Şintoizm’de sekizinci yüzyıldan önce yazılı dinsel metinlerin olmayışı ve formüle edilmiş dogmatik inançlarının bulunmaması gibi nedenler yüzünden bir din olup olmadığı hususunda tartışmalar gelişmiştir. 2 Bu yüzden Japon kültürü hakkında bilgi sahibi olmak için Şinto geleneği hakkında da bilgi sahibi olmak gerekmektedir. Yahudilik, Hristiyanlık ve İslam gibi teolojik temelli ve belli bir disipline sahip dinler ile karşılaştırıldığında, Şintoizm’in herhangi bir evrensellik iddiasının olmadığı anlaşılmakta ve bu din dinler tarihçileri tarafından milli yada geleneksel dinler arasında değerlendirilmektedir. Tezin temel amacı, Japonya ile yakın ilişkiler içerisinde olan Türkiye’de Japon kültürünün Şinto dini ve ritüelleri vasıtasıyla anlaşılmasına katkı sağlamaktır. Türkiye’nin Japonya ile yakın ilişkiler kurmaya başlaması, Osmanlı İmparatoru Sultan İkinci Abdülhamit döneminden itibarendir. O dönemde Japon
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