Reflections on the Joint Cultivation of Undergraduate Animation Education in China and Thailand

Home , Chiang Mai University, Thai animation, Thonburi University

International Journal of Learning and Teaching Vol. 6, No. 2, June 2020

Chaochu Xiang Chengdu University, Chengdu, China Email: [email protected]

Abstract—In recent years, with the advancement of the “The between the countries has further promoted the Belt and Road”, the cooperation between China and ASEAN cross-border exchange of education. Therefore, the countries is increasingly close, and the cross-border exchange international cooperation pattern of higher education in the of education between China and ASEAN has been further cross-cultural perspective has strong research significance. promoted. This article will research targeted at In this article, the research objective is located in Thailand, undergraduate animation education in Thailand. By studying the current educational pattern of the animation major in which in the center of the ASEAN region. This paper takes Thai universities and exploring the roots of the existing issues, the undergraduate animation majors of Chiang Mai combining the characteristics of the animation major in the University and Assumption University as the background, College of Chinese & ASEAN Arts, try to put forward some and analyzes their professional positioning and ideas for the construction of a collaborative cultivating characteristics of the undergraduate animation curriculum. curriculum system for Chinese and Thai undergraduate Combined with the current situation of cooperative talents. In order to provide some useful thoughts for the education with Thailand and the characteristics of future development of international educational cooperation animation major of College of Chinese & ASEAN Arts, based on the College of Chinese & ASEAN Arts. this research tries to put forward the construction  Index Terms—China-ASEAN academy of Arts, animation conceptions of the animation talent cultivation pattern, and undergraduate talents, international collaborative education provides corresponding thinking for further to improving the collaborative cultivation system of international talents in the future. I. INTRODUCTION II. STATUS OF UNDERGRADUATE CURRICULUM SYSTEM With the steady improvement of China's comprehensive FOR ANIMATION MAJOR IN THAI UNIVERSITIES strength and international influence in the world over the past decade, China's cooperation with neighboring Chiang Mai University and Assumption University are countries has become increasingly close. The ten ASEAN both the top universities in Thailand. The undergraduate countries, as the priority direction of China’s peripheral animation course system of these two universities, diplomacy, are also the key construction areas of the “The representing two different models of animation talent Belt and Road”. The B & Initiative, which is a cultivation in Thailand. Therefore, focusing on the development strategy proposed by Chinese President Xi animation curriculum system of these two universities has Jinping that focuses on connectivity and cooperation with strong research value. investments of billions in railway lines, pipelines, and ports, A. Chiang Mai University could provide a boost for cultural exchanges, international Animation and Visual Effects department of Chiang commercial cooperation, and also for insurance. With the Mai University is under the administered of the College of establishment of the China-ASEAN Free Trade Area, the Arts, Media and Technology. The undergraduate ASEAN region is becoming China's most dynamic partner. Animation department of Chiang Mai University almost According to the data released by the Chinese General focuses on cultivating talents of Two - Dimensional & Administration of Customs on March 7, 2020, the total Three - Dimensional Animation and Visual Effects. As value of China-ASEAN trade between January and shown in Table I, the curriculum system consists of 10 core February 2020 was 594.11 billion yuan, accounting for courses, 12 major courses and 30 major electives courses. 14.4% of China's total foreign trade value. This is the first The teaching method is based on the traditional time the ASEAN region has surpassed the European Union face-to-face teaching and assisted by some network and the United States, it has historically become China's teaching resources. After the first 3 semesters of basic largest trading partner. The high degree cooperation courses, students can choose two major directions such as

Animation and Visual Effects by themselves. Manuscript received March 19, 2020; revised May 27, 2020.

TABLE I. THE CURRICULUM STRUCTURE OF CHIANG MAI UNIVERSITY disorderly. As a result, students not only have insufficient ANIMATION MAJOR [1] learning intensity, but are also prone to confusion during Type of the course Count Percentage the learning process. Meanwhile, the curriculum setting of Core Courses 10 15.6% Visual Effects was unreasonable. All the courses of 5 Major Courses (Animation) 12 18.8% semesters, there was only one Rotoscope with 60 credit Major Courses (Visual Effect) 12 18.8% hours is the software course with the content of visual Major Electives Courses 30 46.8% effect, and the intensity was obviously insufficient.  Be short of the theoretical courses There are four advantages of the undergraduate As a public comprehensive university, there is a lack of animation major curriculum system of Chiang Mai animation theory research courses in the animation University: curriculum system of Chiang Mai University, and there is  Reasonable education process also a lack of creative courses in the curriculum system. The animation major curriculum system of Chiang Mai Only the animation major has a 60 credit hours course University is reasonable and covers a comprehensive range “Artistic Conception and Digital Creativity”, and among of Two - Dimensional & Three - Dimensional Animation 30 professional optional courses, there are only 3 courses professional skills. emphasize on creative design.  Practical teaching The talent cultivation method of Chiang Mai In the first semester of the senior year, the college University's animation major is more representative in arranged a 120 credit hours commercial work integration Thai public comprehensive universities: Mahidol course, which practiced students' graduation design before University, Prince Songkhla University and other public the actual teaching mode of the project, which with institutions have the similar talent training ideas. favorable teaching effect. B. Assumption University  High-quality elective courses Unlike the public universities, the private Assumption There is a high openness of elective courses for University has established an independent secondary animation majors. Not only some elective courses have college for the animation major - Computer Generated high relevance and extensibility with core courses and Imagery. Assumption University’s undergraduate major in major courses, but also some interesting contents such as animation is more pragmatic than that of Chiang Mai “Cosplay Design for Animation Cosplay” and “Toy and University, which emphasize on the practical training of Souvenir Product Design” are set up. Higher-Quality Three - Dimensional Animation and Visual  Excellent hardware Effect applied technology talents. After the first 4 The college provides a favorable environment and semesters of basic courses, students can choose two major hardware guarantee for the animation major, and each class directions such as Animation and Visual Effects by is arranged with a corresponding professional classroom. themselves. We could see the course structure of the In addition to classroom teaching, the specialized animation major at Assumption University in Table II. professional classroom can also undertake a series of learning activities such as students' homework, exercises TABLE II. THE CURRICULUM STRUCTURE OF ASSUMPTION UNIVERSITY and self-study. Professional classrooms usually have a ANIMATION MAJOR [2] good learning atmosphere, and each classroom is equipped Type of the course Count Percentage with a responsible teacher. Students can also participate in Core Course 12 30% some exercises of teachers' business projects according to Major Required Courses 16 40% their own will. Major Electives Courses (Animation) 5 12.5% And there are three deficiencies in the curriculum system of the undergraduate animation major of Chiang Major Electives Courses (Visual Effect) 5 12.5% Mai University: Free Electives Courses 2 5%  Lack of relevance In the first three semesters, there is an obvious low The undergraduate talent training program of Computer relationship between the content of the course group and Generated Imagery in Assumption University which has the professional skills of animation. Among the 11 four advantages. professional courses, there are 8 basic general art courses,  Relatively reasonable curriculum system and only 3 of them involve animation content. The animation curriculum system at Assumption  Unreasonable courses University is more reasonable. Among the 18 professional There are certain issues in the curriculum setting of the basic courses in the first 4 semesters, only 5 courses are professional direction. The distinction between the Two - basic general art courses, and 13 courses are animation Dimensional and Three - Dimensional courses in the courses. Besides, the sequence, difficulty and logical animation professional direction is blurred, the teaching relationship of the above courses have been carefully force of the two animation categories is averaged in a considered and gradually deepened. Before the division of limited class time, and the Two - Dimensional & Three - the majors, students were fully aware of the technical Dimensional Animation professional courses are arranged characteristics and quality requirements of these two

majors, and the major division courses were also precisely Major electives courses, which their content is highly designed. compatible with the core courses. Therefore, the content of  Emphasize hybrid education major elective courses is so limited that could only be used There are obvious advantages of the hybrid classroom in as an auxiliary to the core courses, which could hardly the animation major of Assumption University over the broaden the horizons of students. traditional teaching method. The rotating hybrid model  Lack of the research courses emphasizes an interactive teaching method that organically Assumption University’s animation major is even more mixes face-to-face teaching, online courses, offline lacking in creative training than Chiang Mai University. self-study, online discussion and other teaching There is only one “Thailand Creativity” in all of the technologies, and turns to students based on knowledge courses, which solidifies the students ’creative thinking in points. In particular, the animation subject naturally needs the local culture. Obviously, under this single to rely on a lot of network resources, so hybrid teaching high-intensity professional skills education mode, what pattern can achieve better teaching results. level of research ability can students be cultivated.  Linked with the industry The talent cultivation pattern of Assumption Assumption University was founded as a business University's animation major is more representative in academy; the college attaches great importance to the Thai private university: Thonburi University, Silpakorn combination of production and education. Not only University, Kantana Film and Animation Institute, and integrated marketing and business operation lessons into other private institutions have the similar talent cultivation the curriculum system, but also arranged the students to ideas. collaborate in groups at the first semester, and carried out group practice of project system in subsequent III. ROOTS OF THE ISSUES IN THAI ANIMATION professional courses such as “Computer Graphics Design EDUCATION Studio I-V” to simulate the working environment after According to Dr. Dong liping’s research: The graduation in advance. cultivation of talents in universities is closely related to  High-intensity practice training industrial transformation and upgrading and industrial In junior year summer vacation students have 120 hours technological progress in the process of national of the CGI practice courses. The university is responsible modernization. [3] And based on the theory of "Industry for transferring students to Three - Dimensional Animation influences specialty, professional service for industry", the and Visual Effects companies which have signed various unreasonable talent training models of Thai cooperation agreements for internship, through the high university animation undergraduates are generally affected intensity of actual combat training to improve students' by the immature Thai animation industry. skills and provided a basis for the senior graduation design. Although Thai animation used to be highly influential, Similarly, there are four shortcomings in the training Thai animation pioneers such as Saney Klaykleum, Payout program for animation undergraduates at Assumption Ngaokrachang, and other Thai animation founder have University. created a series of original animations with obvious Thai  Over-emphasis on the industry art characteristics since 1945. Among them, hand-painted The teaching content is relatively single, and excessive animation film based on mythological themes in 1979: the emphasis is placed on the combination of production and highly artistic master piece “The Adventures of education. The core idea of Assumption University's Sudsakorn” which was famous in the world. However, the animation professional course is to provide high-quality current Thai animation industry is not only in the last team animation production personnel for enterprises, which has of Southeast Asia, but also at the weak link of the global some characteristics of higher vocational education to a animation industry chain structure. Although Thailand has certain extent, and lack of the training which ordinary a long history of animation, its animation industry has universities should have to develop students' developed rapidly in the past decade: 74% of animation comprehensive skills and research ability. companies were founded in the last 10 years, and 28% of  Ignore the diversity them were founded in 4-6 years.[4] Because the industry is Abandoned other professional directions of animation, relatively young, most companies are directly integrating only focusing on the field of Three - Dimensional their business with the popular 3d Animation. According to animation and film & television special effects. At the level statistics from Southeast Asia Animation Report 2018: of two-dimensional animation, only one course "more than half of the respondents said 3d Animation is 2-dimensional foundation was set up, which only explains their main business, followed by 2d Animation, Visual the motion rules to assist the action binding for Effects, Modeling and Artwork." And most Thai animation three-dimensional animation courses, and have not companies are only engaged in outsourced foundry work, considered any course about the comic, illustration, and and only a few number of companies that insist on creating conception design. This inevitably results in students' lack original animation. In 1996, Sayoko Kinoshita, the director of comprehensive understanding of the entire animation of the Hiroshima International Animation Festival, subject. interviewed Thai animation workers. She gave a high  Professional electives are scarce evaluation of Thai animation technology, but she thought Major elective courses are relatively scarce. Only 10 that the final work lacked creativity and innovation. [5]

Meanwhile, based on the close combination of economy ensuring educational results.” [7] According to this theory, and culture between Thailand and Japan, the Thai if we need to construct a reasonable theoretical conception animation market is also severely squeezed by Japanese of international education system between China and animation. The excellent Japanese animation, comic, and Thailand, we should analyze the fundamental guarantee peripheral products are extremely popular in Thailand. and advantages in the College of Chinese & ASEAN Arts This makes the creation of Thai original animations to be first. more difficult. The famous Thai animation director The College of Chinese & ASEAN Arts is located in Chalida Uabumrungjit convinces: "Thai animation is Chengdu, the national central city in southwestern China, hardly considered a serious business. Animation is just a which has the innate geographical advantage of short filling between two TV series, it is severely squeezed international cooperation with Thailand. Furthermore, by other cultural programs." [6] School of Film Television and Animation, the secondary According to this situation, although Thailand has a academy which under the College of Chinese & ASEAN relatively large domestic market for animation, except for Arts, has mature international education capabilities. The functional animation such as work products, advertising, School of Film and Animation not only has the medical treatment, etc., Thailand ’s original animation is qualifications to recruit undergraduate and postgraduate extremely small: Since the release of “The Adventures of students from the ASEAN region, but also has already Sudsakorn” 39 years later, Thailand has completed the established a variety of international cooperation second animation film “The Legend of Muay Thai: Nine agreements with University of New Hampshire, Waikato Satra.” At present, only a few Thai animation companies Institute of Technology, Chiang Mai University and other have their own original intellectual property, and these international universities. They through joint training, Thai original animations are also in the misunderstanding teacher-student exchange, project development, short-term which Chinese animation has once fallen into: most of the study tours, etc. Various forms continue to strengthen original animation are children's theme, and only a few of international exchanges and cooperation. the animation tries to tell some other story which fall into In addition, the Animation Department of the School of the "national animation" cycle, focusing on the accumulate Film and Animation has strong power: it was approved as a Thai cultural symbols in the animation, but not in the national specialty of China in 2010, was rated as a five-star scriptwriter with careful consideration on connotation and level major in 2016, and was awarded the first-class emotional expression. In addition, due to the construction major in Sichuan Province in 2019; the characteristics of domestic language and monoculture in academy has a provincial-level professional animation Thailand, these original animations, which are relatively academic theoretical research institution: Sichuan rare, show a strong localization trend. Therefore, it is Animation Research Center, and the provincial difficult for them to have a strong cultural appeal and have collaborative innovation platform: Sichuan Animation an international impact. Cooperative Innovation Center. The Animation The characteristics of the Thai animation industry Department has a well-functioning teaching staff: explain why there are many issues in the curriculum system including 3 professors, 5 associate professors, 12 lecturers on the animation major of the Thai universities represented and 2 teaching assistants. Among them, the proportion of by Chiang Mai and Assumption University. So what kind teachers with “double capability” qualifications are as high of international cooperation concept should we use to as 80%, In addition, there are 5 teachers with overseas achieve simultaneous progress in China-Thailand education background of doctoral education in Thailand. animation education? The philosophy of running undergraduate animation program in College of Chinese & ASEAN Arts is unique. IV. THE INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION BASED ON Comprehensive coverage in the animation professional COLLEGE OF CHINESE & ASEAN ARTS direction: including Two - Dimensional animation, Three - A series of existed issues of the animation education Dimensional animation, Comic Design and Experimental which in Thai universities have made the educators of Animation. The curriculum system covers the professional Thailand start to consider about the solutions, the skills teaching with the whole process of the above four international cultivation is an effective approach. China types of professional division from conception and and Thailand have a long history of friendly exchanges. creativity, script splitting, pre-design, mid-term production, With the comprehensive improvement of China's national and post-visual effects. In addition, the Animation strength, studying in China has become the first choice for Department clearly divides the cultivation categories of more and more Siamese students. In this context, we animation talents. According to the students' personal should be clear compared with the numerous university qualities, strengths and choices, we will provide targeted which have the animation major in China, what advantages support for the "3.0 module". In other words, students can does the College of Chinese & Asean Arts have? choose the suitable development direction in these three-talent cultivation pattern of creativity, research and A. The Fundamental Guarantee and Advantages in the application technology. In this regard, the animation College of Chinese & ASEAN Arts department will provide comprehensive collaborative Johann Friedrich Herbart believes: “The guarantee of assistance to students' learning, research and creation fundamental conditions in the schools, is a prerequisite for through the teachers' professional studios, Sichuan

Animation Research Center and Sichuan Animation the international cooperation with Thailand is still in the Cooperative Innovation Center. preliminary stage: Thailand academia, the industry now Focusing on the cultivation of creative ability is the core knows about our animation professional relative few, concept of the animation major of the College of Chinese therefore, there is still a large space to expand the & ASEAN Arts. And the academy attaches great international education of our academy. With the influence importance to the development of comic major: because of China's "The Belt and Road" construction in the comic is not only the source of animation, but also requires ASEAN region, the promotion of animation education in the highest professional intensity of required creative the international arena, and the historical opportunity for ability. In mature animation industry systems, such as the re-emergence of Chinese animation, our academy Japanese and American, comics have always at the core should further establish its professional brand in the position of their animation industries. After successfully ASEAN region. However, the effects of professional attracting audiences through the first market operation of brands need to rely on actual teaching quality. original comics, they are gradually adapted into television Improve the teaching quality between the animation, movie animation, OVA & ONA animation, China-ASEAN College of Art and Thailand's colleges in games, and even live action film in order to ensure the animation. For the international cooperation education, the smooth implementation of the secondary market operation, first issue is language. In recent years, there has been a finally form an enormous product system with the common certain degree of language barriers among Thai intellectual property. Only when the industry has an international students which in China. In the view of these enough proportion of creative animation professionals, the categories international education pattern mentioned outstanding animation can continue to be raised. The core above, we should consider the language problems of conception of this animation strategy that has been tested overseas students in a targeted manner: First of all, the by Japan and the United States for nearly half a century is " undergraduate international students should have a Creativity is the first, content is the king". This is Not only detailed understanding of their learning at the time of the philosophy admired by the animation major of College enrollment. We can moderately increase their HSK test of Chinese & ASEAN Arts, but it is also a worthy score line and review them through interviews. Secondly, consideration for Thai animation education. for the undergraduate exchange students and short-term project cooperation students, it is recommended to B. Suggestions on the International Cultivation of implement English-Chinese bilingual integration. Because Chinese and Thailand Animation Cooperation Thai universities generally emphasize the components of The cultivation of Chinese and Thai undergraduate English in daily teaching, some universities represented by animation professionals’ talents can be expanded based on Assumption, Mahidol, and Ramkhamhaeng University are the current international education-running framework of carrying out the whole English teaching. When Thai the College of Chinese & ASEAN Arts. In the future, we students have a temporary communication problem in can consider the implementation of three modes such as Chinese, English can be an alternative supplementary plan. undergraduate international students, undergraduate In the professional education filed, we should consider exchange students, and short-term cooperative training the teaching concepts of cognitivism and constructivism, programs. Undergraduate international students continue on the basis of ensuring the current teaching characteristics to recruit qualified Thai high school graduates with of animation majors, and according to the specific learning reference to the current operating plan. Undergraduate process of Thai students, we can consider developing five exchange students can consider signing a mutual credit mixed teaching models such as rotation, flex, self-blend, recognition agreement with more institutions in Thailand online driver and online lab model. These five teaching to implement a policy of excellent student exchange. For models do not have a specific traditional classroom and short-term project cooperation, the difference between the online learning collaboration mechanism, which are used Thai university system and the Chinese university can be appropriately to ensure that international students can used. During the vacation season in Thailand from April to obtain the expected learning effect. Based on the neglect of June, Thai animation teachers could lead the the research and creative ability of students in Thai undergraduate students to Chengdu for academic animation major, in addition to the corresponding teaching exchanges. Based on the above framework, the author links in the curriculum system, the academy should also intends to propose the following ideas: take the platform advantages from Sichuan Animation Determine the brand status of College of Chinese & Research Center and Sichuan Animation Cooperative ASEAN Arts’ animation major in Southeast Asia, and Innovation Center to vigorously expand the corresponding promote the progress to further expand our school's capabilities of Thai students. influence and publicity in Thailand. In information era, the At the same time, we should also pay attention to the concept of brand has expanded from business to multiple impact of cultural differences between China and Thailand. fields. In the education sector, the construction of brand Robert E. Slavin believes: “The specific psychology and specialty has become a trend of major universities in China behavior formed by students growing up in a specific to present their own core competitiveness. The animation cultural background have an important impact on major of College of Chinese & ASEAN Arts has formed a classroom teaching.” [8] Based on different cultural famous brand in China and has a good reputation. However, backgrounds, international students are prone to problems

such as insufficient local life and difficulties in integration. collaborative cultivation of animation talents between In addition, the unfamiliar environment of the eastern China and Thailand. nations in foreign countries usually tends to gather their natives, lacks the motive to actively participate and CONFLICT OF INTEREST integrate into the local life, and has the psychological basis The authors declare no conflict of interest. to choose to stay away from local customs. According to Suhomlinski's pedagogical theory: "In the collective, ACKNOWLEDGMENT everyone is under the education of others. Students exert mutual educational influence in the campus, and can even This work was supported in part by the Chengdu play a more effective role than teachers." [9] We can make University's 2019 Education Reform Project "Research the following solutions: Initially, we can try to provide Practices of International Animation Talent Cooperative Thai students with elective courses on cross-cultural Training System for ASEAN Countries" No. communication so that they can understand, adapt, and cdjgb2019014. love Chinese culture. Then the academy should try to adjust the current management mode of setting up REFERENCES professional classes for international students separately, [1] Curriculum System of Chiang Mai University Animation Major. gradually adjust to mixed classes with Chinese and Thai [Online]. Available: https://www.cmu.ac.th/en/Faculty/course_detail/b72e3e34-43be-4 students, or even arrange for Chinese and Thai students to 6ab-b279-2cb85531dcae live together to relieve the isolation psychological effect of [2] Curriculum System of Assumption University Animation Major. the international students. And we should also pay [Online] Available: attention to mixing Chinese and Thai students in the same http://www.au.edu/index.php/study-programs/undergraduate-prog rams/87-communication-arts-1/2307-department-of-computer-gen work team, through the positive influence to help Thai erated-imagery-1.html#first-year students in cultural confusion into the environment of [3] D. Liping, The Transformation and Development of Local studying abroad. Finally, Thai students should be Colleges and Universities and the Establishment of Colleges and encouraged to take part in various professional Universities of Applied Science, Educational Research, Aug. 2014, competitions to bring more active learning motivation to p. 68. [4] 2018 Southeast Asia Animation Report, Malaysia Digital Economy them with actual learning results. Corporation SDN BHD, 2018. Encourage teachers from College of Chinese & ASEAN [5] J. A.·Lent, Animation in Asia and the Pacific, Indiana University Arts to study and communicate in Thailand. On the one Press, 2001, p. 239. hand, through on-the-spot investigations to understand the [6] C. Uabumrungjit, Much ado about Amination, The Nation, 1996. [7] J. Fried Herbart, Allgemeine Pädagogik aus dem Zweck der actual situation of the animation education in Thailand, to Erziehung Abgeleitet, bey Johann Friedrich Röwer Ort, Göttingen, be better understood the learning background of Thai 1806, p. 45. students, in order to formulate more reasonable and [8] R. E. Slavin, Educational Psychology - Theory and Practice, Post targeted teaching design. On the other hand, through & Telecom Press, 2016. [9] S. Kongyi, Suhomlinski's Educational Doctrine, People’s cross-border academic exchanges, the brand and impact Education Press, 2018, p. 64 effectiveness of the College of Chinese & ASEAN Arts in Thailand will be further expanded. Copyright © 2020 by the authors. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits use, distribution and reproduction in V. CONCLUSION any medium, provided that the article is properly cited, the use is Through the research of the current undergraduate non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made. animation professional education program in Thailand, Xiang Chaochu was born on December 8, and the analysis of the existing problems, we can see that 1984 in Chengdu, China. He is Vice Director both the Thai animation education and the Thai animation and Associate Professor of the Animation industry are still in the exploration stage that China has Department of College of Chinese & ASEAN experienced. Therefore, it is of great significance to learn Arts, Chengdu University. The main research background of Professor from Chinese experience for the Thai animation which is in Xiang is Japanese animation, animation urgent need of breakthrough. Under the background of sociology, animation industry and so on. His "The Belt and Road" gradually advancing, the gradual main academic research results: The Success of popularization of education internationalization, and the Japanese Anime from the Perspective of Gundam, Chinese Core Journal Criterion of PKU, Movie Literature, re-emergence of Chinese animation, China and Thailand Vol.511, pp.73. The Sword and Traditional Culture in Japanese Anime, Exchange and Education Cooperation based on the Chinese Core Journal Criterion of PKU, Movie Literature, Vol.612, College of Chinese & ASEAN Arts has made a lot of pp.73. The Function of TV Animation in Japanese Industry, CSSCI progress in recent years, but there is still need to be Journal, Contemporary Cinema, Vol. 249, pp. 161, and A Brief Analysis on Japanese Otaku Culture from Perspective of Animation Anthropology, improved. It is hoped that this research can provide some CSSCI Journal, Contemporary Cinema, Vol. 280, pp. 150 useful thoughts for the future development of international