Elizabeth's Letter to Wanli, Emperor of China

APPENDIX 1

Elizabeth’s Letter to Wanli, Emperor of China

April–May 1602

This missive from Elizabeth to the Ming emperor of China, as recently demonstrated by Rayne Allinson, was the same letter the navigator George Weymouth (fl. 1587–1611) carried with him on his unsuccessful voyage in search of a North-West passage to Asia, a journey which had been sponsored by the newly chartered East India Company.1 Weymouth left London on 2 May 1602 with two ships, the Discovery and the Godspeed, but was forced to return early in August due to the extreme frost and storms encountered in the Davis Strait, between southeastern Baffin Island (now Canada) and southwestern Greenland. As Allinson explains, this was not the first attempt at correspondence with the far East:

The letter Weymouth carried with him (and eventually brought back unde- livered) was the third Elizabeth had addressed to the Emperor of China: the first was sent out in 1583, the second in 1596 and the last in 1602. Each letter was carried by a different crew of English merchant-adventurers deter- mined to tap into the lucrative trade in silks, spices and porcelain that flowed from the fabled land of Cathay. None of them were successful. Copies and translations of Elizabeth’s first two letters were published by the geographer Richard Hakluyt in his Principal Navigations ... to encourage further public investment in overseas trade and exploration.2

This ‘letter’ is, in fact, a composite object. The exquisitely ornamented English text, penned on vellum, was accompanied by Italian, Latin and Portuguese translations, on paper. At least the first three were written

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 251 Carlo M. Bajetta, Elizabeth I: Italian Letters, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-43553-8 252 APPENDIX 1: ELIZABETH’S LETTER TO WANLI, EMPEROR OF CHINA by the same hand. The fact that the miscellaneous costs associated with Weymouth’s journey included £6. 13s. 4d given ‘to Mr Seger for writing her Maiestie’s lettres to the Emperor of China and Cathay’ proves that this man was the Norroy King of Arms William Segar.3 That this letter was not entirely produced by members of staff of the Elizabethan ‘Foreign Office’ need not stupefy. England’s relations with Russia, the Ottoman Empire and Asia were established primarily to further the interests of its merchants. The exchange of royal letters was crucial to the maintenance of such relations; little wonder that establishments such as, in this case, the East India Company, were asked to contribute to the cost of embellishing these missives. Precedents included the messages sent to Turkey in 1595/6, when Thomas Lake reported to Robert Cecil that Elizabeth had signed the letters to ‘the Turk’ which the Secretary had left with him. Lake suggested to

giue warning to the marchants to haue some silke redy for the sealing of them for the Clarkes of the privy Seale are loth to beare the Charge who will to morrow to attend your honour and my Lord for the Seale. These lettres are accustomed to be sealed with the privy Seale.4

Segar, a scrivener, painter of both miniatures and portraits en large, and an artist once patronized by the Earl of Leicester,5 did a marvellous job, and it is a pity that copyright reasons have prevented the reproduc- tion of this item here. While still a lovely example of Cancelleresca, the Italian version was certainly less splendid, at least as far as its contents were concerned. This text, not signed by Elizabeth, is quite evidently a rather hurried and literal translation of the English. It presents a number of errors, mostly related to the failure to recognise the difference between singulars and plurals in ‘e’ / ‘i’ (cf., for example, ‘Inuincibili Emperadore’ and ‘diuerse et particulare relatione’ or ‘delle nostre proprie Subiettj’ in the first lines of the letter) and to a confusion with some English forms (see e.g., ‘Clymato’ for ‘climate’). It seems unlikely that Segar, a professional scribe, would provide such a careless transcript—or that he would not amend at least some of the major inconsistencies of style. Both his and the original composer’s knowledge of Italian must have been, therefore, quite limited. Adding the Latin, Italian, and Portuguese translations to the English text was, however, a crucial element for the success of the voyage itself. If the first was the standard of international diplomacy (together with APPENDIX 1: ELIZABETH’S LETTER TO WANLI, EMPEROR OF CHINA 253

French, which was used less outside Europe), the latter two were the languages of the earlier explorers to China from Marco Polo to Jorge Álvares. More recently, the Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci (1552–1610), earned himself a reputation as one of the few foreigners who had managed not only to learn Chinese, but also to immerse himself in the culture of that country, to the point that the imperial government allowed him to establish a missionary residence in Beijing. Interestingly, however, it was Portuguese which became the lingua franca of the Jesuit missions to the Ming Empire.6 It may be that Elizabeth knew and approved of the idea of attaching documents in languages other than English: she signed the vellum letter ‘Elizabetta R,’ as if to provide an international version of her name, which would, of course, attune to the Romance language texts which accompanied the beautifully penned missive. Whatever its ‘authorial’ status, and pace its linguistic shortcomings, the Italian letter to Wanli is further evi- dence of the importance which this language had in Elizabethan international diplomatic correspondence at the end of Elizabeth’s reign.

Texts Lancashire Record Office, DDSH 15/3, items 1–4. The English letter, on vellum (Lc1; addressed on the verso ‘To the Right | High, Mighty, and Invincible | Emperour of Cathaye), is followed by its Latin, Portuguese and Italian (Lc2) versions, all on paper. Allinson provides a good descrip- tion of Lc1:

The [English] letter itself measures 433mm x 517mm (c.17 by c.20 inches), and is made of high quality parchment, which may explain why its colors have been so vividly preserved. The borders are luxuriously painted (or ‘limned,’ to use the contemporary term) with red ink and traced with an intricate foliage-pattern of gold. A large initial ‘E’ for ‘Elizabeth’ is skill- fully drawn in a pattern of overlapping and interlacing loops reminiscent of a Celtic-knot, and hangs in the top left corner of the letter, forming an emblematic handle for the banner-like border that hangs from it. ... It is written in a very readable secretary hand, and begins with an enlarged initial line (also drawn in red and gold) that reads: ‘Elizabeth, by the Grace of God Queen.’ The rest of the text is written in brown ink, except for an initial ‘W’ for the royal ‘We’ of the first sentence following the address, and for every ‘M’ introducing the word ‘Majesty,’ which are in gold.7 254 APPENDIX 1: ELIZABETH’S LETTER TO WANLI, EMPEROR OF CHINA

In the Italian text printed below only errors which may hinder its understanding (including the widespread confusion between singular and plural endings) have been corrected. In the original, ‘u’ (also when meant ‘v’) appears as ‘ŭ’ throughout; this has been ignored in the tran- scription. No further effort has been made to regularise the spelling of this manuscript.

Elizabeth’s Italian Letter To Wanli—Lc2 ELIZABETHA, Per la gracia di Dio, Regina D’Inghilterra, Francia et Irlandia, Defensatrice de la fede etcaetera./ Al molto Potente et Inuincibile Emperadore di Cathaya Noi habbiamo riceuutto diuerse et particulari relationi, cossi bene delli 5 nostri propri Subiettj come d’altri; quali hanno visitato in parte l’Imperio et Signorie di sua Maiesta; per meggio di che s’hanno raportato cossj bene sua invincible grandezza, come suo Amoreuole tractamento a stragneri che frequentano nel vostro Regno, con traffico de mercantie: Il che ha prouocato, et mosso in noj vn desiderio, per trouare vna più propinqua 10 via di passagio per mare verso vostre Contrade, di cio che vsualmente sin a hora e stato frequentato, et stimato; compassando la maggiore parte del Mondo; Perquale più vicino passagio, non solamente opportunita dj commerci, et traficho dj mercantie, puote essere offerto tra li subi- ectj dj Ambiduoj nostri Regni, ma anchora mutuale lega et Amicitia potra 15 incominciare a crescere, et continuare tra sua Maiesta, et nostre contrade, et signorie, essendo nelle loro distancie /o/ situationi, non cossi longo separate ne allontanate /ò/ discoste, come bene sono strangie, et incognutte a vno l’altre per ragione del longo, et tedioso corso

2 Inuincibile] Inuincibili Lc2 4 particulari relationi] particulare relatione Lc2 4–5 delli nostri propri] delle nostre proprie Lc2 7 suo] sua Lc2 10–11 sin a hora] sina hora Lc2 13 commerci] commercie Lc2 puote] puole Lc2 le] li Lc2 14 lega] legue Lc2 15 nostre] nostri Lc2 16 situationi] cituatione Lc2 17–18 separate... altre] separato ne allontanato /ò/ discosto, come bene sono strangio, et incognutto a vno l’altro Lc2 18 del longo, et tedioso corso] delle longe, et tediose corsso Lc2

17 strangie: rather than witnessing a linguistic interference of the English ‘strange,’ this form is attested in Italian; cf. Vocabolario della Crusca, 4th ed., s.v. ‘strangio’. 18 incognutte: i.e., ‘incognute,’ ‘incognite.’ APPENDIX 1: ELIZABETH’S LETTER TO WANLI, EMPEROR OF CHINA 255 di nauigatione, vsato sin qui di questa parte verso voj, a che fine habiamo per lo passato assai anni fa, et in diuerse tempi dapoi, fatto electione 20 d’alcuni di nostri Subiecti (sendo Popolo per natura inclinato a grande Dissegni) per scoperire Contrade, et Regni incognuttj, et posto essi in mane per il trouar fuori dj qualche piu vicino passaggio per mare, nelle Contrade di soa Maiesta, per il Septentrionale, /o/ Orientale parte del Mondo, in che sin qui non preualendo, et che alcune delle loro naui, 25 mai non ritornarono, ne sentito di esse dopo il partire de qui, et altre che ritornarono essendo impedite del destinato viaggio, per il Giazzato, et fredo intollerabile, di quello Clymato: Habbiamo pur anco di nouo del nostro bramoso desiderio, a fare saggio /ò/ proua, di quanto pos- sibile sara, di fare performare all’ultimo, vna più propinqua discoperta 30 delle vostre Contrade, Preparato et messo fuora duoj Pichole Naui, sotto la directione dj vno nostro Subiecto et Seruo Georgio Waymouth, sendo il Principale Piloto, di questo presente viaggio. Huomo per il suo sapere, et experientia in navigatione, specialmente electo per noi, in respecto di questo Dissegno, il che si piacera Dio cossi de prosperare nel suo passagio, 35 ch’egli /ò/ alcune delle sue compagnie arriueranno in qualche porto, di vostro Regno, Prigiamo soa Maesta (in fauore di noi che habbiamo cosi desiderato l’obtenere questo meggio d’accesso verso di voj, et in risguardo d’vna impresa performata da luj, et sua compagna, con si gran difficulta, et Dangiero) che vi piacera usarlo con quello risguardo che gli potra dare 40 incorragimento a fare questo di nouo discopperto passagio, il che sin qui non e stato frequentato /ò/ conosciutto di niuno, a paruenire vno vsato frequentato trafficho, dj cotesto parte del Mondo a soa Maiesta; Per qual meggio vostre Contrade potranno in aduenire essere seruitte /ò/ prouiste delle natiue commodità di questa parte, de speciale seruitio et 45

21 d’alcuni] d’alcune Lc2 23 fuori] fuoro Lc2 25 naui] naue Lc2 26 ritornarono] ritornauono Lc2 27 ritornarono essendo impedite] ritornauono essendo impedito Lc2 28 fredo] frede Lc2 29 bramoso] bromoso Lc2 30 discoperta] discoprire Lc2 31 Naui] Naue Lc2 36 ch’egli] chegli Lc2 39 d’vna interpresa performata] d’vno interpresa performato Lc2 44–45 vostre... prouiste] vostro Contrade potra in aduenire essere seruitto /ò/ prouisto Lc2

40 Dangiero: not an erroneous translation of English ‘danger’: this form appears, in fact, in Vocabolario della Crusca, 4th ed., s.v. 42 parvenire: probably meant as ‘divenire,’ as witnessed by ‘become’ in the English original. 256 APPENDIX 1: ELIZABETH’S LETTER TO WANLI, EMPEROR OF CHINA

uso per soa Maiesta, et suoi Subiecti, et per ritorno di scambiamento /ò/ trovamento i commodità di vostre contrade, noi et nostri Subiecti possiamo essere furnito dj cose di simile seruitio, et vso. dell quale mutuale beneficio, amicitia, et piacere, potra crescere, et venire essere stabilitto tra noj; 50 Il che per la nostra parte non vogliamo impedire per questo à offerirui, per il honorabile raporto di cio che habbiamo vudito di vostra Maiesta, et a causa che in questa prima discoperta della via per vostre Contrade. à noi parve non conueniente a impiegare naue di tal cargo che potarebbeno menare in esse qualche grande quantita di nostra natiua commodita, per 55 il che potrebbeno incorrere dangero del souracargare[.] Resoluissimo di vsare pichole naui, come più proprie per vno passagio incognutto, cargate per la maggiore parte con tale cose necessarie, ch’erano in vso per il loro scoperire, Piacera soa Maesta d’essere aduertito, che per le par- ticularitade di tale cose, che per ora sono menate in esse naui, che delle 60 sorte di mercantie dj detta natura, il nostro Regno è bastante, e da potere di furnire molto Ampiamente soa Maesta si come ancho de diuerse altre sorte, et specie de mercantie de simile vso, di che piacendo soa Maesta più particularmente d’essere informato per il sudetto Georgio Waymouth, et la sua compagnia, di tutto cio vt supra, significandosi a noj per let- 65 tere di soa Maiesta a essere rimandato per il nostro sudetto Subiecto, che nostra visitatione del vostro Regno, con le nostre naui, et mercantie, sara acceptabilemente, et amoreuolente receuutto, noj vogliamo nella proxima flota che mandaremo, vostra Maiesta fare apparire, piu expressamente, che vso, et beneficio nostra Amicitia, et commertio potrà produre a vostra 70 Maiesta, et Contrade. Cependante Raccommendiamo vostra Maiesta allo protectione del Eterno Iddio, la cuj prouidenzia guida, et preserua tutti Rej et Regni./ Scripto in nostro Palazzo Regale di Greenvicj 4° di Majo Anno del nostro Signore 1602 e del nostro Regno /44°/.

47 trovamento] troquamento Lc2 52 prima discoperta] primo discoperto Lc2 52–53 vostre... parve] vostra Contrade. à noi paio Lc2 56 naui] naue Lc2 56–57 cargate] carghiamo Lc2 59 menate in esse navi] menato in esse naue Lc2 60 e] é Lc2 66 nostra] nostro Lc2 naui] naue Lc2 69 nostra Amicitia, et commertio] nostre Amicitia, et commertio 71 la] il Lc2

55 Resoluissimo: probably meant as ‘risolvemmo’; cf. ‘wee did resolue’ below, line 51. 70 Cependante: quite probably a back formation from French ‘cependant.’ The form would certainly appear unfamiliar in Renaissance Italian; it is not attested in Vocabolario della Crusca or Vocabolario Treccani. APPENDIX 1: ELIZABETH’S LETTER TO WANLI, EMPEROR OF CHINA 257

Contemporary English version – Lc1 ELIZABETH BY THE GRACE OF GOD QUEEN of England, France and Ireland Defendor of the faith etc. To the great, mighty, and Invincible Emperour of Cathaia, greeting. Wee haue receaued dyuers, and sondry relacions both by our owne Subiects, and by others, whoe haue visited some partes of your Maiesties Empire and Dominions, wherby they haue 5 reported vnto vs aswell your Inuincible greatnes, as your kynd vsage of Strangers, that resorte vnto your Kingdomes with trade of merchandize, which hath wrought in vs a desire, to fynd oute some neerer waye of passage by Seas from vs, into your cuntrey, then the vsuall frequented course that hetherto hath byn houlden by compassing the greatest part of the 10 world, By which neerer passage, not only opportunity of entercourse of traffique of merchandize may be offered between the Subiectes of both our Kingdomes, but also a mutuall league, and amity may growe, and be contynued, between your Maiestie and vs, our Cuntries, and Dominions being in their distance of scituacions, not so farr remote, or seuered, as 15 they are estranged, and vnknowen the one to the other, by reason of the long and tedious course of Navigacion hetherto vsed from theis parts unto yow. To which ende wee haue heretofore many yeares past, and at sundry tymes synce made choice of some of our Subiects, being a people by nature enclyned to great attemptes, and to the discouery of Contries, 20 and Kingdomes vnknowen, and sett them in hand with the fynding out of some neerer passage by Seas into your Maiesties Contries, through the North, or East partes of the world, wherin hetherto not preuayling, but some of their Ships neuer returning back agayne, nor being heard of synce their departure hence, and some of them retourning back agayne being 25 hindered in their entended voyag by the frozen Seas, and intollerable cold of those Clymates; wee haue yett once more of our earnest desire to try the vttermost that may be done to performe at length a neerer discouery of your Contrye, prepared and sett fourth two small Shipps vnder the direction of our Subiect, and Seruant George waymouth, being the princi- 30 pall Pylott of this present voyage, a man for his knowledge and Experience in nauigacion, specially chosen by vs to this attempte whom if it shall please god so to prosper in his passage, that either hee, or any of his com-

23–27 but some of their Ships … Clymates: possibly a reference to what happened to Sir Hugh Willoughby and his crew, who perished in the North Sea in 1554 because of the extreme cold. 258 APPENDIX 1: ELIZABETH’S LETTER TO WANLI, EMPEROR OF CHINA

pany shall aryue in any port of your Kingdome, wee pray your Maiestie 35 in favour of vs, who haue soe desired the attayning this meanes of accesse vnto yow, and in regard of an enterprize performed by hym, and his company with so great difficulty,and danger, that you will vse them with that regard that maye gyue them encouragement to make this their newe discouered passage, which hetherto hath not byn frequented, or knowne 40 by any to become a vsuall frequented trade from theis partes of the world to your Maiestie. By which meanes your contrey may hereafter be serued with the natyue commodityes of theis partes of speciall seruice, and vse, both for your Maiestie and Subiectes and by returne, and enterchange of your contrey comodities, wee and our Subiectes may be furnished with 45 thinges of lyke seruice and vse, out of which mutuall benefitt amity, and frendshipe may growe, and be established between vs, which wee for our part will not let hereby to offer vnto yow for the honorable report which wee haue heard of your Maiestie and because in this first discouery of the waye to your conntrey, it seemed to vs not convenient to ymploy Shippes 50 of that burthen, which might bring in them any great quantity of our natyue commoddities wherby they might be pestered, wee did resolue to vse small shippes as fittest for an vnknowen passage, laden for the most part with such necessaries, as were of vse for their discouery; It may please your Maiestie by the particulers of such things, as are brought in theis Shippes 55 to vnderstand that of goodes of those kyndes, our kingdome is able to furnish your Maiestie most amply, and also of sundry other kyndes of merchandize of like vse, whereof it may please your Maiestie to be more par- ticulerly enformed by the said George waymouth, and his company, of all which upon significacion vnto vs by your Maiesties Lettres to be returned 60 by our said Subiect that our visiting of your Kingdomes with our shippes, and merchandize shalbe acceptable, and kindly receiued, wee will in the next fleet, which we shall send vnto yow, make it more fully appeare what vse, and benefitt, our amity, and entercourse may bring to your Maiestie and contrey. And in the meane tyme do commend your Maiestie to the 65 protection of the Eternall God, whose prouidence guideth, and preserueth all Kinges, and Kingdomes. From our Royall Pallace of Greenwiche the fourthe of May anno Domini 1602 and of our Raigne 44°. /

Elizabetta R APPENDIX 1: ELIZABETH’S LETTER TO WANLI, EMPEROR OF CHINA 259

Notes 1. Rayne Allinson, ‘The Virgin Queen and the Son of Heaven: Elizabeth I’s Letters to Wanli, Emperor of China,’ in EFC, 209–28. 2. Ibid., 210. See also D. F. Latch, ‘The Far East,’ in The Hakluyt Handbook, ed. David B. Quinn (1974; 2 vols, Burlington: Ashgate, 2010), I, 214. 3. Cf. Allinson, ‘The Virgin Queen and the Son of Heaven,’ 219-20, and Woudhuysen, Sir Philip Sidney and the Circulation of Manuscripts, 74. On Segar see also R. J. S. Adolph, ‘Segar, Sir William (b. in or before 1564, d.1633),’ ODNB. As Elizabeth Goldring has shown, in addition to being a herald, William Segar was also a noted portrait painter to the late Elizabethan elite. Segar’s sitters included Leicester, Essex, and Queen Elizabeth, among others, and the fees he commanded for the portraits he painted were considerably higher than those of other leading court artists of the day; see Goldring, Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, and the World of Elizabethan Art, 143–53, 163–64, and Id., ‘Heraldic Painting and Drawing in Early Modern England,’ in Painting in Britain, 1500- 1630: Production, Influences, and Patronage, ed. Tarnya Cooper et al. (Oxford: Oxford University Press for The British Academy, 2015), 262–77. 4. CP 30/32. Cf. Andreani, Letters 1590-96, 131; Allinson, A Monarchy of Letters, 30-31. 5. See the essays by Goldring quoted above, note 3. 6. Cf. David E. Mungello, The Great Encounter of China and the West, 1500-1800 (Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2009), 16–17. 7. Allinson, ‘The Virgin Queen and the Son of Heaven,’ 220. See also the comment on the fact that ‘red had a special significance in the context of Chinese administrative culture. Wanli was taught the art of calligraphy from an early age (and so could write his own letters if need be), but more importantly as emperor he was the only person permitted to sign documents in vermillion ink’ (ibid.). One may want to remember, though, that while this, as Allinson notes, was probably not known to Elizabeth and her secretaries (ibid.), red had been a color associated with Imperial power since at least Roman times. Selected Bibliography (See also the List of Abbreviations)

Manuscripts

Elizabeth’s Letters – Manuscript witnesses

Cambridge Cambridge University Library, MS Dd 3.20(4)

Florence ASFi, Mediceo del Principato 4183

Kew SP 70/77, 77/1, 78/41, 78/45, 89/1, 89/2, 97/2, 98/1, 99/1

London BL, Add. MSS 48126 (Yelverton MS. 141), 48149 (Yelverton MS 161) BL, Cotton MS Julius E II BL, Cotton MS Nero B I BL, Cotton MS Otho C X BL, Cotton MS Vitellius C XI BL, Harley MS 787 London Metropolitan Archives, CLC/234/MS01752 (formerly Guildhall Library MS 1752)

Oxford Bodleian Library, MS Smith 68

Preston Lancashire Record Office, DDSH 15/3

Simancas AGS, Secretaría de Estado (Negociación de Flandes), 590

Venice ASVe, Collegio, Lettere di Principi, 33

Vienna Haus-, Hof- und- Staatsarchiv, Hausarchiv-Familienakten, Karton 21 (formerly Karton 15), Konvolut 4, Faszikel 5

Washington Folger Shakespeare Library, MS X d 138

Other Manuscript Sources

Brussels Archives Générales du Royaume, Audience 1830/3

Florence ASFi, Mediceo del Principato, 2636, 3080, 4183

Genoa ASGe, MS 349 ASGe, Archivio Segreto, 1868, 1870, 2782/7, 2827 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 263

Hatfield CP 4, 30, 31, 36, 37, 38, 40, 45, 46, 47, 61, 69, 76, 83, 88, 93, 133, 134, 135, 147, 155, 163, 165, 177, 185, 188, 206, 229

Kew PC 2/18 SP 12/16, 12/160, 12/213, 12/222, 12/231, 12/244, 12/246, 12/247, 12/279, 12/284, 12/289, 46/19, 46/20, 53/15, 70/24, 70/39, 70/70, 70/81, 70/83, 70/85, 70/91, 70/92, 70/93, 70/94, 70/95, 70/102, 70/109, 70/113, 70/114, 70/141, 77/1, 77/2, 77/6, 78/6, 78/22, 78/23, 78/45, 78/46, 79, 80/1, 84/9, 84/20, 84/56, 88/1, 89/1, 98/1, 99/1, 102/49

London BL, Add. MSS 18018, 23240, 35840, 48126, 48149, 78176 BL, Cotton MS Caligula C IX BL, Cotton MSS Galba C V, C XI BL, Cotton MS Julius F VI BL, Cotton MSS Nero B I, B VI, B IX BL, Cotton MS Titus F XII BL, Cotton MSS Vespasian C VII, C VIII, F III BL, Cotton MS Vitellius C XI BL, Lansdowne MSS 18, 31, 44, 70 BL, Royal MS 13 B I Lambeth Palace Library, MS 658

Milan Biblioteca Trivulziana, MS 47

Naples MS Farnesiano 258, 1646 (II) MS Museo 99.c.32

Oxford Bodleian Library, Bodl. MS 900 Bodleian Library, Clarendon MS 35 Bodleian Library, Tanner MS 50 264 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Rome Vatican Library, MS Urb. Lat. 1040

Simancas AGS, Secretaría de Estado (Negociación de Flandes), 590, 591, 592, 2218

Venice AsVe, Collegio, Lettere Principi 33

Vienna Haus-, Hof- und- Staatsarchiv, England-Hofkorrespondenz, Konvolut 2 Haus-, Hof- und- Staatsarchiv, Hausarchiv-Familienakten, Karton 21 (formerly Karton 15), Konvolut 3, Faszikel 4; Konvolut 4, Fas. 5 Haus-, Hof- und- Staatsarchiv, Hhsta Ur Fuk 1370

Washington Folger Shakespeare Library, MSS V a 603, W b 132 (187), X d 138

Woking Surrey History Centre, Loseley Letters, 6729/3/171

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A Álvarez de Toledo, Fernando, Duke of Aconcio, Jacopo, xxvi, lxii–lxiii n37 Alba, 63, 64, 67–8n3, 67n2, Adams, Simon, 32 68n11, 69, 74n22 Alba (Alva), Duke of. See Álvarez de Anderson, Henry, 85n7 Toledo, Fernando, Duke Andraide, Diego, 217n6 of Alba Andraide, Rodrigo, 217n6 Albèri, Eugenio, 11 Andrew of Austria, Cardinal, 238 Albert VII, Archduke of Austria, xxxi, Anne of Austria, Daughter of 237–43 Maximilian II, 63, 64 Aldobrandini, Pietro, Cardinal, 245 Antonio, Prior of Crato, xliv, xlvi, xlvii, Alessandro de’ Medici, later Leo XI, xlix, l, liv, 75–86, 197–208 237–8, 242n2 Aquinas, St. Thomas, 178 Alfonso II, Duke of Modena and Aretino, Pietro, xxvi Ferrara, xxiii, lv Ariosto, Ludovico, xxiii, lix n13, 29, 168 Alford, Stephen, xliv Aron the Tyrant, Prince of Moldavia Allen, Margaret, xxvi (Moldova), 165 Allen, William, 173, 175, 184n4, Ascham, Roger, xxiv, xxv, xxviii, xxix, 186n15 xxxi, xxxiii, xxxvi, xxxvii, xlvi, xlix, Allinga, Ahasverus, lvii n1 lix n8, lxi n18, lxi n19, lxiv n53, Allinson, Rayne, liv, 251, 253 lxv n63, lxvi n74, lxvi n76, lxvii n81, Álvares, Jorge, 253 lxviii n86, 20n3, 21, 42n16, 54

Note: Page number followed by ‘n’ refers to end notes

Ashley, Anthony, xliii Castelvetro, Giacomo, xxiii, xxvii Astemio, Lorenzo, 141 Castiglione, Giovanni Battista, xxiv, Astley, Katherine. See Champernowne, xxv–xxvi, xlv, lxi n20, lxi n21, Katherine lxii n29, lxii n33, lxii n34, lxii n37, 11, 16n13, 23n5 Cavalcanti, Guido, xlv, 64, 68n11 B Cave, Lisle, xliv, 78n9 Badoaro, Andrea, 164 Cavendish, Sir Thomas, 209, 217n1 Bandello, Matteo, 29 Cecil, James, 1st Marquess of Bartoli, Cosimo, 11, 51n36 Salisbury, 184n6 Barton, Edward, 163, 165, 167, 170n3 Cecil, Sir Robert, Secretariat of, 224 Bayning, Paul, 79, 87, 89, 95 Cecil, Sir Robert, 1st Earl of Salisbury, Beale, Robert, xli, xliii, xliv, xlviii, l, liii, xxxviii, xli, xliii, xliv, xlvii, liii, lxxv n130, lxxvi n136, lxxvi n148, lxvii n83, lxvii n85, lxviii n86, 80, 82, 85n10, 85n12, 92, 113–5 lxviii n88, lxix n92, lxxiii n121, Belmain, Jean, xxxi lxxiv n123, 186n18, 214, 229, Bembo, Pietro, 4 250n1, 250n3, 252 Bernardo, Maffeo, 10 Cecil, William, Secretariat of, xxxiii, Bizzarri, Pietro, xxvi, 29 xxxvi, xliii–xliv, liii, xliv, Boccaccio, Giovanni, 31, 50, 59 lxxi n107–9, lxviii n88, 22, Bodenham, Roger, 133n9, 133n11 224, 247, 252 Bodenham, William, 122, 124, 125, Cecil, William, 1st Baron Burghley, xxii, 127–30, 133–4n11, 133n9, 136, xxviii, xxxvi, xxxvii, xxxviii, xliii, 140, 144, 146n21, 146n24 xliv, xlix, l, lii, lxviii n88, lxix n92, Boethius (Boethius, Anicius Manlius 21, 23n1, 25, 26, 28, 29, 38, Severinus), xxxiii, xlvi, 3 42n13, 42n17, 43n26, 44n27, Boleyn, Anne, Queen of England, 61n42, 61n44, 62n46, 64, 68n9, 6n8, 174, 176, 185n12 68n11, 69, 111n5, 121, 122, Bolla, Bartolomeo, 12 132n5, 134n13, 134n14, 137, Bolland, Charlotte, xxv, xxvi 147n33, 148n35, 148n40, Borgarucci, Giulio, xlv 155n43, 165, 171n14, 172n19, Borghesi, Lorenzo, 70, 74n23 173–6, 184n3, 185n10, 185n13, Brooke, William, 10th Baron Cobham, 187n21, 187n23, 195n25, 242n5 xxv, 23n5, 68n6, 122, 133n9 Chaloner, Sir Thomas, 223, 230 Brutti, Bartolomeo, xxxviii, xlvi, Champernowne, Katherine, xxiv, xxv lxxiv n126, 163–72 Charles II, Archduke of Austria, xxx, Bryskett, Lodowick, 189 lvii n1, 21, 23n6, 25–7, 30–3, 36, 39, 40, 42n13, 43n17, 43n19, 43n27, 44n27, 53, 55, 57, 59, C 61n42, 61n43, 62n46, 64 Calvin, John (Jehan Cauvin), xxxi, 3 Charles IX, King of France, lii Carey, Sir George, 209 Cheke, Henry, xxviii, xliii, xliv, Carleton, George, 202 lxiv n48, lxxi n107, lxxi n109 INDEX 279

Christian I, Prince of Anhalt- da Ponte, Nicolò, Doge of Venice, li, Bernburg, xxxiv, xxxv 79, 80, 87, 89, 91–106, 116 Cibo, Eleonora, Marquesse of Cetona, Darcy de Chiche, John, 2nd Baron 69 Darcy of Chiche, 180 Cibo, Innocenzo, 11 Darcy de Chiche, Thomas, 3rd Lord Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero), 3, 32, Darcy de Chiche, 173–5, 177, 175, 190 180, 182, 184n2–4, 185n10–11, Cicogna, Pasquale, Doge of Venice, 190, 195n25 113–9, 120n1, 164, 198 Darobins, Thomas, 85n7 Citolini, Alessandro, xlv Davison, William, xxxvii Clement VIII, Pope, 242n2 Daybell, James, xxxii Clerks of the Privy Council, xliii–xlv, de Brito Pimentell, Antonio, 78n1 lix n8, lxxi n107, lxxii n114–6, de Chiche. See Darcy de Chiche lxxv n130, 80 Dell, William, 199 Clerks of the Signet, xxxiii, xliii–xlv, De Loo, Andreas. See Van Loo, lxx n102, lxxi n107 Andreas Cobham, Henry, 53, 61n43, 62n46, de Maistre, Denis, 162n51 63–6, 68n9, 68n12, 69, 72, 133n10 de’ Medici, Alessandro. See Alessandro Contarini, Francesco, Venetian de’ Medici, later Leo XI Ambassador, 238 de’ Medici, Maria. See Maria de’ Conway, Sir John, 151 Medici, Queen of France Coomans, Jerome, 238, 243n9 De Mendoza, Bernardino, xxi, liv, Cordell, Thomas, 79, 85n7 133n9–10 Cornaro, Ottavian, 94 de Moret, Antonie, Sieur de Reau, 229 Corsini, Filippo, 107–9, 111n2, 215, De Sousa, Royz (Joao Roiz de Sousa), 217n2, 219, 222n12 76–7, 78n1 Cosimo I de’ Medici, 2nd Duke of Dethick, Gilbert, Garter King of Arms, Florence, lv, 11 52n39 Courtenay, Edward, Earl of Devon, 9 Devereux, Robert, 2nd Earl of Essex, Cresswell, Joseph, 185n13 189, 195n25, 197, 198, 202, Cristobal of Portugual, Son of Antonio 207n7, 224, 219, 227n15, 229, Crato, 198, 199, 201–3, 205–6, 246, 259n3, 230 207n6 Dolce, Ludovico, xxvi Croft, Sir James, 122, 133n10, Donne, John, lxiii n46, 215 148n37, 155n43 Dovara, Luigi, 111n4 Cuffe, Henry, xlvii, 224 Drake, Sir Francis, 75, 78n6, 151, 155n45, 198, 207n5, 227n14 Duarte, Francisco, 210 D Dudley, Robert, 1st Earl of Leicester, da l’Armi, Lodovico, 10, 17 xxii, lviii n7, lix n9, 25, 30, Dale, Valentine, xxxi 42n11, 51n36, 70, 73n19, Da Milano, Giovanni Luigi, 12 74n21, 81, 121, 132n1, 135, Dannett, Thomas, 28, 34, 43n27, 155n44, 252, 259n3 44n27, 45, 50, 51n32 Dusell, Richard, 85n7 280 INDEX

E Erizzo, Paolo, Podestà di Negroponte, Edmondes, Thomas, xliii, xliv, xlv, 10 xxxvi, 239 Evans, Florence M. Greir, xxxviii Edward, Prince of Wales and later Edward VI of England, xxiv, 1 Einstein, Lewis, xxii F Elizabeth I, Queen of England Farington, Henry, 85n7 authorship of the letters, xxx–xxxi, li, Farnese, Alessandro, Prince and later liii, liv Duke of Parma, xxxi, xli, lvi, education, xxiv–xxviii, 1–2 lxx n99, 121–37, 140–9, and French, xxiv, lii–liii, lx n15, 151–62, 238 lx n16, lxiii n46, 3, 32, 246 Farnese, Ottavio, Duke of Parma, handwriting, xxv, xxxi–xxxii, xlvi, 21 134n12, 148n36 and Italian, xxi, xxii–xxx, liv, lvi, Faunt, Nicholas, xliii, xliv, l, liv, lvii n1, lx n15, lx n16, lxiii n46, lxxi n107 2, 43n22, 238, 253 Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, reading and quoting from Italian xxv, 25 authors, xxii–xxiii, xxvii, Ferdinando I de’ Medici, Grand Duke lix–lx n13, lx n14, 2, 3, 159, of Tuscany, xxxviii, xli, xlix, l, 160 (see also ‘Ariosto’; lxxiv n126, 62n48, 108, 111n2, ‘Petrarch’; ‘Tasso’) 173–87, 189–95, 209–17, role of Italian during her reign, 219–27, 229–35, 245, 248 lvii–lviii n5, lviii n7, lix n8–9, Ferreira, Esteban, 202 xxi–xxii, 253 Filippo, Giunta, 174, 177, 184n3, scribal habits, xx, xxvi–xxvii, 185n10 xxix–xxx, li, lxxiv n121, 21–2, Fisher, John, 4 65, 152 Florio, John, xxii, xxiii, lviii n7, lix n9, signing of letters, xxxii, xxxvii, xli, lx n15, lxxiii n117 liii–liv, lxvii–lxviii n85 Francesco I de’ Medici, Grand Duke and Spanish, lx n15, lx n16, lxiv n49, of Tuscany, xli, 51n36, 107–11, 22, 23n6 111n4, 173, 210 use of rhetoric and figurative François Hercule, Duke of Alençon language, xxviii–xxx, xlvii–xlviii, and later Duke of Anjou, xxiii, li–lii, 2, 32, 54, 65, 66, 81, 137, lix n13, lxv n69, 32, 78n2 144, 153, 160, 204, 247, 248 Fredrick II, Elector of Saxony, xxxvi Elton, Geoffrey R., xlviii Fredrick II, King of Denmark, 136, Emilia of Nassau, 202 147n29 Erasmus of Rotterdam (Desiderius Fregoso, Cesare, 10 Erasmus Roterodamus), 32 Erizzo, Francesco, 10 Erizzo, Lodovico, 10 G Erizzo, Marcantonio, xxvi, xlix, l, Gachard, Louis Prosper, 140, 152 9–14, 15n2, 15n9, 15n12, 17, 18 Gamberini, Spartaco, xxii INDEX 281

Garraway, William, 85n7 Henry III, King of England, 78n2 Gentili, Alberico, xxvi, xlv, lxii n37 Henry IV, King of France, 187n19, 189, Gentili, Scipione, xxvi 195n25, 202–3, 205, 237, 245–7 Giannetti, Guido, 10, 17, 18, 20n1, Henry VII, King of England, 79 20n3 Henry VIII, King of England, xxiv, Gibson, Jonathan, xxxi lxxvi n143, 1–5, 6n6, 10, 11, 14, Glascock, Richard, 85n7, 91, 93, 95 16n12, 17, 28, 174, 176, 177, Goldberg, Jonathan, xliv 178, 180, 182 Goldring, Elizabeth, 70 Hepburn, James, Earl of Bothwell, 22 Grafigna, Agostino, xli, lxx n99, Herbert, Henry, 2nd Earl of 122–5, 127, 129–30, 133n9–11, Pembroke, 69, 71–2 134n14, 136, 140, 142, 144, Hicks, Michael, xliv, lxxi n108 146n21 Holmden, Edward, 79, 80, 85n7, 87, Grant, Robert M., 32 91, 93, 95 Grey, Lady Katherine, Countess of Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus), 32 Pembroke, 71 Howard, Katherine, Queen of Grimani, Marino, Doge of Venice, lvi England, 1–2 Grindal, William, xxiv, lxi n23 Howard, Thomas, 2nd Duke of Guicciardini, Francesco, 59, 67n1 Norfolk, 47 Guicciardini, Giacomo, 174, 185n9, 189, 190, 195n25, 195n28, 219, 222n11, 223–6, 227n16, I 227n17 Iacopo, Giunta, 174, 177, 184n3, Guicciardini, Lorenzo, 174, 185n10, 185n10 186n15, 189 Iannaccaro, Giuliana, xxviii, liii, 32 Guzman de Silva, Diego, 25–8, 30, Ivan IV The Terrible, Tsar of Russia, 81 43n22, 45, 51n30 Guzmán, Enrique de, 2nd Count of Olivares, 186n15 J James, John, xxxviii, xli, xlix, 210 James VI/I of Scotland/England, H xxvii, xxx, lvi, lxxiii–lxxiv n121, Hakluyt, Richard, 251 lxxiv n123, lxxvii n155, 11, 22 Hale, John, xxii Hampton, Bernard, xliii, xliv, lxxii n116 Harborne, Sir William, 163–4, 170n1 K Harrison, G. B., xxi Koca Sinan Pasha. See Sinan Koca Pasha Hatton, Sir Christopher, xxii, lviii n7, Kouri, E. I., xxxii 133n6 Hawkins, John, 227n14 Henri, Prince of Condé, 242n1 L Henry, Prince of Wales and later Lake, Thomas, xliii, 252 Henry V of England, 107 Lanfranchi, Carlo, 121, 132n5, 133n6 282 INDEX la Quadra, Alvaro de, xxviii Mueller, Janel, xxi, xxiv, 4 Lawrence, Jason, xxii Mundt, Chistopher. See Mont Lecland, Edward, 85n7 (Mundt), Christopher Lesieur, Stephen, xlii Murād III, Sultan of the Ottoman Lestrange, Roger, 26, 30, 35, 39, Empire, 163–4, 168 42n17 Muzio, Girolamo, 4 Lippomano, Hieronimo, 164 Lopez, Rodrigo, 198, 207n7 N Negri, Francesco, xxviii M Neville, Sir Henry, 245–7 MacCaffrey, Wallace T., 75 Norris, Henry, lii, 198, 207n5 Magno, Celio, 92, 97, 101, 116 North, Roger, 2nd Baron North, xxv Manuel of Portugal, Son of Antonio Crato, 202, 205 Marcus, Leah S., xxi O Margaret of Austria, Princess of Ochino, Bernardino, xxiv, lxi n20 Asturias and Duchess of Savoy, lvi, Ockham, William of, l lxxvii n153 Maria de’ Medici, Queen of France, 245–50 P Marillac, Bertrand de, Bishop of Palatino, Giovan Battista, xxxi Rennes, lii Palavicino, Sir Horatio, xlv, xlix, l, Marrapodi, Michele, xxii lxxv n128, lxxvii n154, 111n1, Mary I, Queen of England, xxiv, 111n2, 162n51, 174–6, 186n14, xxx–xxxi, xxxvi, lvi, lxviii n86, 186n18, 187n21, 187n23, 250n1 lxviii n92, lxxii n116, 1–2, 61n42, Parkins, Sir Christopher, xxxiii, xxxvi, 74n22 xli, xlii, lix n8, lxvi n77, lxvii n79, Mary Stuart, Queen of Scotland, xxxii, lxvii–lxviii n85 xxxviii, xlii, lxxvii n153, 30, 137, Parr, Katherine, xxi, xxii, xxiv, xxvi, 151, 162n52, 180 xxx, xxxi, 1–7 Mattingly, Garrett, xxvii Parry, Sir Thomas, 250n8 Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor, Patch, Howard R., 3 xxxi–xxxii, xxxvii, xlix, xlvi, lvii n1, Perrenot, Frédéric, Lord of 5, 21–63, 107, 247 Champagney, 122, 132n5 Maynard, Henry, xliv, lxxi n108 Perrenot de Granvelle, Antoine, 132n5 Mendoza, Bernardino de, lvii n2 Persons, Robert, 184n4 Michiel, Giovanni, xxiv Peter the Cossack, Crown Grand Mildmay, Sir Walter, 64 Chancellor, 172n17 Mont (Mundt), Christopher, 28–9 Peter VI the Lame, 164, 167, 172n17 Montrose, Louis Adrian, 30 Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca), xxii, More, Sir William, 78n6 xxiv, 2–3, 5, 6n9, 59, 72, 159 Moryson, Fynes, 79, 84n4, 85n9 Petrina, Alessandra, xxvi, xxix, liii, 32, 94 INDEX 283

Petrucci, Armando, xxvi S Peyton, John, lxxii n116 Sabinus, Cirillus, 29 Philip II, King of Spain, lvi, 25, 30, Sackville, Thomas, Baron Buckhurst, 43n22, 43n23, 61n42, 63, 68n3, 28, 51n36, 161n48 75, 78n1, 107, 111n4, 121–34, Sadler, Edward, 85n7 136, 137, 146n20, 146n21, Sadler, Robert, 85n7 146n24–6, 147n29, 148n35, St Barbe, Edith, 85n10 148n37, 151–8, 161n48–9, Sander, Nicholas, 174 172n16, 195n28, 197, 202, 210, Sansovino, Francesco, xxvi 212, 215, 216, 233, 237 Sardi, Antonio, 11 Philip III, King of Spain, 238–41 Scaramelli, Giovanni Carlo, xxiii Picton, John, xxiv, lxii n26 Scodel, Joshua, xxiv Pizzoli, Lucilla, xxii Scott, Mary Augusta, xxii Platt, Jeffrey F., xxxii, xliv Scotto, Girolamo, 4 Pollini, Girolamo, 173–5, 177, 180, Segar, William, Norroy King of Arms, 182, 184n3, 186n15, 187n21, 252, 259n3 189 Seymour, Jane, Queen of England, 1 Pollnitz, Aysha, xxiv Shakespeare, William, 207n7 Polo, Marco, 253 Sidney, Mary, Countess of Pembroke, Ponte, Nicolò da. See da Ponte, 71 Nicolò, Doge of Venice Sidney, Sir Philip, xxii, xxiii, lviii n7, Porphyry (Porphyry of Tyre), 32 lix n9 Priuli, Lorenzo, Doge of Venice, 9–16 Sidney, Sir Robert, xlii Pryor, Felix, xxi, xxxi, liii Sigismund III, King of Poland, 163, Ptolemy, Claudius, 12 167, 169 Sinan Koca Pasha, Ottoman Grand Vizier, 164, 168, 169 R Sixtus V, Pope, 134n12, 135 Radcliffe, Thomas, 3rd Earl of Sussex, Skinner, Vincent, xliv, lxxi n108 45–7, 51n36, 52n39, 53, 55, 59, Smith, Sir Thomas, Secretary of State, 61n42, 63, 73n19 xxii, xxxvii, xliii–xliv, lxviii n88, Raimondi, Gianmario, xxvi, xxvii 111n5 Ralegh, Sir Walter, xxii, lviii n7 Smith, Thomas, Clerk of the Privy Raning, Andrew, 85n7 Council (not Sir Thomas), xliii, Reynolds, John, 184n4 lxx n106 Ricci, Matteo, 253 Soranzo, Giacomo, xxiii Ridolfi, Roberto, 69, 73n13 Spenser, Edmund, 189 Rishton, Edward, 174 Starkey, David, 3, 6n7 Rockendolf, Earl of, 52n38 Stewart, Alan, xxxii Rogers, Daniel, xliii Sturm, Johann, xxiv Ronning, Paul, 85n7 Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan of Rossi, Sergio, xxii the Ottoman Empire, 29, 82 284 INDEX

T W Tassoni, Lodovico, xxiii Waad, William, xliii, xlv Tasso, Torquato, xxiii, xxvii, lx n14, Walsingham, Sir Francis, Secretariat of, 31, 59, 204 xxii, xxxiii, xxxvii–xxxviii, xli–xliv, Taviner, Mark, xxxviii lxxi n110, lxxiii n119, lxxvi n136, Terence (Publius Terentius), 32 75–6, 78n7, 78n9, 80–2, 85n10, Thomas, William, li, lxxv n133 85n12, 92, 155n44, 174, 198, Tomson, Lawrence, xliv, 75, 78n8, 222n12 78n9 Walther, Hans, 32 Tremayne, Edmund, xliii, lxxi n107 Wanli, Emperor of China, 251–9 Trorote, Thomas, 85n7 Weymouth, George, 251, 252, 255–8 Whitgift, John, Archbishop of U Canterbury, 184n4 Ubaldini, Petruccio, xxviii, xlv, lix n10, Wilcocks, Thomas, xxxviii, 165–8 lxiv n50 Wilkes, Thomas, xliii William the Silent, Prince of Orange, 121, 202 V Willoughbly, Sir Francis, 84n4 Van Champagney, Frederik Perrenot, Wilson, Thomas, xxii, xxxvii, lxviii n88, governor of Antwerp, 140, 143, 69–72, 73n16 144, 148n37, 155n43 Windebank, Thomas, xxx, xxxiii, Van Loo, Andreas, 121–3, 132n5, xxxvii–xxxviii, xli–xlviii, l, liii–liv, 133n7, 135–7, 143–4, 146n21, lxix n93, lxix–lxx n97, lxx n100, 147n33, 147n35, 148n36, lxxi n107, lxxiii n119–21, 148n40, 149n42, 152, 154, lxxiv n123, lxxvi n144, 28, 155n44, 157, 161n48 62n48, 137, 157, 158, 165, Vannes, Peter (Pietro Vanni), 9, 11, 210, 224, 230, 247 15n1, 15n3, 16n12, 17 Winwood, Ralph, 245–6, 250n3, Vaughan, Jacqueline D., xliv 250n8 Vellutelli, Acerbo, 79, 81, 84n5, Wolley, Sir John, xxxiii, xxxvi, xxxviii, 85n12, 98, 100 xli–xlii, xlv, lv, lix n8, lxvi n75–7, Vellutello, Alessandro, 2 lxvii n82, lxvii n83, lxviii n88, Venier, Giovanni Antonio, 102, 104, lxxiii n119, 65, 75, 78n6, 114, 116, 118 186n14, 210, 224 Vere, Sir Francis, 237 Woudhuysen, Henry, xxxi Vickers, Brian, 54 Wright, Stephen, xxiv Virgil (Plublius Vergilius Maro), 2 Wriothesley, Henry, 3rd Earl of Vitelli, Gian Luigi ‘Chiappino,’ Southampton, xxii Marquess of Cetona, 63–74 Wyatt, Michael, xxii, xxiv INDEX 285

X Z Ximenez, Andrea, 209–16, 217n2 Zamoyski, Jan, Crown Grand Hetman, Ximenez, Emmanuel, 209–16, 217n2 172n17 Ximenez, Fernando, 209–16, 217n2 Zouche, Edward la, 11th Baron Ximenez, Nicolò, 209–16, 217n2 Zouche, xlii Zuccaro, Federico, 70, 73n19, 74n21 Y Zwetkovich (Zwetkowitz), Adam, Yetsweirt, Charles, xxxvi Baron von Mitterburg, 25, 26, Yetsweirt, Nicasius, xxxvi 30–1, 36, 39, 42n13, 43n17, 46