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Atti Del Museo Civico Di Storia Naturale Di Trieste ATTI DEL MUSEO CIVICO DI STORIA NATURALE DI TRIESTE TRIESTE 2004 VOL. 51 - 2004 ATTI DEL MUSEO CIVICO DI STORIA NATURALE DI TRIESTE VOL. 51 – 2004 DIREZIONE E REDAZIONE Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Piazza A. Hortis 4 - 34123 Trieste (I) Tel. +39 040 6758658 - Fax +39 040 302563 e-mail: [email protected] COMITATO SCIENTIFICO Franco Androne, Trieste (Biologia) Deborah Arbulla, Trieste (Paleontologia) Pietro Brandmayr, Cosenza (Ecologia, Entomologia) Nicola Bressi, Trieste (Zoologia) Luigi Capasso, Roma (Biologia) Giovanni Battista Carulli, Trieste (Geologia) Michele Codogno, Trieste (Botanica) Franco Frilli, Udine (Entomologia) Fabrizio Martini, Trieste (Botanica) Emanuela Montanari, Trieste (Preistoria e Protostoria) Giuliano Orel, Trieste (Biologia marina) Paolo Parenti, Milano (Ittiologia) Giuliano Piccoli, Padova (Paleontologia) Livio Poldini, Trieste (Botanica) Cesare Sacchi, Pavia (Ecologia) Benedetto Sala, Ferrara (Paleontologia) DIRETTORE RESPONSABILE Sergio Dolce REDAZIONE Emilio Medici Marino Vocci In copertina: Femmina adulta di Elaphe q. quatuorlineata del Carso Triestino (Foto N. Bressi) ISSN: 0365-1576 ATTI DEL MUSEO CIVICO DI STORIA NATURALE DI TRIESTE VOL. 51 - 2004 MUSEO CIVICO DI STORIA NATURALE - TRIESTE Atti Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat., Trieste 51 5-18 2004 Finito di stampare ISSN: 0365-1576 Maggio 2005 IL “DILUVIALE PLEISTOCENICO” SUL CARSO CONSIDERAZIONI GENETICHE ED EVOLUTIVE SUI DEPOSITI DI RIEMPIMENTO DELLE GROTTE FABIO FORTI & FULVIO FORTI TRIESTE Riassunto - In base alle ricerche sulla stratigrafia e sulle modalità di sedimentazione dei depositi di riempimento delle grotte a galleria del Carso triestino, sono state da tempo evidenziate delle causali dovute a piogge torrenziali continuate, che avrebbero condizionato in larga parte il Pleistocene. Per una verifica sulla effettiva esistenza e consistenza di questo grandioso fenomeno alluvionale, scarsa - mente citato nella letteratura scientifica, sono stati eseguiti dei confronti mediante un’analisi geomor - fologica delle doline, osservazioni e verifiche sulla tipologia delle incisioni vallive determinate anche queste da intense piogge su rocce carbonatiche. Inoltre, si sono condotte delle analisi sulla variabilità e modalità del concrezionamento calcitico presente nelle grotte, con una ricerca preliminare sulle data - zioni assolute di “speleotemi” (CUCCHI & FORTI,1989) ed un conseguente raffronto tra glaciale e alluvionale (FORTI,1995). Dalla somma di tutti gli elementi geomorfologico-strutturali e dal raffronto con le morfologie idrogeologiche esterne al sistema carsico, anche queste legate ai regimi dei corsi d’acqua in terreni normali, viene proposta una diversa interpretazione delle condizioni climatiche pleistoceniche che non sarebbero legate a morfologie glaciali ma torrenziali. 1. - Premessa Le grotte, in particolare quelle “a galleria”, conservano tracce di eventi che si sono verificati in epoche remote ed in base ad una corretta interpretazione, possono condurre a delle importanti rivelazioni sulla storia dell’evoluzione climatica del Carso. Viene riportato a titolo di esempio, quanto BATTAGLIA (1924) affermò su – San Canziano del Timavo – le attuali Skocjanske jame: … Durante il Pleistocene la rete idrografica superficiale doveva essere più complicata e più sviluppata del - l’attuale; e ciò in relazione con la maggior umidità e le più forti precipitazioni atmosferiche che … caratterizzarono questo periodo del Quaternario . Più avanti si trova un’altra interessante osservazione: … L’inaridimento progressivo del Carso, iniziatosi nel Postwurmiano, in seguito alle mutate condizioni climatiche, fece sì che nei primi tempi dell’Olocene, l’idrografia della Carsia fosse ben diversa da quella del periodo precedente … Successivamente, sugli scavi paleontologici ed archeologici nei depositi di riempimento che sono stati eseguiti nella celebre Caverna Pocala di Aurisina, ancora il (BATTAGLIA ,1930), affermava che: … nelle argille diluviali della caverna … si possono riferire all’ultima glaciazione pleisto - cenica. Più avanti, a proposito della struttura di tali depositi, così conclude: … Le argille diluviali appartengono nella loro totalità al Würmiano … Appare in tutta evidenza la convinzione del Battaglia che l’origine dei grandi depositi di riempi - mento delle grotte, sono dovuti a degli eccessi climatici di tipo diluviale, che in linea temporale, sono perfettamente corrispondenti alla definizione dei così detti “periodi glaciali”. Su questo argomento viene svolta la presente ricerca. 6 FABIO FORTI & FULVIO FORTI 2. - I depositi di riempimento delle grotte La successione stratigrafica dei sedimenti che si sono accumulati nelle grotte “a galleria”, rappresenta la loro storia evolutiva di vari periodi ed in particolare di quello recente ed attuale, che dovrebbe avere avuto inizio presumibilmente nel Pliocene l.s. Con fasi alterne si ritiene inoltre che si possano riferire a tutto il Pleistocene e per finire con i depositi più recenti dell’Olocene. Nei più antichi relitti di sistemi di cavità a sviluppo sub orizzontale, è stata osservata una stratigrafia (schematica) che dal basso in alto viene riassunta nella seguente successione: Livello 1: Banchi e crostoni concrezionari di fondo, parietali e stalagmitici giallastri e rossastri, talora inquinati da sostanze argillose, zonati, stratificati, aventi talora spessori notevoli Livello 2: Depositi stratificati di sabbie siltose e argille gialle, ad orizzonti cementati da concrezione calcitica, banchi di sabbie gialle non cementati con inclusioni di agglomerati sabbiosi cementati tendenzialmente sferoidali (“bambole di saldame”), spesso fusi per coalescenza gli uni con gli altri. In questo livello molto spesso sono presenti anche dei materiali ciottolosi arenacei e calcarei, di indubbia provenienza da scorrimento fluviale postgenetico, ancora non ben chiari - to. Livello 3: Prevalenti depositi talora caotici (definiti da molti Autori diluviali) di terre rosse ed argille giallo-rossastre, talora cementati, localmente frammisti a ciottoli calcarei ed arenacei, intercalati da brecce calcaree a cemento calcitico- argilloso, diversi livelli di crostoni stalagmitici brunastri, rossastri e cristallini bianco-giallastri. Livello 4: Presenza di detriti calcarei a spigoli vivi, sciolti, di origine locale (da parziali disfacimenti delle volte e pareti di gallerie di relitto in prossimità degli accessi); nella parte più superficiale di questi sedimenti passano progressivamente a materiali terroso-argillosi brunastri, grigio-giallastri, più o meno ricchi di sostanze organiche, concrezioni calcitiche rossastre con lo strato più superficiale bianco-lattiginoso. E’ necessario chiarire che, dal punto di vista stratigrafico, i depositi di riempi - mento delle grotte hanno interessato gli studiosi soprattutto per il loro contenuto paleontologico e dei resti delle antiche culture umane. Gli scavi si sono in genere arrestati in profondità all’incontro con le argille e sabbie gialle (Livello 2), consi - derato da tutti gli Autori come “sterile” e quindi di scarso o nullo interesse. Per quanto riguarda i depositi di riempimento del Livello 3, essi sono da imputare a correnti idriche che hanno trasportato all’interno delle cavità a galleria enormi quantità di materiali argilloso-sabbiosi, in genere bruno-rossastri, derivati in larga parte dal disfacimento erosivo in particolare delle rocce flyschoidi (Eocene-Oligocene) oltre che al trasporto delle “terre rosse” di derivazione carsi - ca residuo del disfacimento delle rocce calcaree. Questi potenti trasporti alluvio - nali devono necessariamente essere attribuiti a diversi e molto intensi, periodi tor - renziali che hanno caratterizzato un po’ tutto il Pleistocene. Vi sono comunque delle alternanze con altri periodi, dovuti invece ad una più scarsa piovosità, in cui il contributo del trasporto solido è stato conseguentemente minore, se non nullo. IL “DILUVIALE PLEISTOCENICO” SUL CARSO CONSIDERAZIONI GENETICHE, etc. 7 Ciò potrebbe corrispondere a delle fasi climatiche più fredde, di tipo boreale, che dagli Autori che si sono occupati dei “cicli glaciali” sono stati definiti come inter - glaciali. Secondo questo concetto di “diluviale” al quale corrisponderebbe la gran massa dei depositi di riempimento, secondo questi stessi Autori, tali depositi dovrebbero essere attribuiti invece ai diversi “periodi glaciali”. Questo concetto di “diluviale” (FORTI, 1995) viene applicato ai depositi di riempimento delle grotte, per una necessità di ripensamento sulle situazioni clima - tiche che hanno condizionato la loro genesi ed evoluzione, in quanto questi depo - siti sono assolutamente impossibili da concepire nelle condizioni di periodi freddi o peggio ancora glaciali . Infine, i depositi riferibili al Livello 4 appartengono all’Olocene, ossia a quel periodo definito postglaciale, per il Carso postdiluviale, legato alle presenze umane dal Mesolitico-Neolitico all’Attuale. Per iniziativa del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Trieste in occasione del 7 th International Cave Bear Symposium (Trieste, 5-7 ottobre 2001) è stato pubblicato un fascicolo degli “Estratti dei lavori riguardanti la grotta Pocala di Aurisina”. Successivamente negli “Atti del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Trieste” - Supplemento al Vol. 49 (2002), sono stati pubblicati i diversi lavori presentati. Curatore del Simposio è stato il dott. Ruggero Calligaris . Nel 1999 (TREMUL, 2002) è stato eseguito uno studio mineralogico su di un carotaggio eseguito nel corso del 1999, dei sedimenti presenti nella
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