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“Being a Method Proposed for the Ready Finding…To What Sort Any Plant Belongeth” Oklahoma Native Plant Record 77 Volume 10, December 2010 “BEING A METHOD PROPOSED FOR THE READY FINDING…TO WHAT SORT ANY PLANT BELONGETH” Ronald J. Tyrl Emeritus Professor of Botany Department of Botany Oklahoma State University As any ONPS member will attest, it species name. Sometimes my first try is doesn‟t take many field trips into the prairies successful, but more often I have to make and forests of Oklahoma to encounter an several or even numerous attempts. However, unknown plant and have to ask, “What is it?” nothing is more satisfying than to be able to The easiest way to identify it is disarmingly say “Gotcha! I know who you are!” In the simple; ask someone who knows! This following essay, I offer an overview of the approach works well when an expert is near at origins and evolution of taxonomic keys, hand, ready to name plants. A second aspects of their nature, and suggestions on approach is to compare the unknown plant how to use them successfully. with photographs or illustrations in field guides specific for Oklahoma. Unfortunately, Origins and Evolution of the Key— the major drawbacks in using such guides are Taxonomic keys have been the mainstays of that they typically illustrate only showy- plant identification for more than 250 years. flowered species and may not include all Their origins, however, are considerably older species present in the area. The ideal way to and can be traced to the classifications of identify an unknown plant is to use a Aristotle and Theophrastus, based on taxonomic key – an artificial analytical device fundamentum divisionis or the “principle of for identification which offers a progressive division” and those of 17th Century series of choices between pairs of alternative naturalists (Voss 1952; Stuessy 1990). Edward features (Lawrence 1951). Taxonomists have G. Voss, a plant taxonomist and former been writing and using them for centuries as Curator of the Herbarium at the University of they have inventoried the world's flora (Voss Michigan, published an excellent, 1952). Go anywhere in the world and if a comprehensive history of taxonomic keys in taxonomic key is available, unknown plants 1952. It was a delight to have discovered this can be identified. paper many years ago, and I have excerpted Even after more than 45 years of working aspects of it in the following very abbreviated as a plant taxonomist, I still take pleasure in summary. Voss describes how taxonomists the challenge of identifying a totally unknown such as Robert Morison, John Ray, Augustus plant, i.e., one that I have no inkling of what it Rivinus, and the anatomist Nehemiah Grew is. It is a delight to sit down at a dissecting presented their classifications (1672, 1686, microscope with dissecting needles in hand, to 1699, and 1682, respectively) in a tabular examine the plant‟s many features, to revel in outline form and used brackets to relate and its beauty and complexity, and to work my contrast their groups (essentially diagrams of way through the key to arrive, eventually, at a relationships; Figure). Tyrl, R. J. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100078 78 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 10, December 2010 Flowers perfect; styles and stamens both present Flowers solitary Petals fused Petals alike; as in Campanula and Convolvulus Flowers Petals different; as in Aristolochia and Viola Petals free; as in Brassica and Alsine Flowers in heads; as in Calendula Flowers imperfect; styles or stamens lacking Figure A portion of the classification of John Ray appearing on page 20 of Volume 1 of his Historia Plantarum (1686), showing his groups and the brackets used to relate them. Latin text of Ray‟s groups translated and abbreviated. I must stress that these bracketed tables published in 1778. Francis Arthur Bather were not keys and their purpose was not (1927; cited in Voss 1952), in an address to identification, but rather classification. As the Geological Society of London, described Voss notes, Grew, however, did articulate the the significance of Lamarck‟s keys in biology idea of using a dichotomous key to identify by stating: plants. An appendix to the second part of A key is not a classification, but a book four of his Anatomy of Plants (1682) is method of analysis. The idea was first titled “Being a Method proposed, for the explicitly brought forward by Lamarck at the ready finding, by the Leaf and Flower, to what very beginning of his career. Having asserted Sort any Plant belongeth.” In it, he describes that every species of French plant could be how one might go about identifying an more readily determined by a purely arbitrary unknown plant and lists characteristics of the analytic key than by the Linnean system with leaves and flowers that should be used in its its mixture of supposed reality and ordered identification. It was suggested that his title arbitrariness he was challenged to produce would be a catchy opening for this essay, and such a key, and this he did within twelve thus I have unabashedly used it. months… Although Carolus Linnaeus, typically Since the time of Lamarck, keys have been known as the father of taxonomy, apparently an essential part of biological endeavor and used clavis, the Latin word meaning “key,” to used for the identification of all living describe these bracketed diagrams in his 1736 systems. They are now an integral part of the edition of Bibliotheca Botanica, the famous literature of taxonomy, ecology, and indeed French naturalist and early proponent of the any discipline dependent upon plant theory of evolution, Jean Baptiste de Lamarck, identification, e.g., range management, wildlife is generally credited with the development and biology, and conservation. Keys for the first publication of the strictly dichotomous identification of plant families, genera, and keys specifically for identification purposes. species typically are incorporated in floristic He used them throughout his Flore Francoise treatments known as floras or manuals. These Tyrl, R. J. Oklahoma Native Plant Record 79 Volume 10, December 2010 works are designed to facilitate identification of the applicable alternative character state of the plants in an area and generally comprise leads you to other pairs of alternative the keys, descriptions of the morphology of character states, e.g., petals yellow OR petals white each taxonomic group, and abbreviated or leaves simple OR leaves compound, and comments about each group‟s distribution, ultimately to the unknown plant‟s scientific ecology, flowering time, and taxonomic name. Using a key is thus analogous to relationships. Please remember that the word following a forking path with each fork “flora” also is used as a collective noun for all forming a “Y”. To reach the proper of the plants in an area, i.e., the botanical destination, i.e., identification of the unknown equivalent of fauna. plant, you must take the correct path (choose the applicable character state) at each fork. Nature of a Key—But what is a key? It is I liken a key to a Victorian maze with its simply a device that presents its user (you) numerous forking paths among screens of with a progressive series of choices between boxwood or hazel. Correct choices made at pairs of alternative, generally mutually each fork lead one to the center or exit. exclusive features. For example, you might be For example, a key to five Oklahoma species asked to examine your unknown plant and to might read as follows: decide whether it is a tree OR an herb. Selection 1. Plants trees. 2. Leaves opposite; venation palmate. Fruits double samaras. ..................................... Acer rubrum (red maple) 2. Leaves alternate; venation pinnate. Fruits nuts partially enclosed in involucral caps (acorn). ............................................................................................ Quercus stellata (post oak) 1. Plants herbs. 3. Inflorescences umbels. Leaves alternate. Corollas rotate. Ovaries inferior. ................................................................... Polytaenia nuttallii (prairie parsley) 3. Inflorescences panicles or racemes or spikes. Leaves opposite. Corollas bilabiate. Ovaries superior. 4. Stems square. Inflorescences spikes. Fruits nutlets. .......................................... Prunella vulgaris (heal-all) 4. Stems terete. Inflorescences panicles or racemes. Fruits capsules. .............................................................. Penstemon oklahomensis (Oklahoma beardstongue) The pair of alternative features at each features, and making choices until a scientific fork is termed a couplet, and the alternatives name is reached. of a single couplet are called leads or legs. To Thus, using the key above, if you observe facilitate use of the key, the couplets typically that your unknown plant is an herb with are successively indented to the right, with terete stems, opposite leaves, panicles, both leads of a single couplet equally indented bilabiate corollas, superior ovaries, and and generally numbered. After observing the capsules, you identify it as _?_ (see the last unknown plant‟s features, you commence paragraph of this essay to check your keying at couplet 1 by reading both leads and identification). I have to admit that a glossary making a decision as to which lead applies. of taxonomic terms is indeed handy to have After one of the two leads has been selected, available when you first begin keying. you proceed to the first indented couplet Technical descriptive terms–the bane of immediately under it. The couplets under the beginners–are essential to ensure accuracy and non-selected lead are disregarded because the brevity. However, the more you use a key, the features listed aren‟t those of your unknown more familiar the terms will become, and your plant. You continue reading the leads of reliance on the glossary will quickly decline. successive couplets, observing the plant‟s Tyrl, R. J. 80 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 10, December 2010 Types of Keys—The key presented above is couplet are always together. Use of a an indented key, so named because each bracketed key is the same as for an indented successive couplet is indented to the right.
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