ISSN 1536-7738 Oklahoma Native Plant Record

Journal of the Oklahoma Native Plant Society Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001 Premier Issue Oklahoma Native Plant Society

The purpose of the ONPS is to encourage the study, protection, propagation, appreciation and use of the native plants of Oklahoma. Membership in ONPS shall be open to any person who supports the aims of the Society. ONPS offers individual, student, family, and life membership.

Officers and Board

President: Pat Folley Photo Contest: Paul Reimer Vice-president: Chad Cox Ann Long Award Chair: Paul Reimer Secretary: Maurita Nations Harriet Barclay Award Chair: Treasurer: Mary Korthase Connie Taylor Board Members: ONPS Service Award Chair: Sue Amstutz Berlin Heck Newsletter Editor: Chad Cox Iris McPherson Librarian: Bonnie Winchester Sue Amstutz Website Manager: Chad Cox Jim Elder Paul Reimer Larry Magrath Managing editor: Sheila Strawn Technical editor: Pat Folley Northeast Chapter Chair: Jim Elder Technical advisor: Bruce Hoagland Central Chapter Chair: Judy Jordan Cross-timbers Chapter Chair: Ron Tyrl Historian: Lynn Allen Cover: Cercis canadensis (Redbud) Photo courtesy of Charles Lewallen. Conservation Chair: Berlin Heck “That man is truly ethical who shatters no Publicity Co-chairs: ice crystal as it sparkles in the sun, tears no Ruth Boyd & Betty Culpepper leaf from a tree…” Marketing Chair: Larry Magrath Albert Schweitzer

Articles (c) The Authors Journal compilation (c) Oklahoma Native Plant Society Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike4.0 International License, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-sa/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly attributed, not used for commercial purposes, and, if transformed, the resulting work is redistributed under the same or similar license to this one. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100001 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001

Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 1, Number 1

Table of Contents

Forward ...... 2 Ms. Pat Folley, ONPS President

The Spermatophyta of Oklahoma County, Oklahoma ...... 3 Masters Thesis of Dr. U. T. Waterfall

Floristic List for Oklahoma County ...... 25 Dr. Bruce W. Hoagland

Native Orchids of Oklahoma ...... 39 Dr. Lawrence K. Magrath

Galium parisiense var. leiocarpum Tausch, New for Oklahoma ...... 67 Dr. Lawrence K. Magrath

Checklist of the Ferns, Natural Falls State Park ...... 68 Dr. Bruce A. Smith

ONPS Critic’s Choice Essay : The Limestone Glade ...... 72 Mr. Jim Norman 2 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001

Foreword

The Oklahoma Biological Survey is in the process of making an inventory of the plant specimens that have made their way into the herbaria housed at our universities. They will eventually make that information available on the World Wide Web. All kinds of information will be available, electronically, from those dried specimens. They are a priceless treasure, recording our past and the efforts made to understand it. Putting that data on the Web will be a way of making it accessible to people who have no physical access to the herbaria, and little time to extract it.

Other kinds of plant information are stored in the minds of our members and scientists. Possibly, the files stored in computers will outlast them, maybe not. Who knows? One thing we do know: people have been interested in the flora of Oklahoma for more than a hundred years. Some of their observations have been recorded but, for the most part, not in published form. Believing that those records are important for the understanding of our current flora, The Oklahoma Native Plant Society has determined to bring some of those records to your eye in a more durable form.

For many years, Dr. U. T. Waterfall’s Keys to the Flora of Oklahoma has been the only statewide source of identification keys. Few know that his first attempt to catalog the plants of Oklahoma was a master’s thesis that includes a list of the plants he found in Oklahoma County in the 1930’s. What a difference there is in Oklahoma County between that time and this! To put that survey into perspective, we are including a working copy of the Biological Survey’s list for Oklahoma County, made in the year 2000. This journal intends to publish in each issue, a previously unpublished historic study, which may serve as a baseline for your own investigations into your local flora. We will also include recent studies, student papers, current plant lists, and essays of permanent value.

In the future, we hope to be able to publish either Little’s or Bebb’s catalog of plants of Muskogee County, and other such lists as may be discovered. For that purpose, we challenge the members of Oklahoma Native Plant Society to offer records and observations which they may have available. Not that there will ever be a complete record of the life in any one place, because life refuses to be reduced to a score-card, but because we believe that a knowledge of the plants of a specific location is a fundamental part of understanding other life that may be found there, including our own. You, our readers, will know of current or historic information that should be included in future issues. We hope you will share those with us.

Patricia Folley, President Oklahoma Native Plant Society April, 2001 Oklahoma Native Plant Record 3 Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001

THE SPERMATOPHYTA OF OKLAHOMA COUNTY, OKLAHOMA EXCLUSIVE OF THE GRASSES, SEDGES AND RUSHES A THESIS APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY AND BACTERIOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE SCHOOL

BY U. T. WATERFALL Norman, Oklahoma, 1942

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION collected in Virginia by John Clayton. They were described by This paper represents a the Italian botanist Gronovius preliminary taxonomic study of in his Flora Virginica (1739), the flowering plants indigenous and later given binomial to Oklahoma County. Collections designation by Linneas in the during the springs, summers and Species Plantarum. Thus the type falls of 1939, 1940, and 1941 and locality for these Linnean also during the spring of 1942. species, which are based on After the first general but Clayton's material, is in extensive collections were made southeastern Virginia. a number of special stations of Collections from that region widely varying ecological were often found to differ from structures were selected. the wider-ranging inland plants Collections were made from these referred erroneously, by most at regular intervals of about two botanists, to the Linnean weeks throughout the growing species. Fernald’s restudy of season, or at a corresponding many of these types has shown time during the next year. In that the variety occurring in a addition a search was made for restricted range along the coast stations containing different, is usually the typical one, i.e., ecological elements. Thus the the variety which Gronovius had finding of a maximum number of before him when writing the species over a limited period of description upon which Linneas time was assured by a combination based his generic and specific of extensive and intensive name, while the wide-ranging methods of collection. The plant of the interior must, in specimens were pressed in the the large majority of cases, be standard way used in the leading given a new varietal name. A herbaria. Duplicates were similar situation has been found obtained in nearly every case and to be true for plants collected were deposited in the Bebb along the coast and named by Herbarium of the University of other botanists. This will help Oklahoma. to account for the appearance of Among the most outstanding many of the varietal of the recent investigations, designations in this paper that which may be applied to the flora are not found in the existing of this region, are Fernald's floras and manuals pertaining to series of "Virginia" papers Oklahoma. published annually in Rhodora 1 1 Ferna1d and Griscom, Three since 1935. Fernald reported Days of Botanizing in Southwestern that a number of wide-ranging Virginia, Rhodora 37, pp. 129-13l, continental plants were first 1935. Waterfall, U.T. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100003 4 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001

CHAPTER II HISTORY also mentioned briefly the "Cross Timbers."8 One of the first Americans A large number of plants to traverse what is now Oklahoma from Oklahoma County have County was Washington Irving, who undoubtedly been collected by with Charles Latrobe and his Thomas R. Stemen and W. Stanley fellow travelers, made a trip Meyers in the course of their through this region in the fall of investigations on which the Oklahoma Flora9 1832. Irving, in his Tour on the is based. These Prairies, recorded the events and have not been available for study his impressions of this trip. His by the author. companion, Latrobe1, may have had 1 Rambler in some botanical training as he Charlee Latrobe, North America mentioned various genera of , (excerpts in Tour on the Prairies plants seen on the journey. Irving's , The Party approached the edited by Joseph B. Thoburn and present site of Edmond on the 23rd George C. Wells. xxv. Harlow of October. Their line of search Pub1ishing Company, Oklahoma took them past the sites Arcadia, City, Oklahoma, 1930). 2 Tour on Spencer, Oklahoma City and, on the Washington Irving, the Prairies 28th, over what is now the , (1.c.), pp. southern boundary of Oklahoma 240-243. 2 3Ibid County in the direction of Moore . ., p 145. 4Ibid Irving gave a good description of ., p. 173. 5Ibid., p. 151. the post oak-blackjack woods, 6 even mentioning the dwarf oak, W. E. Bruner, The Quercus prinoides, although not Vegetation of Oklahoma, 3 Ecological Monographs by name , and of the prairies he Vol. 1., saw when emerging from the No. 2, p. 128, April, 1931. 4 7Ibid. woodland near Oklahoma City . He 8Ibid. also tells of the cottonwoods, 9 sycamores and willows found along Thomas R. Stemen and W. 5 Oklahoma Flora the streams . Stanley Myers, , Josiah Gregg, a Santa Fe Harlow Publishing Corporation, trader, in Commerce of the Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 1937. Prairies (1844), told of eight expeditions across the prairies. CHAPTER III PHYSICAL FEATURES Two of these were along the course Location and Size of the Canadian River, hence Oklahoma County is in probably through Oklahoma County. Central Oklahoma, being a part of He also described the "Cross the region known before the run as Timbers" (post oak-blackjack "Old Oklahoma". It is bounded on associes), dwarf oaks and prairie 6 the north by Logan County, on the fires. [See editor’s note at east by Lincoln and Pottawatomie end.] Counties, on the south by Sitgraves and Woodruff, Cleveland County and on the west with S. W. Wodehouse as by Canadian County. It is naturalist, surveyed the northern rectangular in shape, extending boundary of the Creek Indian thirty miles from east to west, country in 1849 and 1850, and twenty-four miles from north returning to Ft. Gibson by way of 7 to south. It covers an area of 720 the North Canadian. square miles. Bigelow (1856) discussed The total population of the the vegetation of Oklahoma as seen county is 224,159. Oklahoma City in traveling from east to west. He has a population of 204,424.

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Edmond is next with 4,002, while Geology and Soils Bethany has 2,590 and Britton Oklahoma County is in the 2,239. Other towns in the county, 2 Permian System of rocks, which all under 1,000 in population, are has been called the Permian Harrah, Arcadia, Luther, Nicoma Redbeds. The western half of the Park, Newalla and Marion. county is in the lower part of the Enid formation of the Permian Topography system.3 This system consists of layers of thin red sandstones The county is drained and soft red shales. chiefly by the North Canadian The soil in the western River and its tributaries. The part of the county is a majority of the creeks, prairyerth4, which is a mature especially the small ones in this soil composed mostly of clay, but drainage system have water containing some sand. Near running in them only during the Bethany and the northern part of spring and after rains during the Lake Overholser there is a small 5 rest of the year. Especially in area of aeolian sandhills. The the hot summer and early fall eastern part of the county is covered with a residual sandy months one is apt to find them 6 dried up. soil. Running through the A tier of sections along prairyerths and the sandy soils is another type of transported the southern boundary south and 7 southwest of Oklahoma City are in soil. This is alluvial soil found chiefly along the North the watershed of the South Canadian River and its tributary Canadian River. The North creeks. Canadian enters the county west of Oklahoma City. Here it has 1 Map of been dammed to form Lake C. E. Thornwaite, Soils, University of Oklahoma Overholser, which furnishes the (unpublished). city's water supply. It runs 2Hugh D. Miser, Geologic Map through the southern part of of Oklahoma, U.S. Geologic Survey, Oklahoma City, then swings 1926. 3Ibid northeast, through Spencer into . 4C. W. Thornwaite, op. cit. the central part of the county. 5 Ibid. It then bends southeast, to leave 6Ibid. the county near Harrah, l8 miles 7Ibid. east of Oklahoma City, having curved 10 miles north between these two places. CHAPTER IV CLIMATE The eastern part of the The Climate of Oklahoma county is made up of sandy County is of the continental type oak-covered hills and small modified to some extent by winds prairies, together with from the Gulf of Mexico. The outcroppings of red sandstone. annual range in temperature is, The western townships are, for therefore, rather marked. The the most part, rolling prairie. summer temperatures are quite Near Bethany there is a region of high, while in winter there are aeolian sand hills1, which often cold spells when the support a vegetation similar to thermometer hovers near zero for that found on the sandy soils in several days. In summer there are often droughts of several weeks the eastern part of the county. duration.

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The prevailing winds are CHAPTER V ECOLOGY from the south with an average velocity at Oklahoma City of 11.3 Oklahoma County has two miles per hour.1 The monthly principal vegetational regions. The average at this station varies eastern three-fifths of the county is occupied by a post oak-black jack from slightly more than 9 miles post [sic] climax, while the western per hour in August to nearly 14 part supports a mixed grass miles per hour in March and formation. In addition there is to April. The highest wind be found a flood-plain forest of a velocity recorded here for a distinct nature running along the five-minute period was 57 miles streams through both the prairie and per hour on June 24, 1915, and the savanna. The range of the latter again on June 29, 1918. two is determined by the type and texture, as well as by the pH of the Temperature records have soil. The oak savanna is found in been kept in Oklahoma City since sandy soil, which would show a high 1891. Between that year and pH value, while the mixed-grass 1941 inclusive, the average prairie begins abruptly in the temperature for January was finer-textured clay soils of a lower found to be 37.5 degrees F. For pH value. Since these soils occur in July it was 81.3 degrees. The intermixed spots, zones and belts maximum temperature recorded where they merge together, their over this fifty-one year period resulting vegetational expressions are similarly interrupted, although was 113 degrees on August 11, separated from one another. 1936, and the minimum was -17 on The dominants in the savanna February l2, 1899. The average are Quercus marilandica and Q. date of the last, killing frost is Stellata. There is not much hickory March 29, while in the fall the associated with these two oaks average date of the first killing although some plants of Carya frost is November 5, giving a Buckleyi var. arkansana may growing season of 221 days. befound. The average annual precipitation is 31.37 inches. The association of grasses February is the driest month of the in the true prairie in the western part of the county has been called year, having an average 1 stipa-Koeleria precipitation of 1.13 inches, by Bruner the while May is the wettest month with association after the grasses that an average of 4.89 inches. The are dominant in the prairie states largest total monthly farther north. In our area, precipitation was in June 1932, however, their places have been taken to a large extent by the when 14.12 inches were recorded. 2 This was 10.40 inches more than the bluestems of southern origin. The average for this month, and 2.13 chief dominants are species of Andropogon Bouteloua inches more than May 1902, the and . wettest month previous to this time. The wettest year was 1902 The flood-plain forests are Populus Salix when there were 52.03 inches of characterized by a - precipitation. associes*. In association with these is often found Cephalanthus 1Annual Meteorological occidentalis, while farther from Summary with Comparative Data, the water Ulmus americana and U. 1941, fulva always occur, often with Compiled under the direction Celtis laevigata of H.F. Walgren, Weather Bureau and rather scattered specimens of Prunus Office, Oklahoma City. Published in mexicana Oklahoma City, 1942. .

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The forests often merge into The overgrazed prairies are the prairie with a narrow band of characterized not only by the chaparral consisting of short grass species already characteristic shrubs. Between mentioned, but also by such weedy the flood-plain forests and the inedible species as Vernonia grassland these are usually Rhus Baldwinii var. interior, Achillea glabra, R. copallina var. lanulosa, Gutierrezia latifolia, Diospyros virginiana, dracunculoides, Artemesia Symphoriocarpos orbiculatus, and gnaphalodes, and Cirsium Prunus augustifolia if any sand is undulatum. In fact these species present. always serve as indicators of The ecotone between the post overgrazing. Their prominence in oak-black jack associes and the a pasture or field should be a prairie is characterized by warning to the farmer or cattleman Quercus prinoides, to decrease the number of cattle Symphoriocarpos orbiculatus, pastured in a given area, or to Rhus copallina var. latifolia, change pastures long enough to Rhus glabra, and Prunus allow the original vegetation to angustifolia var. Watsoni. Some assume its normal dominance. of these shrubs are common to both It is interesting to note that ecotones, but Sambucus canadensis different species of the same genus may is characteristic of the be used as indicators of soil types. Thus transition from flood-plain Tradescantia occidentalis is found, in forest to prairie, while Quercus the prairyerths while T. canaliculata prinoides is found only in the grows in the sands. Liatrus punctata may ecotone between the post grow in clay soil, but L. squarrosa var. oak-black jack associes and the intermedia is found in sandy soil or on prairie. sandstone outcroppings of soils that may There are two common contain some clay. Lithospermum incisum disclimaxes, or disturbance is found in clay, but L. caroliniense climaxes, present. One is made up grows only in sandy soil in the post of cultivated crops.3 Here man oak-black jack associes. Other species, determines what the climax characteristic of sandy soil, are vegetation shall be. The second Psoralea cuspidata, P. villosum, consists of overgrazed Ipomoea leptophyllum, and Penstemon pasturelands. Where this laxiflorus. condition exists in the prairies Prevernal societies on the the taller grasses are replaced by prairies include Anemone Bouteloua hirsuta and B. gracilis caroliniana, Claytonia virginica, associated with Buchloe Houstonia minima, Lithospermum incisum, dactyloides. Thus the pasture Draba brachycarpa, D., reptans, assumes the aspect of the short- Northoscordum bivalve, and Androsace grass plains farther west. occidentalis. Forming a Between the two disclimaxes succession on previously there is often very little of the cultivated soil one finds original vegetation left. The Stel1aria media, Viola botanist is often confined to Kitabeliana var. Rafinesquii, following railroad tracks or Capsella Bursa-pastoris, searching for out-of-the-way Taraxacum laevigatom, and Lamium corners if he is to find much of amplexicaule. In the post interest. Even in the post oak-black jack region the common oak-black jack woods overgrazing plants of this society are has played a destructive part. In Antennaria fallax, Sagina some cases about all that remains decumbens, and a small sedge, is buck brush. Carex microrynchia. Scattered

Waterfall, U.T. 8 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001 individuals of Viola papilionacea puncticulosum, and Ruellia grow along the creeks through such caroliniensis. In succession on environments but there is not the disturbed areas are found Helianthus annuus, H. petiolaris, abundance of forbs which may be Croton monanthogynous found in the prairie. , C. capitatus, C. texense and several Some of the conspicuous Polygonum P components of the vernal species of including . punctatum, P. opelousanum, and P. societies on the prairies are Muhlenbergii. Cardiospermum Sisyrinchium Bushii, Baptisia leucophaea australis Halicacibum is also abundant , B. var. Vitis minor Senecio plattensis here. Several species of in , , Ampelopsis Valerianella stenocarpa combination with var. cordata, and Parthenocissus parviflora, Tradescantia quinquefolia lianas occidentalis Callirhoe form . , Commelina erecta var. typica is a involucrata, Specularia biflora Linum Lewisii species tolerant of shade, which , var. can be found under those layers. pratense, and Achillea lanulosa Some of the serotinal prairie . Forbs now form a more dominants are Euphorbia marginata, conspicuous component of the Gutierrezia dracunculoides, postoak-black jack flora. They Liatrus punctata Chrysopsis Lithospermum , include Berlandieri, Aster ericoides, Aster caroliniense and Astranthium oblongifolius rigidulus integrifolium iliatum var. , var. c . In Vernonia Baldwinii var. interior, more open spots and along fields Solidago radula, Artemisia and roadways Coreopsis gnaphalodes, Ambrosia grandiflora, Schrankia Coronopifolia, Helianthus unciniata, Penstemon laxiflorus Maximi1ianus and Heterotheca and Tradescantia canaliculata aubaxillaria. Growing in the post are often found abundance. In oak-black jack associes one finds Desmondium marilandicum D succession on disturbed soils , . Linaria canadensis paniculatum, Aster patens var. often occur gracilis Acalypha gracilens var. texana, Lepidium and . densiflorum, L. virginicum, Common along the wooded creek sides Silene antirrhina Descurainia are Acalypha rhomboidea, Ambrosia , trifida texana Aster pinnata var. brachycarpa, and var. , Drummondii, Aster exilis, Verbesina Chaerophyllum Tainturieri var. virginica, Solidago petiolaris, floridanum. Irensine rhizomatosa and Euphorbia Prairie aestival societies heterophylla. include Petalostemum purpureum, In summing up the ecological P. candidum, Psoralea floribunda, aspects of the county one finds that Sabatia campestris, Coreopsis it lies in a climate favorable to the tinctoria, Rudbeckia hirta var. development of a grassland sericia, Rudbeckia formation, but due to the presence amplexicaulis, Oenothera of sand the eastern three-fifths of serrulata, Ruellia the area is largely covered by a post caro1iniensis, Krameria oak-black jackpost climax. A second secudiflora, Amorpha canescens, post climax is the flood- plain Acacia angustissima var. hirta, forest found along the North Ratibida columnifera,4 Canadian River and its tributaries. Asclepiodora decumbens, Two disclimaxes are present, one Thelesperma trifidum, Physalis caused by overgrazing, the other by mollis, Solanum eleaegnifolium cultivation. and Solanum Torreyi. In the oak postclimax are found Petalostemum villosum, Psoralea cuspidata, Galium pilosum var.

Waterfall, U.T. Oklahoma Native Plant Record 9 Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001

1 W. E. Bruner, The Oklahoma he had seen no material. Vegetation of Oklahoma, Cyperus rivularis was Ecological Monographs , Vol. 1, found in the eastern portion of No. 2, pp. 110-111, April, 1931. the county. It seems to be a 2W.E. Bruner, The Vegetation of Oklahoma rarely collected species. Dr. F. , J. Hermann of the U.S. Department Ecological Monographs, Vol. 1, of Agriculture has seen no No. 2, l.c. 3 material from Oklahoma. Dr. Hugh Weaver and Clements, O'Neill of the Catholic Plant Ecology, pp. 86-89, University of Washington, D.C., McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc, 5 New York, 1938. writes that he has seen only two 4W. W. Fernald, New sheets from the state, both of Species, Varieties and which are in the Gray Herbarium Transfers, Rhodora 40: 353, of Harvard University. This 1938. station is west of the range as given in all the published floras and manuals. CHAPTER VI RANGE EXTENSIONS AND Xyris torta was an unusual PLANTS NEW TO THE COUNTY "find". My station in the In the course of the southeastern part of the county investigations on which this seems to be the identical one study is based several plants from which Dr. Milton Hopkins of were collected which have been the University of Oklahoma previously unrecorded from the collected this species two years earlier. At any rate this appears state. These include Typha 1 to be the most northwestern truxillensis, Medicago minima, 2 station in the state. Gaura filiformis var. typica , Acer Negundo interior Achillea lanulosa var. , forma previously unrecorded from the rubicunda Tragopogon major 3 and . state was found along the North The latter has since been found Canadian River in the extreme in several sections of the state. eastern part of the county near The pink-rayed form of Achillea Harrah. Bergia texana lanulosa is fairly common, but , collected apparently has escaped previous north of Oklahoma City, is neither listed by Jeffs and Little in their notice. Check List Eloecharis parvula , nor by Stemen and Myers , var. Oklahoma Flora anachaeta in the . However, its was collected near occurrence was to be expected as it Oklahoma City, definitely falls within the range as given by establishing its occurrence Rydberg's Flora. Professor M. L. within the state. In his Fernald wrote6 that there is a sheet monograph4 Svenson included in the Gray Herbarium "from Oklahoma in the mapped range of Arkansas, Indian Territory, var. anachaeta (Map 3, page 387) September 28, 1894, B.F. Bush, No. but no specimens we recited from 33". our area. This leads one to In an investigation of Ambrosia aptera and Ambrosia conclude that Svenson assumed trifida7 the author came to the the presence of the variety in conclusion that all of our Oklahoma, but had no actual specimens should be reduced to specimens from the state. varietal rank. Professor Fernald8 Herbarium sheets were cited by agreed that this entity should be him from Iowa, Colorado, New accorded varietal status as Ambrosia trifida texana Mexico and Texas, but from var. Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri and Scheele, the first available varietal designation.

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Some highly localized 1M. L. Fernald, Midsummer species were found in the Vascular Plants of Virginia. southeastern part of the county. Rhodora 37: 385-387, 1935. One station where several were 2U. T. Waterfall, Interesting found was in marshy springy soil Plants of Oklahoma. Rhodora 42: surrounding a small lake about 499-502, 1940. three miles south of Harrah. The 3Ibid. lake had been made by damming a 4H. K. Svenson, Monographic small creek, but presumably the Studies in Eleocharis III. Rhodora spring and marsh, and hence the 36: 386-389, 1934. species characterizing them, 5Correspondence with the were inexistence previously. author. Here were found Cyperus 6Correspondence with Dr. rivularia, Agrimonia parviflora, Milton Hopkins. Rotala ramosier var. interior, 7U. T. Waterfall. Interesting Prunella vulgaris var. Plants of Oklahoma, l. c lanceolata, Mimulus ringens, and 8M. L. Fernald, as editor of Mimulus glabratus var. Rhodora, in editor’s footnote to oklahomensis. Waterfall's paper. Growing in alluvial soil 9Norman C. Fassett, Notes in the wooded valley of the from the Herbarium of the University North Canadian River about a of Wisconsin - XVII. Rhodora, 41: mile south of Harrah were found 525, 1939 Acer Negundo var. interior, Ampelopsis arborea, Polymnia Uvedalia var. densipilis, Pluchea purpurascens, and again Prunella vulgaris var. lanceolata. Most of these were probably at the western limit of their range. Mimulus glabratus var. oklahomensis however is found farther west9, but this is the only station the author has found in the county. Pluchea *Ed. Note: purpurascens may be found According to J.E. Clements and F.E. Weaver, Plant elsewhere. In their extreme forms, Ecology (p46) McGraw Hill 1929; the term associes is it and P. camphorata (P. petiolata) “the developmental equivalent of the association … used where the community is not permanent but is seem distinct, but there are several replaced by another in the process of development of sheets in the Bebb Herbarium of the succession”. [B.H.] University of Oklahoma which appear difficult positively to assign to either species.

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CHAPTER VII SPERMATOPHYTA OF Iridaceae OKLAHOMA COUNTY, OKLAHOMA Sisyrinchium Bushii Bickn. EXCLUSIVE OF THE GRASSES, Sisyrinchium campestre Bickn. SEDGES AND RUSHES Sisyrinchium graminoides (Based on Collections of the Author) Bickn. Sisyrinchium varians Bickn. ANGIOSPERMAE Monocotyledonae Orchidaceae Typhaceae Spiranthea cernuus Typha truxillensis HBK L. Typha latifolia L. Dicotyledoneae Alismaceae Salicaceae Echinodorus cordifolius (L.) Populus deltoides Marsh. Griseb. forma lanceolatus Salix interior Rowlee. Engelm.) Fernald. Salix interior Rowlee var. Wheeleri Rowlee. Salix nigra Marsh. Xyridaceae Xyris torta J. E. Smith Juglandaceae Carya Buckleyi Durand var. Commelinaceae arkansana Sarg. Commelina communis ludens L. var. Carya Pecan (Marsh) Engler and (Miquel) Clark. Graebner. Commelina diffusa Burm. F. Juglans nigra L. (C.nudiflora of authors, C. longicaulis Jacq.). Commelina erecta typica Fagaceae L. var. Quercus bicolor Fern. Willd. Commelina erecta typical Quercus macrocarpa Michx. L. var. Quercus Marilandica Fern., forma intercursa Moench. Quercus prinoides Willd. Fern. Quercus stellata Commelina erecta L. var. Wang. angustifolia (Michx.)Fern. forma crispa (Wooton) Fern Urticaceae Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. var. Drummondiana Weddell. Pontederiaceae Celtis laevigata Heteranthera limosa Willd. (Sw.) Willd. Celtis reticulata Torr. Maclura pomifera (Ref.) Schneider. Morus Alba Liliaceae L., var. tatarica (L.) Allium canadense L. Loud. Allium mutabile Morus rubra L. Michx. Parietaria pennsylvanica Allium Nuttallii Wats. Muhl. Androstephium coeruleus Ulmus americana L. Ulmus fulva (Scheele) Greene. Michx. Asparagus Officinalis L. Nothoscordium bivalve Loranthaceae (L.) Phoradendron flavescens Britton (Pursh) Smilax Bona-nox L. Nutt. Smilax hispida Muhl. Yucca glauca Nutt. Polygonaceae Eriogonum annuum Nutt. Eriogonum longifolium Nutt. Amaryllidaceae Polygonum buxiforme Small. Polygonum convolvulus Cooperia Drumondii Herb. L. Polygonum cristatum Engelm. & Gray. Polygonum dumetorum L.

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Polygonum exsertum Small. Illecebraceae Polygonum lapathifolium L. Paronychia Jamesii Polygonum longistylus T. & G. Small. Paronychia Wardii Small. Polygonum Muhlenbergii (Meisn.) Wats. Polygonum opelousanum Riddell. Aizoaceae Polygonum pennsylvanicus L. var. Mollugo verticillata L. laevigatum Fernald. Polygonum punctatum Ell. Polygonum scandens Caryophyllaceae L. Cerastium brachypodum Polygonum tenue Michx. (Engelm.) Tovaria virginiana (L.) Adams. Robinson Cerastium nutans Raf. Sagina decumbens (Ell.) T. & G. Chenopodiaceae Silene antirrhina L. Atriplex argentea Nutt. Silene antirrhina L. var. Chenopodium ambrosioides L., ss. divericata Robinson. Eu-ambrosioides Aellen. Stellaria media (L.) Cyrill. Chenopodium gigantospermum Aellen. (C. hybridum of Portulacaceae Am. Authors). Claytonia virginica Chenopodium pratericola Rydb. L. Claytonia virginica L. forma (C. leptophyllum of most robusta authors). (Somes) Palmer & Chenopodium Standleyanum Aellen. Steyermark. Portulaca oleraceae L. (C. Boscianum moq.in Portulaca parvula P pilosa part). Gray. ( . ) Cycloloma atriplicifolium Talinum parviflorum Nutt. (Spreng.) Coult. Monolepis Nuttalliana (R. & S.) Nymphaeaceae Wats. Castalia odorata (Ait.) Woodville & Salsola kali tenuifolia L. var. Wood. G.F.W. Mey Nelumbo pentapetala (Walt.) Saueda linearis (Ell.) Moq. Fernald.

Amaranthacaeae Ranunculaceae Acnida tamariscina (Nutt.) Wood. Anemone caroliniana Walt. Amaranthus blitoides Wats. Clematis Pitcheri T. & G. Amaranthus graeciszans L. Delphinum virescens Nutt. Var. Amaranthus Palmeri S. Wats. camporum (Greene) Martin. Amaranthus spinosus L. Myosurus minimus L. Amaranthus Torreyi (Gray) Benth. Ranunculus pusillus Poir. Froelichia floridana (Nutt.) Ranunculus sceleratus L. Moq. var. campestris (Small) Fern. Froelichia gracillis Menispermaceae Moq. Cocculus carolinus Iresine rhizomatosa Standley. (L.) DC. Menispermum canadense L.

Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca americana L. Papaveraceae Argemone intermedia Sweet.

Nyctaginaceae Oxybaphus albidus Fumariaceae (Walt.) Sweet. Corydalis aurea Oxybaphus floribundus Chois. Willd. Var. Oxybaphus hirsutus ocidentalis Engelm. (Pursh.) Corydalis campestris Robinson. (Britton) Buckholz & Plamer.

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Cruciferae Rubus sp. Arabis virginica (L.) Poir. Sanguicorba annua Nutt. Brassica campestrus L. Camelina microcarpa Andrz. Capsella Bursa-pastoris (L.) Leguminosae Acacia angustissima (Will.) Kuntze. Medic. hirta Cardamine parviflora L. var. var. (Nutt.)Robinson. arenicola Amorpha canescens Pursh. (Britt.) Amorpha fruticosa O.E. Schultz. L. var. Chorispora tenella angustifolia Pursh. DC. Apios americana Descursinia pinnata (Walt.) Medic. brachycarpa Astragalus canadensis L. Britton. var. Astragalus Nuttallianus (Richardson) Fern. DC. Draba brachycarpa Astragalus plattensis Nutt. Nutt. Baptisia australis Draba cuneifolia Nutt. (L.) R. Br. Helleri var. minor (Lehm.) Fernald. var. (Small) O. E. Baptisia leucantha Schultz. T. & G. Draba reptans Baptisia leucophaea Nutt. (B. (Lam.) Fernald. bracteata) Erysimum repandum L. Lepidium densiflorum Cassia fasciculata Michx. (C. Schrad. (L. chamascrista) apetalum) Cassia marilandica C Medsgeri) Lepidium oblongum L. ( . Small. Lepidium virginicum Cercis canadensis L. L. Desmanthus illinoenis Rorippa islandica (Oeder ex (Michx.) MacM. Murr) Borbas. Desmodium ciliare Rorippa sessiliflora (Nutt.) DC. Hitchc. (D. obtusum). Desmodium Dillenii Darl. Rorippa sinuata (Nutta.) Greene. Sisymbrium altissima Desmodium illinoense Gray. L. Desmodium paniculatum Sisymbrium officinale Scop. (L.) DC. var. Streptanthus hyacinthoides pubens T. & G. Hook. Desmodium sessilifolium Thlaspi arvense L. (Torrey) T. & G. Galactia volubillis (L.) Britton. Capparidaceae var. mississippiensis Vail. Cleomella angustifolia Torr. Gleditsia tricanthos L. Polansia trachysperma T. & G. Gleditsia tricanthos L.forma inermis C.K. Schneider Glycyrrhiza lepidota (Nutt.) Pursh. Saxifragaceae Gymnocladus diocica Ribes odoratum (L.) Koch. Wendl. Hosackia Americana (Nutt.) Piper. Indigofera leptosepala Nutt. Krameria lancolata Platanaceae Torr. Lespedeza capitata Platanus occidentalis L. Michx. Lespedeza intermedia (L.) Britton. Lespedeza intermedia (L.) Britton, Rosaceae forma Hahnii (Blake) Hopkins. Agrimonia parviflora Ait. Lespedeza procumbens Crataegus Michx. sp. Lespedeza repens (L.) Barr. Fragaria virginiana Duchesne, Lespedeza striata illinoensis (Thub.) H. & A. var. (Prince) Lespedeza Stuevei Nutt. Gray. Lespedeza Stuevei Geum canadense Nutt, forma Jacq. augustifolia (Britt.) Prunus angustifolia Marsh. v Watsoni Hopkins. ar. (Sarg.) Medicago lupulina L. Waugh. Medicago minima Prunus gracilis L. Engelm. Gray. Medicago sativa L. Prunus mexicana Wats. Rosa foliosa Nutt.

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Melilotus alba Desv. Rutaceae Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. Ptelea trifoliate L. Neptunea lutea (Leavenw.) Benth. Zanthoxylum americanum Mill. Oxytropus Lambertii Pursh. Parosela aurea (Nutt.) Britton. Parosela enneandra (Nutt.) Polygalaceae Polygala alba Nutt. Britton. Polygala incarnata Petalostemum candidum Michx. L. Petalostemum occidentale Polygala verticillata L. var. (Gray) isocycla . Fernald. Fernald Petalostemum purpureum (Vent.) Rydb. Euphorbiaceae Petalostemum purpureum (Vent.) Acalypha gracilens Gray pubescens Rydb. Forma Acalypha ostryaefolia Ridd. Fassett. Acalypha rhomboidea Raf. (A. Petalostemum villosum Nutt. virginica L.) Psoralea digitata Nutt. Croton capitatus Michx. Psoralea floribunda Nutt. Croton glandulosis L. var. Rhynchosia latifolia Nutt. septentrionalis Muell. Arg. Robinia pseudo-acacia L. Croton Lindheimerianus Scheele. Schrankia Nuttallii (DC.) Croton monanthogyhous Michx. Standley. Croton texenis (Klotzsh) Muell. Strophostyles helvola (L.) Arg. Britton Euphorbia arkansana Engelm. & Gray. Strophostyles pauciflora Euphorbia Chamaesyche L. (E. malaca ( Benth.) Wats. (Small) Little). Stylosanthes biflora (L.) BSP. Euphorbia corollata L. hispidissma var. (Michx.) Euphorbia corollata L. var. mollis Pollard & Ball. Millsp. Tephrosia virginiana (L.) Pers. Euphorbia Geyeri Engelm. Tephrosia virginiana (L.) Pers. Euphorbia heterophylla L. holosericia var. (Nutt.) Euphorbia hexagona Nutt. T. & G. Euphorbia humistrata Engelm. ex. Trifolium carolinianum Michx. Gray. Trifolium pratense L. Euphorbia maculata L. (E. Preslii Vicia caroliniana Walt. Guss.) Vicia ludoviciana Nutt. Euphorbia marginata Pursh. Vicia villosa Roth. Euphorbia missurica Raf. (E. zygophylloides Boiss.) Euphorbia missurica Linaceae Raf. Var. Linum Berlandieri intermedia (Engelm.) L. Hook. E. petaloidea Linum Lewisii Pursh. var. C.Wheeler. ( pratense Norton. (Engelm.) L. C. Linum rigidum Euphorbia obtusata Pursh. Pursh. Euphorbia serpens Linum sulcatum Riddell. HBK. Euphorbia strictospora Engelm. Euphorbia supine Raf. (E. maculata Oxalidaceae L.) Oxalis stricta L. Jatropha texana Muell Arg. Oxalis violaceae L. Stillingia sylvatica L.

Geraniaceae Anacardiaceae Geranium carolinianum L. Rhus copallina L. var. latifolia Engelm. Rhus glabra L. Zygophyllaceae Rhus radicans L. Kallstroemia intermedia Rydb. Tribulus terrestris L.

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Celastraceae Lechea villosa Ell. Celastrus scandens L. Evonymis atropurpureus Jacq. Violaceae Viola Kataibeliana Roem. & Aceraceae Schultes, var. Rafinesquii Acer Negundo L. Greene) Fern. Acer Negundo L. var. interior Viola missourienses Greene. (Britton) Sarg. Viola papilionaceae Pursh. Acer Negundo L. var. texanum Viola primulifolia L. var. villosa Pax. A. Eaton.

Sapindaceae Passifloraceae Cardiospermum Hallicacabum L. Passiflora incarnata L. Sapindus Drummondii H. & A. Loasaceae Mentzelia oligosperma Nutt. Rhamnaceae Ceanothus evatus Desf. var. Cactaceae pubescens Wats. Mamillaria similes Engelm. Opuntia humifusa Raf. Vitaceae Ampelopsis arborea (L.) Rusby. Lythraceae Ampelopsis cordata Michx. Ammannia coccines Rottb. Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Lythrum lanceolatum Ell. Planchl. Rotala ramosior (L.) Koehne. Vitis cinerea Engelm. Vitis palmata Vahl. Onagraceae Vitis riparia Michx. (V. vulpina Gaura filiformis Small. Var. typica auth.) Munz. Vitis vulpina L. (V. cordifolia Gaura parviflora Dougl. Var. typica Michx.) Munz. Garua parfiflora Dougl. var typica Munz. forma glabra Munz. Malvaceae Gaura tripetala Cav. var. Callirhoe alcaeoides (Michx.)Gray. triangulata (Buckl.) Munz. Callirhoe involucrate (T.& G.) Jussiaea diffusa Forsakal. Gray. Ludwigia alternifolia L. Hibiscus trioneum L. Ludwigia palustris (L.) Ell. var. Sida spinosa L. Americana (DC.) Fern. & Sphaeralcea coccinea (Pursh.) Grisc. Rydb. Oenothera canovirens Steele (Oe. biennis in part). Oenothera lacinata Hypericaceae Hill. Oenothera lacinata Ascyrum hypericoides L. var. Hill, var. grandiflora multicaule (Michx.) Fern. (Walt.) Hypericum multilum L. Robinson. Oenothera linifolia Hypericum punctatum Lam.var. Nutt. Var. typica pseudomaculatum (Bush) Munz. Oenothera missourienses Fern. Sims. Var. oklahomensis (Norton) Munz. Oenothera rhombipetala Elatinaceae Nutt. Oenothera serrulata Bergia texana (Hook.) Seubert. Nutt. Var. typica Munz. Oenothera serrulata Nutt. Var. Cistaceae Drummondii T.& G. forma Lechea tenuifolia Michx. var. flava occidentalis Munz. Hodgdon. Oenothera speciosa Nutt.

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Oenothera triloba Nutt. Loganiaceae Stenosiphon linofolium (Nutt.) Polypremum procumbens L. Britton. Gentianaceae Umbelliferae Sabatia angularis (L.) Bursh. Ammoselinum Butleri (Engelm.) Coult Sabatia campestris Nutt. & Rose. Chaerophyllum Tainturieri Hook. Apocynaceae var. floridanum Coult. & Apocynum cannabium L. var. Rose. glaberrimum A. DC. Chaerophyllum texanum Coult. & Apocynum cannabium L. var. Rose pubescens (R. Br.) A. DC. Cicuta maculata L. Apocynum sibiricum Jacq. Daucus pusillus Michx. Apocynum sibiricum Jacq. Var. Lomatium daucifolium (Nutt.) Farwellii (Greene) Woodson. Coutl. & Rose. Lomatium foeniculaceum (Nutt.) Asclepiadaceae Coult. & Rose. Acerates auriculata Engelm. Pastinaca sativa L. Acerates viridiflora (Rar.)Eaton. Polytaenia Nuttallii (DC.) Ampelamus albidus (Nutt.) Britt. Britton. (Gonolobus laevis sensu Ptilimnium capillaceum (Michx.) Vail). Raf. Asclepias amplexicaulis J.E. Smith. Sanicula Canadensis L. Asclepias galioides HBK. Spermolepis divericata (Watt.) Asclepias incarnata L. Britton. Asclepias speciosa Torr. Spermolepis echinata (Nutt.) Asclepias stenophylla Gray. Heller. Asclepias tuberosa L. Spermolepis inermis (Nutt.) Asclepias tuberosa L. forma lutea S. Mathias & Constance ( Clute. patens ). Asclepiodora decumbens (Nutt.) Torilis japonicus (Houtt.) DC. Gray. T. anthriscus ( (L.) Asclepiodora viridis (Walt.) Gray. Bernh.) Gonolobus gonocarpos (Walt.) Perry.

Cornaceae Convolvulaceae Cornus Drummondii C. Convolvulus ambigens House. Meyer. ( Convolvulus sepium asperifolia of authors). L. Cuscuta arvensis Bevrich. Evolvulus Nuttallianus Schultze. Primulaceae (E. pilosus Nutt.) Androsace occidentalis Pursh. Ipomoea lacunosa L. Samolus pauciflorus Raf. (S. Ipomoea leptophylla Torr. floribundus HBK.) Ipomoea longifolia Benth.

Sapotaceae Hydrophyllaceae Bumelia lanuginose (Michx.) Ellisia nyctelea (L.) Pers. Nemophila phacelioides Nutt. Phacelia hirsute Nutt. Ebenaceae Diospyros virginiana L. Diospyros virginiana L. var. Boraginaceae platycarpa Sarg. Hackelia virginiana (L.) I. M. Johnston. (Lappula virginiana Oleaceae (L.) Greene. Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. Heliotropum tenellum (Nutt.) Torr. var. Americana (Borkh.) Lappula texana (Scheele) Britton. Sarg. Lithospermum arvense L.

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Lithospermum caroliniense serrata (Torr.) Robinson. (Walt.) MacM. (L. Gmeleni Gerardia heterophylla Nutt. in part). Llysanthes anagallidea (Michx.) Lithospermum incisum Lehm. (L. Robinson. angustifolium Michx.) Leucospora multifida (Michx.) Nutt. (Conobea multifida). Linaria canadensis (L.) Dumont. Verbenaceae texana Lippia cuneifolia Var. Pennell. (Torr.) Mimulus glabratus HBK. var. Steud. Oklahomensis Fassett. Lippia lanceolata Michx. var. Mimulus ringens recognita L. Fern. & Grisc. Penstemon cobaea Nutt. Verbena bipinnatifida Nutt. Penstemon laxiflorus Verbena bracteata Pennell. Lag. & Rodr. Penstemon oklahomensis Pennell. Verbena canadensis (L.) Britton. Verbascum Thapsus Verbena hastate L. L. Veronica arvensis L. Verbena pumila Rydb. Veronica peregrina Verbena stricta L. var. Vent. xalapensis (HBK.) Pennell. Verbena urticaefolia L.

Bignoniaceae Labiateae Catalpa speciosa Warder Hedeoma camporum Rydb. Hedeoma hispida Pursh. Lamium amplexicaule L. Acanthaceae Lycopsus americanus Muhl. Dicliptera brachiata (Pursh) Mondarda clinopodioides Gray. Spreng. Monarda mollis L. Ruellia caroliniensis (Walt.) Prunella vulgaris L. var. Steud. (R. ciliosa Pursh.) lanceolata (Barton) Fern. Ruellia strepens L. Salvia Pitcheri Torr. Scutellaria lateriflorus L. Scutellaria parvula Plantaginaceae Michx. var. Plantago aristata australis Fassett. Michx. Teucrium canadense Plantago Purshii R. & S. L. var. Plantago pusilla virginicum (L.) Eaton. Nutt. Plantago rhodosperma Dcne. Plantago Rugelii Dcne. Solanaceae Plantago virginica L. Datura Stramonium L. Physalis heterophylla Nees. Physalis ixiocarpa Brot. Rubiaceae Physalis lobata Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Torr. Cephalanthus occidentalis Physalis macrophysa Rydb. L. var. Physalis mollis pubescens Raf. Nutt. Diodia teres setifera Physalis pendula Rydb. Walt. var. Physalis pumila Fern. & Grisc. Nutt. Galium aparine Vaillantii Physalis subglabrata Mack. & L. var. (DC.) Koch. Bush. Galium circaezans Solanum carolinense L. Michx. var. Solanum elaeagnifolium hypomalacum Fern. Cav. Galium obtusum Solanum nigrum L. Bigel. Solanum rostratum Galium pilosum Ait. var. Dunal. puncticulosum Solanum Torreyi Gray. (Michx.) T. & G. Galium virgatum Nutt. Scrophulariaceae Houstonia nigricans (Lam.) Fern. Buchnera americana L. H. angustifolia Michx.) Gerardia densiflora Benth. Houstonia minima Beck. Gerardia grandiflora Benth. var.

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Caprifoliaceae Aster oblongifolius Nutt. Var. Sambucus canadensis L. rigidulus Gray. Symphoriocarpos orbiculatus Aster patens Ait. Var. gracilis Moench. Hook. Virburnum rufidulum Raf. Aster praealtus Poir. (A. salicifolius) Astranthium integrifolium Valerianaceae ciliatum Valerianella amarelle (Michx.) Nutt. Var. (Lindl.) Larsen. Krok. Baccharis salicina Valerianella radiata T. & G. (L.) Dufr. Bidens bipinnata L. Valerianella stenocarpa (Engelm) Bidens cernua parviflora L. (Krok.) var. Bidens involucrate (Nutt.)Britton. Dyall. Bidens vulgata Greene. Chaetopappa asteroids DC. Chrysopsis Berlandieri Cucurbitaceae Greene. Chrysopsis pilosa Cucurbita foetidissima HBK. Nutt. Cirsium undulatum Melothria pendula L. (Nutt.) Spreng. Cirsium virginianum (L.) Michx. Coreopsis cardaminefolia Campanulaceae (DC.) Specularia biflora T.& G. (R.& P.) Coreopsis grandiflora F. & M. Hogg. ex Specularia leptocarpa (Nutt.) Sweet. Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. Gray. Echinacea angustifolia Specularia perfoliata (L.) A. DC. Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. DC. Elephantopus carolinianus Raeuschel. Lobeliaceae Erigeron canadensis Lobelia splendens Willd. L. Erigeron diverticatus Michx. Erigeron philadelphicus L. Compositae Erigeron ramosus Achillea lanulosa Nutt. (Walt.) BSP. Achillea lanulosa Eupatroium coelestinum L. Nutt. forma Eupatorium perfoliatum rubicunda Farwell. L. Actinea linearifolia Eupatorium serotinum Michx. (Hook.) Evax multicaulis Kuntze. DC. Actinomeris alternifolia Gaillardia lanceolata Michx. (L.) Gaillardia suavis DC. (Gray) Britt. & Agoseris cuspidata (Pursh) Rusby. Gaillardia trinervata Small Steud. Gnaphalium obtusifolium Ambrosia artemesifolia L. var. L. elatior Gnaphalium purpureum L. (L.) Descourtils. Gutierrezia dracunculoides Ambrosia coronopifolia T. & G. (DC.) Ambrosia trifida texana Blake. Amphiachyris L. var. dracunculoides Scheele (A. aptera DC.) ). Antennaria fallax Helenium tenuifolium Nutt. Greene. Helianthus annus Anthemis Cotula L. L. Aphanostephus Helianthus hirsutus Raf. skirrobasis (DC.) Helianthus Maximiliani Trel. Schrad. Aplopappus ciliatus Helianthus mollis Lam. (Nutt.) DC. Helianthus petiolaris Aplopapous divericatus (Nutt.) Nutt. Helianthus tuberosus L. Gray Heterotheca subaxillaris Artemisia gnaphalodes Nutt. (Lam.) Aster azureus Britt. & Rusby. Lindl. Hieracium Gronovii Aster Drummondii Lindl. L. Aster ericoides A. Hieracium longipilum Torr. L. ( Hymenopappus tenuifolius multiflorus) Pursh. Aster exilis Ell.

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Iva ciliata Willd. pulcherrima (DC.) Fern. Krigia occidentalis Nutt. & Standl. forma pulcherrima Kuhnia eupatorioides L. (DC.) Fern. Kuhnia eupatorioides L. var. Rudbeckia hirta L. var. sericea corymbulosa T. & G. (T.V. Moore) Fernald. Lactuca campestris Greene. Senecio glabellus Poir. Lactuca canadensis L. var. Senecio plattensis Nutt. latifolia O. Ktze. Serinia oppositifolia (Raf.) Lactuca Canadensis L. var. Kuntze. longifolia (Michx.) Farwell. Silphium asperrimum Hook. Lactuca floridana (L.) Gaertn. Silphium laciniatum L. Lactuca scariola L. Solidago Canadensis L. Liatrus acidota Engelm. & Gray. Solidago Hellari Small. Liatrus punctata Hook. Solidago leptocephala T. & G. Liatrus squarrosa Willd. var. Solidago petiolaris Ait. intermedia (Lindl.) DC. Solidago radula Nutt. Matricaria matricarioides Solidago rigida L. (Less.) Porter. Solidago serotina Ait. Parthenium Hysterophorus L. Solidago ulmifolia Muhl. Pluchea marilandica (Michx.) Sonchus asper (L.) Hill. Cass. Taraxacum laevigatum (Willd.) DC. Pulchea purpurascens (Sw.) DC. Taraxacum palustre (Lyons) Lam. & Polymnia Uvedalia L. var. DC. var. vulgare (Lam.) Fern. densipilis Blake. Thelesperma trifidum (Poir) Polypteris macrolepis (Rydb.) Britton. Pyrrhopappus carolinianus Tragopogon major Jacq. (Walt.) DC. Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Gray. Pyrrhopappus scaposus DC. Verbesina virginica L. Ratibida columnifera (Nutt.) Vernonia Baldwinii Torr. var. Woot. & Standl. interior (Small) Schuberr. Ratibida columnifera (Nutt.) Xanthisma texanum DC. Woot. & Standl. forma Xanthium italicum Moretti.

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CHAPTER VIII TABULAR VIEW OF THE FAMILIES OF THE SPERMATOPHYTA

Classes, Families, etc. Genera Species/ Var-form Monocotyledonae 25. Ranunculaceae 5 5/1 1. Typhaceae 1 2 26. Menispermaceae 2 2/1 2. Alismaceae 1 1 27. Papaveraceae 1 1 3. Xyridaceae 1 1 28. Fumariaceae 1 1/1 4. Commelinaceae 2 5/3 29. Crucifera 14 18/3 5. Pontederiaceae 1 1 30. Capparidaceae 2 2 6. Liliaceae 6 9 31. Saxifragaceae 1 1 7. Amaryllidaceae 1 1 32. Platanaceae 1 1 8. Iridaceae 1 4 33. Rosaceae 8 8/2 9. Orchidaceae 1 1 34. Leguminosae 31 52/12 Dicotyledonae 35. Linaceae 1 3/1 10. Salicaceae 2 3/1 36. Oxalidaceae 1 2 11. Juglandaceae 2 3 37. Geraniaceae 1 1 12. Fagaceae 1 5 38. Zygophyllaceae 2 2 13. Urticaceae 6 7/2 39. Rutaceae 2 2 14. Loranthaceae 1 1 40. Polygalaceae 1 2/1 15. Polygonaceae 3 15/1 41. Euphorbiaceae 5 23/3 16. Chenopodiaceae 6 9/1 42. Anacardiaceae 1 2/1 17. Amaranthaceae 4 9/1 43. Celastraceae 2 2 18. Phytolaccaceae 1 1 44. Aceraceae 1 1/2 19. Nyctaginaceae 1 3 45. Sapindaceae 2 2 20. Illecebraceae 1 2 46. Rhamnaceae 1 1/1 21. Aizoaceae 1 1 47. Vitaceae 3 7 22. Caryophyllaceae 4 5/1 48. Malvaceae 4 5 23. Portulacaceae 3 4/1 49. Tamaricaceae 1 1 24. Nymphaceae 2 2 50. Hypericaceae 2 1/2

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51. Elatinaceae 1 1 74. Solanaceae 3 14 52. Cistaceae 1 1/2 75. Scrophulariaceae 9 11/4 53. Violaceae 1 2/2 76. Bignoniaceae 1 1 54. Passifloraceae 1 1 77. Acanthaceae 2 3 55. Loasaceae 1 1 78. Plantaginaceae 1 6 56. Cactaceae 2 2 79. Rubiaceae 4 5/5 57. Lythraceae 3 3 80. Caprifoliaceae 3 3 58. Onagraceae 5 12/6 81. Valerianaceae 1 2/1 59. Umbelliferae 11 14/1 82. Cucurbitaceae 2 2 60. Cornaceae 1 1 83. Campanulaceae 1 3 61. Primulaceae 2 2 84. Lobeliaceae 1 1 62. Sapotaceae 1 1 85. Compositae 60 95/15 63. Ebenaceae 1 1/1 Total** 15 26/3 Monocotyledonae 64. Oleaceae 1 1/1 Total** 283 449/84 Dicotyledonae 65. Loganiaceae 1 1 Total** 298 475/87 ANGIOSPERMAE 66. Gentianaceae 1 2 Total** 298 475/87 SPERMATOPHYTA 67. Apocynaceae 1 1/3 68. Asclepidaceae 4 12/1 **Ed. Note: While numbering of species in the chart has 69. Convolvulaceae 5 7 been edited, errors in totals have not been corrected. Editor counts 25 species of monocots and 456 species of dicots 70. Hydrophyllaceae 3 3 making angiosperm and spermatophyte totals of 481. Also, a total of 85 varieties or forms of dicots and 3 monocot 71. Boraginaceae 4 6 varieties total 88 varieties and forms. Author did not have the benefit of an electronic calculator. [S.S.] 72. Verbenaceae 2 8/1 73. Labiateae 8 8/3

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS North America based on Foliage and Twig Characteristics. The author is deeply Rhodora 38: 53-63, 1936. grateful to Dr. Milton Hopkins, Dyal, Sarah C, Valerianella in Associate Professor of Botany North America. Rhodora 40: in the University of Oklahoma, 185212, 1938. under whose supervision this Fassett, Roman C. Notes from the work was done. His inspiration Herbarium of the University of and encouragement, his Wisconsin. XIII. Rhodora 38: suggestions and guidance have 94-97, 1936. been of great assistance. Fassett, Norman C. Notes from the He is also indebted to the Herbarium of the University of curators of several herbaria, Wisconsin. XV. Rhodora 39: and to various specialists for 377-379, 1937. identifications of difficult, Fassett, Norman C. Notes from the or critical specimens. These Herbarium of the University of include Dr. M. L. Fernald and Wisconsin. XVIII. Rhodora 41: other members of the staff of 524-529, 1939. the Gray Herbarium of Harvard Fernald, M. L. Midsummer Vascular University, Dr. E. J. Alexander Plants of Southeastern of the New York Botanical Virginia. Rhodora 37: 378-413, Gardens, Dr. P.A. Munz of Pomona 423-455,1935. College, Dr.Francis R. Pennell Fernald, M. L. Contributions from of the Academy of Natural the Gray Herbarium. XIII. Sciences of Philadelphia, and Rhodora 38: 165-l82, 261-239 Dr. S. F. Blake of the Bureau of [sic],1936. Plant Industry of the United Fernald, M. L. Plants from the Outer States Department of Coastal Plain of Virginia. Agriculture. Rhodora 38: 376-404, 414-452, 1936. Fernald, M. L. Petalostemum occidentae. Rhodora 39: 28, 1937. Fernald, M. L. Nomenclatural BIBLIOGRAPHY Transfers and New Varieties and Forms. Rhodora 39: 309-320, Anderson, Edgar, and R. E. 1937. Woodson, Jr. The Species of Fernald, M. L. Local Plants of the Tradescantia Indigenous to Inner Coastal Plain of the United States. Contr. Virginia. Rhodora 39: 321-366, Arnold Arboretum of Harvard 379-415, 433-459, 465-491, University. 9: 1-132, 1935. 1937. Britton, N. L., and A. Brown. An Fernald, M. L. Noteworthy Plants of Illustrated Flora of the Southeastern Virginia. Rhodora Northern United States, 40: 364-424, 434-459, 467-485, Canada, and the British 1935. Possessions. Three vols. 2nd Fernald, M. L. New Species ed. revised and enlarged. Varieties and Transfers. Lancaster Press, Inc., Rhodora 40: 331-358, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. 1938. Deam, Charles C. Flora of Fernald, M. L. New Species Indiana. Department of Varieties and Transfers, Conservation, Division of Rhodora 41: 423-461, Forestry. Indianapolis, 1939. Indiana, 1940. Fernald, M. L. Last Survivors Dyal, Sarah C. Key to the in the Flora of Tidewater Species of Oaks of Eastern Virginia. Rhodora 4l:

Waterfall, U.T. Oklahoma Native Plant Record 23 Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001

465-504, 529-558, 564-574, Leyendecker, Jordon Phillip Jr. A 1939. Taxonomic Study of the Genus Fernald, M. L. Campestrian Galium in Iowa. Proc. Iowa Acad. Variety of Froelichia Sci. XLVII. 101-114, 1940. floridana. Rhodora 43: McVaugh, Rogers. Studies in the 336, 1941. Taxonomy and Distribution of Fernald, M. L. Another Century of the Eastern North American Additions to the Flora of Species of Lobelia. Rhodora 38: Virginia. Rhodora 43: 485553, 214-263, 276-298, 305-329, 559-630, 635-657, 1941. 346-362, 1936 Fernald, M. L. Some Forms in the Mathias, Mildred E., and Lincoln Aliasmaceae. Rhodora 38: 73, Constance. New Combinations and 1938. New Names in the Umbelliferae. Fernald, M.L., and Ludlow Bul. Torre Bot. Club. 68: 128124 Griscom. Three Days Botaniing [sic]. 1942. in Southeastern Virginia. Merrill, E. D. On Houttuyn's Rhodora 37: 129-157, 167-189, Overlooked Binomials for Native 1935. or Introduced Plants in Eastern Fernald, M. L., and Ludlow North America. Rhodora 40: 228- Griscom. Notes on Diodia. 293, 1938. Rhodora 39: 306-308, 1937. Munz, Philip A. Studies in Freeman, Florence L. Variations Onagracea. IV. A Revision of the of Psoralea psoralioides. Subgenera Salpingia and Rhodora 39: 425-428. 1937. Calylophis of the Genus Henson, Dorthy H. The Genus Oenothera. Amer. Journ. Bot. Monarda in Oklahoma. American 16: 702-715, 1929. Midland Naturalist 25: 358360, Munz, Philip A. Studies in 1941. Onagraceae XI. A Revision of the Hodgdon, Albion R. Taxonomic Genus Gaura. Bul. Torr. Bot. Study of Lechea. Rhodora 40: Club. 65: 105-122, 211-228, 29-69, 87-131, 1938. 1938. Hopkins, Milton. Notes on Pennell, Francis W. Commelina in the Lespedeza. Rhodora 37: 265- United States. Bull. Torr. Bot. 266, 1935. Club. 43: 96-111, 1916. Hopkins, Milton. Arabis in Pennell, Francis W. Scrophulariaceae Eastern and Central North of Eastern Temperate North America. Rhodora 39: 63-98, America. Acad. Nat. Sciences of 106-148, 155-186, 1937. Philadelphia, Monograph I. Hopkins, Milton. Cercis in North 1935. America. Rhodora 44: 193-211, Pennell, Francis W. Commelina 1942. communis in Eastern United Larisey, Mary M. Monograph of the States. Bartonia, No. 19: 19-22, Genus Baptisia. Annals of the 1937. Missouri Botanical Gardens. Pennell, Francis W. A Supplemental 27: 119-244, 1940. Note Concerning Commelina Larsen, Esther L. Astranthium and nudiflora. Proc. Acad. Sciences Related Genera. Annals of the of Philadelphia. 40: 39, 1938 Missouri Botanical Perry, Lily M. Evolvulus pilosus an Gardens. 20: 23-44, 1933. Invalid Name. Rhodora 37: 63, Leonard, Emery C. The North 1935. American Species of Perry, Lily M. A Revision of the North Scutellaria, Contrib. from American Species of Verbena. the U.S. Nat. Herb. Vol. 22, Annais Mo. Bot. Gard. 20: Part, 10, Govmt. Printing 239-352, 1933. Office, Washington, D. C., 1927.

Waterfall, U.T. 24 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001

Perry, Lily M. Gonolobus Within Stemen, Thomas R., and W. Stanley the Gray's Manual Range. Rhodora Myers. Oklahoma Flora. Harlow 40: 281-287, 1938. Pub. Corp., Oklahoma City. Rickett, H. W. Cornus asperifolia and 1937. its Relatives. Stevens, G. L. The Flora of Robinson, B. L., and M. L. Oklahoma. Unpublished original Fernald.Gray's New Manual of deposited in the Widener Library Botany. Amer. Book Co., New York. of Harvard University, 1916. 1908. Steyermark, Julian A. Spring Flora Rydberg, P. A. Flora of the of Missouri. Mo. Bot. Gard. and Prairies and Plains of Field Mus. Nat. History. Central North America. New Chicago, 1940. York Bot. Gard. New York, Waterfall, U. T. Interesting Plants 1932. of Oklahoma. Rhodora 42: 499- Sargent, C. S. Manual of the 502, 1940. Trees of North America. Weatherby, C. A. Typification of Riverside Press. Cambridge, Acalypha virginica. Rhodora 39: Mass. 3rd. ed., 1933. 14-16, 1937. Schubert, Bernice C. Notes on Wheeler, L. C. Euphorbia Subgenus Vernonia. Rhodora 38: 369- Chamaesyche in Canada and the 372. 1936. United States Exclusive of Small, J. K. Flora of the Southern Florida. Rhodora 43: Southeastern United States. 97-154, 168-206, 231-236, Pub. By J. K. Small. New 1941. York. 2nd ed., 1913. Woodson, Robert E. Apocynaceae. N. Small, J. K. Manual of the Am. Flora 29, part 2: 188-192, Southeastern Flora. Pub. by 1938. J. E. Small. New York, 1933.

*Ed. Note: For historical purposes much of Waterfall’s original format has been retained. Species epithets derived from a person’s name are capitalized and margins are left-justified only. A similar font has been used. However, we have edited the thesis for readability. Footnotes have been moved from the bottom of each page to the end of each chapter. Italics have been substituted for underscoring of scientific names and the text has been formatted in two columns. [S.S.]

Waterfall, U.T. Oklahoma Native Plant Record 25 Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001

Floristic List for Oklahoma County From Hoagland, B. W. 2001, Atlas and Catalog of Flora of Oklahoma Bruce W. Hoagland Director, Oklahoma Natural Heritage Inventory University of Oklahoma Norman, Oklahoma

This list, generated on 19 February 2001, is an ongoing project. The most complete records at this time are from the Robert Bebb Herbarium at the University of Oklahoma. Others [indicated with *] are from Oklahoma State University, University of Science and Arts of Oklahoma, Southeastern Oklahoma State University and Northwestern Oklahoma State University.

ACANH Acacia angustissima meadow garlic Prairie acacia var. hirta ALCAM Allium canadense ACMO4 Acalypha monococca var. mobilense meadow slender threeseed mercury garlic ACOS Acalypha ostryifolia ALDR Allium drummondii pineland threeseed mercury Drummond's onion ACVI Acalypha virginica ALPE2 Allium perdulce* plains Virginia threeseed mercury onion ACNE2 Acer negundo ALCA4 Alopecurus carolinianus boxelder Carolina foxtail ACNEI2 Acer negundo var. AMAL Amaranthus albus interius prostrate pigweed boxelder AMHY Amaranthus hybridus AECY Aegilops cylindrica slim amaranth jointed goatgrass AMPA Amaranthus palmeri AGAS2 Agalinis aspera carelessweed tall false foxglove AMRE Amaranthus retroflexus AGDE6 Agalinis densiflora redroot amaranth Osage false foxglove AMRU Amaranthus rudis tall AGFA2 Agalinis fasciculata amaranth beach false foxglove AMSP Amaranthus spinosus AGHE4 Agalinis heterophylla spiny amaranth prairie false foxglove AMTRT Ambrosia trifida var. AGRO3 Agrimonia rostellata texana beaked agrimony Texan great ragweed AGHY Agrostis hyemalis AMCO Ammannia coccinea winter bentgrass valley redstem AGPE Agrostis perennans AMRO3 Ammannia robusta upland bentgrass grand redstem ALCA3 Allium canadense AMCA6 Amorpha canescens meadow garlic leadplant ALCAF Allium canadense AMFR Amorpha fruticosa var.fraseri desert false indigo Fraser meadow garlic AMAR5 Ampelopsis arborea ALCAH Allium canadense peppervine var. hyacinthoides AMCO2 Ampelopsis cordata hyacinth meadow garlic heartleaf peppervine ALCAL Allium canadense AMLY Amsinckia lycopsoides var. lavandulare tarweed fiddleneck

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ANGE Andropogon gerardii ASCA11 Astragalus canadensis big bluestem Canadian milkvetch ANGL2 Andropogon glomeratus ASCRC3 Astragalus crassicarpus bushy bluestem var. crassicarpus ANTE2 Andropogon ternarius groundplum milkvetch splitbeard bluestem ASLO4 Astragalus lotiflorus ANOC2 Androsace occidentalis lotus milkvetch western rockjasmine ASPL2 Astragalus plattensis ANCA45 Androstephium Platte River milkvetch caeruleum ATPR Atriplex prostrata blue funnel lily triangle orache ANCA9 Anemone caroliniana AUGRS Aureolaria grandiflora Carolina anemone var. serrata APSK Aphanostephus largeflower yellow false skirrhobasis BASA Baccharis salicina Arkansas dozedaisy Great Plains false willow APAM Apios americana BAALM Baptisia alba groundnut var. macrophylla APCA Apocynum cannabinum Largeleaf wild indigo Indianhemp BAAUM Baptisia australis ARSE2 Arenaria serpyllifolia var. minor thymeleaf sandwort blue wild indigo ARPO2 Argemone BABRL2 Baptisia bracteata polyanthemos* var. leucophaea crested pricklypoppy longbract wild indigo ARBA2 Aristida basiramea BETE Bergia texana* forked threeawn Texas bergia AROL Aristida oligantha BIBI7 Bidens bipinnata prairie threeawn Spanish needles ARPU8 Aristida purpurascens BICE Bidens cernua arrowfeather threeawn nodding beggartick ARPUL Aristida purpurea BIFR Bidens frondosa var. longiseta devil's beggartick Fendler threeawn BITR Bidens tripartita ASAM Asclepias amplexicaulis threelobe beggarticks clasping milkweed BOCY Boehmeria cylindrica* ASASC Asclepias asperula smallspike false nettle ssp. capricornus BOASL Boltonia asteroides antelopehorns var. latisquama ASSP Asclepias speciosa white doll's daisy showy milkweed BOIS Bothriochloa ASST Asclepias stenophylla ischaemum slimleaf milkweed yellow bluestem ASTU Asclepias tuberosa BOSA Bothriochloa butterfly milkweed saccharoides ASTUI Asclepias tuberosa silver bluestem ssp. interior BOCU Bouteloua curtipendula butterfly milkweed sideoats grama ASVE Asclepias verticillata BOGR2 Bouteloua gracilis whorled milkweed blue grama ASVI Asclepias viridiflora BOHI2 Bouteloua hirsuta green comet milkweed hairy grama ASVI2 Asclepias viridis BOHIP Bouteloua hirsuta green antelopehorn var. pectinata ASOF Asparagus officinalis tall grama garden asparagus

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BRNI Brassica nigra CAHA13 Cardiospermum black mustard halicacabum BRMI2 Briza minor love in a puff little quakinggrass CACO15 Carya cordiformis BRCA6 Bromus catharticus bitternut hickory rescuegrass CAIL2 Carya illinoinensis BRCO4 Bromus commutatus pecan meadow brome CEAM Ceanothus americanus BRJA Bromus japonicus New Jersey tea Japanese brome CESC Celastrus scandens BRRA2 Bromus racemosus American bittersweet bald brome CELAR Celtis laevigata BRSE Bromus secalinus var. reticulata* rye brome netleaf hackberry BRST2 Bromus sterilis CEOC Celtis occidentalis* poverty brome common hackberry BRTE Bromus tectorum CETE Celtis tenuifolia* cheatgrass dwarf hackberry BRPA4 Broussonetia papyrifera CESP4 Cenchrus spinifex paper mulberry coastal sandbur BUAM Buchnera americana CEOC2 Cephalanthus American bluehearts occidentalis BUAR3 Buglossoides arvensis common buttonbush corn gromwell CEBR3 Cerastium brachypodum CAAL Callirhoe alcaeoides shortstalk chickweed light poppymallow CEFOV2 Cerastium fontanum CADI2 Callirhoe digitata ssp. vulgare winecup big chickweed CAIN2 Callirhoe involucrata CENU2 Cerastium nutans purple poppymallow nodding chickweed CABE6 Calylophus berlandieri CHPR Chaerophyllum Berlandier's sundrops procumbens CABEP2 Calylophus berlandieri spreading chervil ssp. pinifolius CHTA Chaerophyllum Berlandier's sundrops tainturieri CASE12 Calylophus serrulatus hairyfruit chervil yellow sundrops CHTAT Chaerophyllum CASE13 Calystegia sepium tainturieri hedge false bindweed var. tainturier CASIF Calystegia silvatica hairyfruit chervil ssp. fraterniflora CHFA2 Chamaecrista shortstalk false bindweed fasciculata CAMI2 Camelina microcarpa sleepingplant littlepod false flax CHGL13 Chamaesyce CARA2 Campsis radicans glyptosperma trumpet creeper ribseed sandmat CABU2 Capsella bursa-pastoris CHHU3 Chamaesyce humistrata shepherd's purse spreading sandmat CAPAA2 Cardamine parviflora CHMA15 Chamaesyce maculata var. arenicola spotted sandmat sand bittercress CHMI8 Chamaesyce missurica CADR Cardaria draba prairie sandmat whitetop CHNU9 Chamaesyce nutans CADRD Cardaria draba ssp. eyebane draba CHPR6 Chamaesyce prostrata heartpod hoarycress

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prostrate sandmat CODR2 Cooperia drummondii CHSE4 Chamaesyce serpens evening rainlily matted sandmat CODR Cornus drummondii CHLA5 Chasmanthium roughleaf dogwood latifolium COCUO Corydalis curvisiliqua Indian woodoats ssp. occidentalis CHAL7 Chenopodium album curvepod fumewort lambsquarters COMIA2 Corydalis micrantha CHALM2 Chenopodium album ssp. australis var. missouriense smallflower fumewort Missouri lambsquarters COMIM2 Corydalis micrantha CHAMA1 Chenopodium ssp. micrantha ambrosioides smallflower fumewort var. ambrosioides CRMO2 Crataegus mollis Mexican tea Arnold hawthorn CHPR5 Chenopodium CRVI2 Crataegus viridis pratericola green hawthorn desert goosefoot CRSA4 Crotalaria sagittalis CHSI2 Chenopodium simplex arrowhead rattlebox mapleleaf goosefoot CRCA6 Croton capitatus CHST2 Chenopodium hogwort standleyanum CRGL2 Croton glandulosus Standley's goosefoot vente conmigo CHVE2 Chloris verticillata CRGLS Croton glandulosus tumble windmill grass var. septentrionalis CHTE2 Chorispora tenella vente conmigo crossflower CRLI2 Croton lindheimerianus CLVI3 Claytonia virginica threeseed croton Virginia springbeauty CRMO6 Croton monanthogynus CLPI Clematis pitcheri prairie tea bluebill CRTE4 Croton texensis CLAN Cleomella angustifolia Texas croton narrowleaf rhombopod CUFO Cucurbita foetidissima CLMA4 Clitoria mariana Missouri gourd Atlantic pigeonwings CUPE3 Cuscuta pentagona CNTE Cnidoscolus texanus fiveangled dodder Texas bullnettle CYAT Cycloloma atriplicifolium COCA Cocculus carolinus winged pigweed Carolina coralbead CYLA Cynanchum laeve COCO3 Commelina communis honeyvine Asiatic dayflower CYDA Cynodon dactylon COCOL Commelina communis Bermudagrass var. ludens CYBI6 Cyperus bipartitus Asiatic dayflower slender flatsedge COER Commelina erecta CYCR6 Cyperus croceus whitemouth dayflower Baldwin's flatsedge COERA Commelina erecta CYER2 Cyperus erythrorhizos var. angustifolia redroot flatsedge whitemouth dayflower CYES Cyperus esculentus COERE Commelina erecta chufa flatsedge var. erecta CYLUL Cyperus lupulinus whitemouth dayflower ssp. lupulinus COOR Conringia orientalis Great Plains flatsedge hare's ear mustard CYOD Cyperus odoratus COAR4 Convolvulus arvensis fragrant flatsedge field bindweed CYPO Cyperus polystachyos*

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manyspike flatsedge paniculatum CYSQ Cyperus squarrosus var. paniculatum bearded flatsedge panicledleaf ticktrefoil DAAU Dalea aurea DESE Desmodium golden prairie clover sessilifolium DACAC Dalea candida var. sessileleaf ticktrefoil candida DIAR Dianthus armeria white prairie clover Deptford pink DACAO Dalea candida DIAC2 Dichanthelium var. oligophylla acuminatum white prairie clover tapered rosette grass DAEN Dalea enneandra DIACL Dichanthelium nineanther prairie clover acuminatum DALAL Dalea lanata var. lanata var. lindheimeri woolly prairie clover Lindheimer panicgrass DAMU Dalea multiflora DILA9 Dichanthelium roundhead prairie clover laxiflorum DAPU5 Dalea purpurea openflower rosette grass violet prairie clover DIOL Dichanthelium DAPUP Dalea purpurea oligosanthes var. purpurea Heller's rosette grass violet prairie clover DIOLS Dichanthelium oligosanthes DAVIV Dalea villosa var. villosa var. scribnerianum silky prairie clover Scribner's rosette grass DAST Datura stramonium DISC3 Dichanthelium scoparium jimsonweed velvet panicum DACA6 Daucus carota DISPS3 Dichanthelium Queen Anne's lace sphaerocarpon DAPU3 Daucus pusillus var. sphaerocarpon American wild carrot roundseed panicgrass DECA3 Delphinium DIBR2 Dicliptera brachiata carolinianum* branched foldwing Carolina larkspur DICO6 Digitaria cognata DECAV2 Delphinium Carolina crabgrass carolinianum DIFI Digitaria filiformis ssp. virescens slender crabgrass Carolina larkspur DISA Digitaria sanguinalis DEIL Desmanthus illinoensis hairy crabgrass prairie bundleflower DITE2 Diodia teres DELE2 Desmanthus leptolobus poorjoe slenderlobe bundleflower DITET Diodia teres var. teres DECA8 Desmodium canescens poorjoe hoary ticktrefoil DIVI5 Diospyros virginiana DECI Desmodium ciliare common persimmon hairy small-leaf ticktrefoil DRBR Draba brachycarpa DECUC Desmodium cuspidatum shortpod draba var. cuspidatum DRCU Draba cuneifolia largebract ticktrefoil wedgeleaf draba DEIL2 Desmodium illinoense DRCUC Draba cuneifolia Illinois ticktrefoil var. cuneifolia DEMA2 Desmodium wedgeleaf draba marilandicum DRRE2 Draba reptans smooth small-leaf ticktrefoil Carolina draba DEPA6 Desmodium paniculatum ECCR Echinochloa crus-galli panicledleaf ticktrefoil barnyardgrass DEPAP2 Desmodium

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ECBE2 Echinodorus berteroi ERRE4 Erysimum repandum upright burrhead spreading wallflower ECPR Eclipta prostrata ERME15 Erythronium false daisy mesochoreum ELAT Eleocharis atropurpurea midland fawnlily purple spikerush EUAT3 Euonymus atropurpurea ELCO2 Eleocharis compressa eastern wahoo flatstem spikerush EUCO10 Euphorbia corollata ELEN Eleocharis engelmannii flowering spurge Engelmann's spikerush EUDE4 Euphorbia dentata ELMO2 Eleocharis montevidensis toothed spurge sand spikerush EUHE4 Euphorbia heterophylla ELPA3 Eleocharis palustris Mexican fireplant common spikerush EUHE5 Euphorbia hexagona ELPA5 Eleocharis parvula sixangle spurge dwarf spikerush EUMA8 Euphorbia marginata LIN3 Eleusine indica snow on the mountain Indian goosegrass EUPU7 Euphorbia pubentissima ELNY Ellisia nyctelea false flowering spurge Aunt Lucy EUSP Euphorbia spathulata EQHY Equisetum hyemale warty spurge scouringrush horsetail EVNU Evolvulus nuttallianus EQHYA Equisetum hyemale shaggy dwarf morning-glory var. affine FIPU Fimbristylis puberula scouringrush horsetail hairy fimbry EQFE Equisetum X ferrissii FIVA Fimbristylis vahlii ERCI Eragrostis cilianensis Vahl's fimbry stinkgrass FRVIG3 Fragaria virginiana ERCU Eragrostis ssp. grayana curtipedicellata Virginia strawberry gummy lovegrass FRPE Fraxinus pennsylvanica ERFR Eragrostis frankii green ash sandbar lovegrass FRFL Froelichia floridana ERPE Eragrostis pectinacea plains snakecotton tufted lovegrass FRGR3 Froelichia gracilis ERPI2 Eragrostis pilosa slender snakecotton Indian lovegrass FUSI Fuirena simplex ERSE Eragrostis secundiflora western umbrella-sedge red lovegrass GAVO Galactia volubilis ERSEO Eragrostis secundiflora downy milkpea ssp. oxylepis GAAP2 Galium aparine red lovegrass stickywilly ERSP Eragrostis spectabilis GAPIP Galium pilosum var. purple lovegrass puncticulosum ERTR3 Eragrostis trichodes hairy bedstraw sand lovegrass GAVI Galium virgatum ERCO8 Eriochloa contracta southwestern bedstraw prairie cupgrass GALO3 Gaura longiflora ERLOL4 Eriogonum longifolium longflower beeblossom var. longifolium GAMO5 Gaura mollis longleaf buckwheat velvetweed ERCI6 Erodium cicutarium GASI Gaura sinuata redstem stork's bill wavyleaf beeblossom ERCAC Erysimum capitatum GASU2 Gaura suffulta var. capitatum kisses sanddune wallflower GATR5 Gaura triangulata

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prairie beeblossom HYHY Hypericum hypericoides GAVI2 Gaura villosa St. Andrew's cross woolly beeblossom HYHYM Hypericum hypericoides GECA5 Geranium carolinianum ssp. multicaule Carolina geranium St. Andrew's cross GECA7 Geum canadense HYMU Hypericum mutilum white avens dwarf St. Johnswort GECAC5 Geum canadense HYPR Hypericum prolificum var. camporum shrubby St. Johnswort white avens HYPS Hypericum GLBIB Glandularia bipinnatifida pseudomaculatum* var. bipinnatifida false spotted St. Johnswort Dakota mock vervain HYPU Hypericum punctatum GLCA2 Glandularia canadensis spotted St. Johnswort rose mock vervain HYHI2 Hypoxis hirsuta GLPU4 Glandularia pumila common goldstar pink mock vervain INMIL Indigofera miniata GLHE2 Glechoma hederacea var. leptosepala ground ivy western indigo GLLE3 Glycyrrhiza lepidota IPLA Ipomoea lacunosa American licorice whitestar HAVI2 Hackelia virginiana IPLE Ipomoea leptophylla beggarslice bush morning-glory HEDR Hedeoma drummondii IPPA Ipomoea pandurata Drummond's false man of the earth HEHI Hedeoma hispida IRRH Iresine rhizomatosa rough false pennyroyal Juda's bush HENI4 Hedyotis nigricans IVANA Iva annua var. annua diamondflowers annual marshelder HENIN Hedyotis nigricans JUNI Juglans nigra var. nigricans black walnut diamondflowers JUBI Juncus biflorus HEAN3 Helianthus annuus bog rush common sunflower JUBR Juncus brachycarpus HEGR4 Helianthus grosseserratus whiteroot rush sawtooth sunflower JUDI2 Juncus diffusissimus HEMA2 Helianthus maximiliani slimpod rush Maximilian sunflower JUDU2 Juncus dudleyi HEMO2 Helianthus mollis Dudley's rush ashy sunflower JUIN2 Juncus interior HEPE Helianthus petiolaris inland rush prairie sunflower JUMA4 Juncus marginatus HETU Helianthus tuberosus grassleaf rush Jerusalem artichoke JUSC Juncus scirpoides HELA Helianthus X laetiflorus needlepod rush cheerful sunflower JUTO Juncus torreyi HETE3 Heliotropium tenellum Torrey's rush pasture heliotrope JUVAV Juncus validus HILA2 Hibiscus laevis Var. validus halberdleaf rosemallow roundhead rush HITR Hibiscus trionum JUVI Juniperus virginiana flower of an hour eastern redcedar HOPU3 Houstonia pusilla KAPA Kallstroemia parviflora tiny bluet warty caltrop HYDR Hypericum drummondii KRLA Krameria lanceolata nits and lice trailing krameria

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KUST Kummerowia stipulacea grooved flax Korean clover LIDR3 Lipocarpha drummondii LASA Lactuca saligna* Drummond's halfchaff sedge willowleaf lettuce LIST2 Liquidambar styraciflua LAAM Lamium amplexicaule sweetgum henbit deadnettle LICA13 Lithospermum LAPU2 Lamium purpureum caroliniense purple deadnettle Carolina puccoon LALA4 Lathyrus latifolius LICAC9 Lithospermum perennial pea caroliniense LEMU3 Lechea mucronata var. croceum hairy pinweed Carolina puccoon LETE Lechea tenuifolia LIIN2 Lithospermum incisum narrowleaf pinweed narrowleaf stoneseed LEOR Leersia oryzoides LOCA2 Lobelia cardinalis rice cutgrass cardinalflower LEAU3 Lepidium austrinum LOFOD Lomatium southern pepperwort foeniculaceum LEDE Lepidium densiflorum ssp. daucifolium common pepperweed desert biscuitroot LEDED Lepidium densiflorum LOJA Lonicera japonica var. densiflorum Japanese honeysuckle common pepperweed LOUNU Lotus unifoliolatus LEOB Lepidium oblongum var. unifoliolatus veiny pepperweed American bird's-foot trefoil LEVI3 Lepidium virginicum LUAL2 Ludwigia alternifolia Virginia pepperweed seedbox LEFUF Leptochloa fusca LUPA Ludwigia palustris ssp. fascicularis marsh seedbox bearded sprangletop LUTE Lupinus texensis LEPAM Leptochloa panicea Texs lupine ssp. mucronata LYAM Lycopus americanus mucronate sprangletop American water horehound LECA8 Lespedeza capitata LYAL4 Lythrum alatum roundhead lespedeza winged lythrum LECU Lespedeza cuneata LYALL Lythrum alatum Chinese lespedeza var. lanceolatum LEPR Lespedeza procumbens winged lythrum trailing lespedeza MAPO Maclura pomifera LEST5 Lespedeza stuevei osage orange tall lespedeza MATR Magnolia tripetala* LEVI7 Lespedeza virginica umbrella-tree slender lespedeza MARO11 Malva rotundifolia LEMU Leucospora multifida low mallow narrowleaf paleseed MELU Medicago lupulina LIVU2 Linaria vulgaris black medick butter and eggs MEMI Medicago minima LIBEB2 Linum berlandieri burr medick var. berlandieri MESA Medicago sativa Berlandier's yellow flax alfalfa LIPR Linum pratense MEOF Melilotus officinalis meadow flax yellow sweetclover LIRIR Linum rigidum var. MEPE3 Melothria pendula rigidum Guadeloupe cucumber stiffstem flax MECA3 Menispermum LISU4 Linum sulcatum canadense

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common moonseed OELA Oenothera laciniata MESP3 Mentha spicata cutleaf evening-primrose spearmint OELI Oenothera linifolia MINU6 Mimosa nuttallii threadleaf evening-primrose Nuttall's sensitive-briar OEMAO2 Oenothera macrocarpa MIDR Minuartia drummondii ssp. oklahomensis Drummond's stitchwort Oklahoma evening-primrose MIPA6 Minuartia patula OERH Oenothera rhombipetala pitcher's stitchwort fourpoint evening-primrose MIAL4 Mirabilis albida OESP2 Oenothera speciosa white four o'clock pinkladies MILI3 Mirabilis linearis OETR2 Oenothera triloba narrowleaf four o'clock stemless evening-primrose MINY Mirabilis nyctaginea OEVIV Oenothera villosa heartleaf four o'clock ssp. villosa MOVE Mollugo verticillata hairy evening-primrose green carpetweed ONMOO2 Onosmodium molle MOCL2 Monarda clinopodioides ssp. occidentale basil beebalm western marbleseed MOFI Monarda fistulosa OPEN Ophioglossum wild bergamot engelmannii MOFIM3 Monarda fistulosa limestone adderstongue ssp. fistulosa var. mollis OXCO Oxalis corniculata wild bergamot creeping woodsorrel MONU Monolepis nuttalliana OXST Oxalis stricta Nuttall's povertyweed common yellow oxalis MOAL Morus alba OXVI Oxalis violacea white mulberry violet woodsorrel MORU2 Morus rubra OXLA3 Oxytropis lambertii red mulberry purple locoweed MURA Muhlenbergia racemosa PAAN Panicum anceps marsh muhly beaked panicgrass MUSY Muhlenbergia sylvatica PADI Panicum woodland muhly dichotomiflorum MYVE Myosotis verna fall panicgrass spring forget-me-not PAHI3 Panicum hillmanii NELU Nelumbo lutea Hillman's panicgrass American lotus PAOB Panicum obtusum NEPH Nemophila phacelioides vine mesquite largeflower baby blue eyes PAVI2 Panicum virgatum NELU2 Neptunia lutea switchgrass yellow puff PAJA Paronychia jamesii NOBI2 Nothoscordum bivalve James' nailwort crowpoison PAQU2 Parthenocissus NUCA Nuttallanthus quinquefolia canadensis Virginia creeper Canada toadflax PASM Pascopyrum smithii NUTE Nuttallanthus texanus western wheatgrass Texas toadflax PADI6 Paspalum distichum NYOD Nymphaea odorata knotgrass American white waterlily PAPU5 Paspalum pubiflorum NYODT Nymphaea odorata hairyseed paspalum ssp. tuberosa* PAIN6 Passiflora incarnata American white waterlily purple passionflower OEBI Oenothera biennis PECU3 Pediomelum common evening-primrose cuspidatum

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largebract Indian breadroot PISA6 Pisum sativum PEDI9 Pediomelum digitatum garden pea palmleaf Indian breadroot PLAR3 Plantago aristata PEES Pediomelum largebracted plantain esculentum PLLA Plantago lanceolata large Indian breadroot narrowleaf plantain PEAT2 Pellaea atropurpurea PLPA2 Plantago patagonica purple cliffbrake woolly plantain PEBU Penstemon buckleyi PLPU Plantago pusilla Buckley's beardtongue dwarf plantain PECO4 Penstemon cobaea PLRH Plantago rhodosperma cobaea beardtongue redseed plantain PEFE Penstemon fendleri PLRU Plantago rugelii Fendler's penstemon blackseed plantain PELA10 Penstemon laxiflorus PLVI Plantago virginica nodding beardtongue Virginia plantain PEOK Penstemon oklahomensis PLOC Platanus occidentalis Oklahoma beardtongue American sycamore PETU Penstemon tubiflorus PLCA7 Pluchea camphorata white wand beardtongue camphor pluchea PHST Phacelia strictiflora PLODO Pluchea odorata prairie phacelia var. odorata PHSTL Phacelia strictiflora sweetscent var. lundelliana PODOT Polanisia dodecandra Lundell's phacelia ssp. trachysperma PHCA6 Phalaris caroliniana sandyseed clammyweed Carolina canarygrass POAL4 Polygala alba PHPI Phlox pilosa white milkwort downy phlox POIN4 Polygala incarnata PHPIO2 Phlox pilosa ssp. procession flower ozarkana POVE Polygala verticillata Ozark phlox whorled milkwort PHLE14 Phoradendron POVEI Polygala verticillata leucarpum var. isocycla oak mistletoe whorled milkwort PHLE5 Phryma leptostachya POBIC Polygonatum biflorum American lopseed var. commutatum PHAN5 Physalis angulata smooth Solomon's seal cutleaf groundcherry POAME Polygonum amphibium PHCIC3 Physalis cinerascens var. emersum var. cinerascens longroot smartweed smallflower groundcherry POAV Polygonum aviculare PHHE5 Physalis heterophylla prostrate knotweed clammy groundcherry POCO10 Polygonum convolvulus PHHI8 Physalis hispida black bindweed prairie groundcherry POHY Polygonum hydropiper PHPU8 Physalis pumila marshpepper knotweed dwarf groundcherry POHY2 Polygonum PHVIV3 Physalis virginiana hydropiperoides var. virginiana swamp smartweed Virginia groundcherry POLA4 Polygonum PHAM4 Phytolacca americana lapathifolium American pokeweed curlytop knotweed PHAMA3 Phytolacca americana POPE2 Polygonum var. americana pensylvanicum American pokeweed Pennsylvania smartweed

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POPE3 Polygonum persicaria Chinese lantern spotted ladysthumb RASC3 Ranunculus sceleratus* POPU5 Polygonum punctatum cursed buttercup dotted smartweed RHCOL2 Rhus copallinum PORA3 Polygonum var. latifolia ramosissimum winged sumac bushy knotweed RHGL Rhus glabra POSC3 Polygonum scandens smooth sumac climbing false buckwheat RHLA5 Rhynchosia latifolia POSCS Polygonum scandens prairie snoutbean var. scandens RHGL2 Rhynchospora climbing false buckwheat globularis POTE2 Polygonum tenue globe beaksedge pleatleaf knotweed RHHA Rhynchospora harveyi POVI2 Polygonum virginianum Harvey's beaksedge jumpseed RIAUV Ribes aureum var. PONU4 Polytaenia nuttallii villosum Nuttall's prairie parsley golden currant POOL Portulaca oleracea ROPS Robinia pseudoacacia little hogweed black locust POPI3 Portulaca pilosa RONA2 Rorippa nasturtium- kiss me quick aquaticum PORE5 Potentilla recta watercress sulphur cinquefoil ROPAF2 Rorippa palustris PRVU Prunella vulgaris ssp. fernaldiana common selfheal Fernald's yellowcress PRAN3 Prunus angustifolia ROSE Rorippa sessiliflora Chickasaw plum stalkless yellowcress PRANW Prunus angustifolia ROSI2 Rorippa sinuata var. watsonii spreading yellowcress Watson's plum ROTE2 Rorippa teres PRGR Prunus gracilis southern marsh yellowcress Oklahoma plum ROFO Rosa foliolosa PRME Prunus mexicana white prairie rose Mexican plum ROMU Rosa multiflora PRPE3 Prunus persica multiflora rose peach RORA Rotala ramosior PRSE2 Prunus serotina lowland rotala black cherry RUAB Rubus aboriginum PRVI Prunus virginiana* garden dewberry chokecherry RUAR2 Rubus argutus PSTE5 Psoralidium tenuiflorum sawtooth blackberry slimflower scurfpea RUOK Rubus oklahomus QUMA2 Quercus macrocarpa Oklahoma blackberry bur oak RUTR Rubus trivialis QUMA3 Quercus marilandica southern dewberry blackjack oak RUHU Ruellia humilis QUMU Quercus muehlenbergii fringeleaf wild petunia chinkapin oak RUST2 Ruellia strepens QUPR Quercus prinoides limestone wild petunia dwarf chinkapin oak RUAL4 Rumex altissimus QURU Quercus rubra pale dock northern red oak RUCR Rumex crispus* QUST Quercus stellata curly dock post oak RUHA2 Rumex hastatulus QULO2 Quincula lobata heartwing sorrel

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RUVE2 Rumex venosus hedgemustard veiny dock SIAN3 Sisyrinchium SAAN Sabatia angularis angustifolium rosepink narrowleaf blue-eyed grass SACA3 Sabatia campestris SICA9 Sisyrinchium campestre Texas star prairie blue-eyed grass SADE Sagina decumbens SILA5 Sisyrinchium langloisii trailing pearlwort roadside blue-eyed grass SAEX Salix exigua SMBO2 Smilax bona-nox sandbar willow saw greenbrier SATR12 Salsola tragus SMHE Smilax herbacea prickly Russian thistle smooth carrionflower SAAZ Salvia azurea SMRO Smilax rotundifolia azure blue sage roundleaf greenbrier SANIC4 Sambucus nigra SMTA2 Smilax tamnoides ssp. canadensis bristly greenbrier common elderberry SOCA3 Solanum carolinense SAVAP Samolus valerandi s Carolina horsenettle sp. parviflorus SODI Solanum dimidiatum seaside brookweed western horsenettle SAAN2 Sanguisorba annua SOEL Solanum elaeagnifolium prairie burnet silverleaf nightshade SACA15 Sanicula canadensis SOPT3 Solanum ptychanthum Canadian blacksnakeroot West Indian nightshade SAOF4 Saponaria officinalis SORO Solanum rostratum bouncingbet buffalobur nightshade SCSC Schizachyrium SOGI Solidago gigantea scoparium giant goldenrod little bluestem SOAF Sophora affinis SCACA Schoenoplectus acutus Eve's necklacepod var. acutus SONU Sophora nuttalliana hardstem bulrush silky sophora SCAM6 Schoenoplectus SPPE Spartina pectinata americanus prairie cordgrass chairmaker's bulrush SPDI2 Spermolepis divaricata SCLI5 Scirpus lineatus roughfruit scaleseed rusty bulrush, drooping SPEC2 Spermolepis echinata SCCI Scleria ciliata bristly scaleseed fringed nutrush SPIN Spermolepis inermis SCTR Scleria triglomerata Red River scaleseed whip nutrush SPCO Sphaeralcea coccinea SCLA2 Scutellaria lateriflora scarlet globemallow blue skullcap SPCE Spiranthes cernua SCPA7 Scutellaria parvula nodding ladies'-tresses small skullcap SPLA4 Spiranthes lacera* SEMA11 Senna marilandica northern slender Maryland senna SPMA5 Spiranthes SIVI2 Sibara virginica magnicamporum Virginia winged rockcress Great Plains ladies'-tresses SISP Sida spinosa SPOV Spiranthes ovalis prickly fanpetals October ladies'-tresses SIAN2 Silene antirrhina SPVE Spiranthes vernalis sleepy silene spring ladies'-tresses SIAL2 Sisymbrium altissimum STME2 Stellaria media tall tumblemustard common chickweed SIOF Sisymbrium officinale STMEM Stellaria media ssp.

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media slimpod Venus' common chickweed TRPEB Triodanis perfoliata STLI2 Stenosiphon linifolius var. biflora false gaura clasping Venus' STSY Stillingia sylvatica TRDA3 Tripsacum dactyloides queen's-delight eastern gamagrass STHY Streptanthus TYDO Typha domingensis hyacinthoides southern cattail smooth jewelflower TYLA Typha latifolia STHE4 Strophostyles helvula broadleaf cattail trailing fuzzybean ULAM Ulmus americana* STLE6 Strophostyles American elm leiosperma ULRU Ulmus rubra* slickseed fuzzybean slippery elm STBI2 Stylosanthes biflora URTE2 Urochloa texana sidebeak pencilflower Texas signalgrass SYOR Symphoricarpos VAAM2 Valerianella amarella orbiculatus hairy cornsalad coralberry VARA Valerianella radiata SYDI2 Symphyotrichum beaked cornsalad divaricatum VETH Verbascum thapsus southern annual saltmarsh common mullein TACA Talinum calycinum VEBR Verbena bracteata largeflower fameflower bigbract verbena TAPA3 Talinum parviflorum VEST Verbena stricta sunbright hoary verbena TAGA Tamarix gallica VEUR Verbena urticifolia salt cedar, French tamarisk white vervain TEVI Tephrosia virginiana VEURL Verbena urticifolia Virginia tephrosia var. leiocarpa TECA3 Teucrium canadense white vervain Canada germander VEAL Verbesina alternifolia TECAC Teucrium canadense wingstem var. canadense VEAR Veronica arvensis Canada germander corn speedwell TECAO Teucrium canadense VEPE2 Veronica peregrina var. occidentale neckweed western germander VEPEP Veronica peregrina THAR5 Thlaspi arvense ssp. peregrina field pennycress neckweed TOAR Torilis arvensis VEPEX2 Veronica peregrina spreading hedgeparsley ssp. xalapensis TROC Tradescantia hairy purslane speedwell occidentalis VIRU Viburnum rufidulum prairie spiderwort rusty blackhaw TROH Tradescantia ohiensis VIAMM3 Vicia americana bluejacket ssp. minor TRTE Tribulus terrestris mat vetch puncturevine VISA Vicia sativa TRDU2 Trifolium dubium garden vetch suckling clover VIVI Vicia villosa TRPR2 Trifolium pratense winter vetch red clover VIVIV8 Vicia villosa ssp. varia TRRE3 Trifolium repens winter vetch white clover VIBI Viola bicolor TRLE3 Triodanis leptocarpa field pansy

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VIPA3 Viola palmata var. canadense early blue violet Canada cockleburr VISA2 Viola sagittata XASTG Xanthium strumarium arrowleaf violet var. glabratum VISO Viola sororia rough cockleburr common blue violet YUGL Yucca glauca VITR Viola tricolor soapweed yucca johnny jumpup YUGLG2 Yucca glauca var. VICI2 Vitis cinerea glauca* graybark grape soapweed yucca VIVU Vitis vulpina ZAAM Zanthoxylum frost grape americanum VUOC Vulpia octoflora common pricklyash sixweeks fescue ZINU Zigadenus nuttallii WOOB2 Woodsia obtusa Nuttall's deathcamas bluntlobe cliff fern XASTC Xanthium strumarium

Hoagland, B.W. Oklahoma Native Plant Record 39 Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001

Native Orchids of Oklahoma

Dr. Lawrence K. Magrath Curator-USAO (OCLA) Herbarium Chickasha, OK 73018-5358

As of the publication of this paper Oklahoma is known to have orchids of 33 species in 18 genera, which compares to 20 species and 11 genera reported by Waterfall (1969). Four of the 33 species are possibly extinct in the state based on current survey work. The greatest concentration of orchid species is in the southeastern corner of the state (Atoka, Bryan, Choctaw, LeFlore, McCurtain and Pushmataha Counties).

INTRODUCTION Since the time of Confucius (551-479 BCE) who mentioned lan in his writings, "acquaintance with The family Orchidaceae is the largest of the good men was like entering a room full of lan or families of flowering plants with somewhere between fragrant orchids" (Withner, 1959), orchids have been 25,000 and 35,000 species, with new species important in many facets of Chinese life including continually being described. There are also literature, painting, horticulture, and not least, numerous natural and artificial hybrids. The only medicine". They are mentioned in the materia place where orchids are not known to occur is medica, “Sheng nung pen ts'ao ching”, tracing back Antarctica. to the legendary emperor Sheng Nung (ca. 28th Orchids fascinate us because of the century BCE). The term "lan hua" in early Chinese seemingly infinite combinations of colors and forms records refers to species of the genus Cymbidium that are found in orchid flowers from the Arctic to (Withner, 1959), most likely Cymbidium the tropical rain forests. Many have incredibly densifolium, which is very pleasantly fragrant. complex pollination processes, most involving William Shakespeare in "Hamlet" Act IV, insects. Pollination complexity reaches a zenith Scene VII has Queen Gertrude describing Ophelia's with the development of "pseudo-copulation", a death to Laertes "There with fantastic garlands did process where the orchid flower mimics the form, she come of crow-flowers, nettles, daisies, and long shape, movements and often the odor of a female purples, that liberal shepherds give a grosser name, but wasp or bee. The flower in effect "seduces" the our cold maids do dead men's fingers call them." male wasp or bee into trying to copulate with it and The "long purples/dead men's fingers" refer most in the process uses the male to transfer pollen from likely to species in either the genus Orchis or one flower to another. While pseudocopulation is Dactylorhiza. Economically, orchids are important highly efficient, it comes with a price -- if the as both cut flowers and as pot plants. And with pollinator becomes extinct, then the plant depending modern propagation techniques, orchids have moved on it will probably become extinct, also. from being almost solely the province of the wealthy "Orchids range vegetatively from to flowering pot plants that nearly everyone can Lilliputian plants a few millimeters long (some afford. Bulbophyllum and Platystele species) to as tall as The earliest reference to orchids in the 13.4 meters (44 feet) (Sobralia altissima Bennett Americas is the Badianus Manuscript, which is an and Christenson, a recently described species from Aztec herbal of 1552 (Emmart, 1940). In it are Peru)” (Romero-Gonzalez, Fernandez-Concha, references to the use of orchids for flavorings, Dressler & Magrath, in ed.) or gigantic clusters perfume, a lotion against fatigue, and glue. The glue weighing several hundred kilograms flower, tzaconhxochitl, "has been associated with (Grammatophyllum). Bletia campanulata, and Epidendrum pastoris, or Orchids have been cultivated and used for possibly Catasetum maculatum, from which an over 2000 years. Lawler (1982) reported that orchids excellent glue for wood was obtained." have long played a part in the life of the Chinese.

Magrath, L.K. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100005 40 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001

In Meso-America orchids were highly TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF regarded by the Aztec and their predecessors to the THE ORCHIDACEAE FAMILY IN southeast, the Maya. Both the Aztec ruler OKLAHOMA: Montezuma II and Nezhualcoyotl,King of Texcoco, Plants herbs; perennial; from rhizomes or a Toltec derived state, were noted for the orchids tuberoids or corms or fleshy roots or pseudobulbs; cultivated in their gardens. The Maya cultivated autophytic or saprophytic or mycotrophic; members of the genus Vanilla Miller (sisbic in caulescent or acaulescent. Root Systems absent or Mayan) for their seedpods or "beans", which were a present; fibrous. Leaves basal or forming a basal source of flavoring for foods and as perfume. The rosette or cauline or tubular sheaths; simple; "beans" were fermented to produce vanilla. The alternate or opposite or whorled; with basal sheaths; Aztecs used tlilxochitl (literally "black flower" or venation parallel or parallel-convergent; margins "black pod") was used as a flavoring agent in entire; stipules absent. Inflorescences solitary chocolatl (chocolate). flowers or spikes or racemes; terminal or axillary; In the Middle East from the time of the bracts present. Flowers perfect; chasmogamous or Assyrians to present day Turkey (Hanson, 2001), a cleistogamous; perianths in 2-series; resupinate or food material called salep, a complex starch flour not resupinate. Calyces bilaterally symmetrical or that is used in confections, has been made from the bilaterally asymmetrical. Sepals 3 (may appear to dry roots of several species of Dactylorhiza Necker be two); free or fused; petaloid; green or white or ex Nevski, Eulophia R. Br., and Orchis L. The roots brightly colored. Corollas bilaterally symmetrical or bilaterally asymmetrical; imbricate. Petals 3; of 2 of these same plants have also been used as forms; 1 larger, modified into a lip (labellum); 2 aphrodisiacs for both humans and animals. smaller, resembling the sepals; free or fused; of The leaves of a few species of lady's- various colors. Stamens 1 or 2; fused to style and slipper orchids in the genus Cypripedium (C. stigma forming a column (gynostegium); pollen in candidum, C. parviflorum, C. reginae and C. pollinia. Pistils 1; compound, carpels 3; stigmas 3, pubescens) have been reported as causing contact 3-lobed (all fertile), or 2 fertile and 1 sterile and dermatitis in some people (Lawler, 1982), and it has enlarged (rostellum); styles 1; ovaries inferior; also been noted that the plants are avoided by cattle, locules 1; placentation parietal. Nectaries present; presumably owing to irritation from the hairs. 1; petaliferous; often modified into elongate spurs. Fruits capsules; usually dehiscent by 3 longitudinal ORCHID HABITATS IN OKLAHOMA: slits but remaining closed at top and bottom. Seeds Some of the more important orchid habitats usually several thousand; minute. The family in Oklahoma are: native prairies throughout the description is taken from "Keys and Descriptions for state, excluding the panhandle region; wet pimple the Vascular Plants of Oklahoma" (Tyrl et al, 2001) mound prairies in the eastern third of the state; moist woodlands in the eastern half of the state; sphagnum bogs in the southeastern part of the state.

KEY TO GENERA OF OKLAHOMA ORCHIDS:

1. Leaves absent at flowering time or reduced to sheaths ...... 2 2. Plants without chlorophyll (not green) ...... 3 3. Rhizomes with annular scale scars, not coral-like. Lips 16-18 mm long ..... Hexalectris 3. Rhizomes without annular scale scars, coral-like. Lips 4-7 mm long ...... Corallorhiza 2. Plants with chlorophyll (green) ...... 4 4. Inflorescences racemes. Flowers with pedicels. Perianths with combinations of brown or maroon or green or greenish yellow ...... 5 5. Mature flowers bilaterally asymmetrical. Lips 4-8 mm long; spurs present. Capsules 0.8-1.4 mm long; 0.4-0.5 mm in diameter ...... Tipularia 5. Mature flowers bilaterally symmetrical. Lips 10-15 mm long; spurs absent. Capsules 1.7-2.2 mm long; 0.8-0.9 mm in diameter ...... Aplectrum

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4. Inflorescences spikes. Flowers sessile. Perianths white to creamy white ...... Spiranthes 1. Leaves present at flowering time ...... 6 6. Leaves one ...... 7 7. Leaves basal; linear to linear-lanceolate. Flowers not resupinate (column lowermost in flower) ...... Calopogon 7. Leaves cauline; lanceolate to ovate or elliptic. Flowers resupinate (column uppermost in flower) ...... 8 8. Perianths pink to rose or white ...... Pogonia 8. Perianths green ...... Malaxis 6. Leaves two or more ...... 9 9. Leaves basal ...... 10 10. Leaves 2. Inflorescences racemes. Perianths maroon or green ...... Liparis 10. Leaves 3 or more. Inflorescences spikes. Perianths white or creamy white...11 11. Leaves with white veins or markings. Lips saccate ...... Goodyera 11. Leaves without white veins or markings. Lips not saccate ...... Spiranthes 9. Leaves cauline ...... 12 12. Leaves opposite or whorled ...... 13 13. Leaves 5-6; whorled. Sepals 35-60 mm long ...... Isotria 13. Leaves 2; opposite. Sepals 1.5-2 mm long ...... Listera 12. Leaves alternate ...... 14. 14. Lips saccate. Anthers 2 ...... Cypripedium 14. Lips not saccate. Anthers 1 ...... 15 15. Lips without spurs ...... 16 16. Perianths greenish maroon. Leaves plicate…………...…..Epipactis 16. Perianths white or pink. Leaves not plicate ...... 17 17. Flowers 1-3 (-5); pedicellate ...... Triphora 17. Flowers 6-numerous; sessile ..... Spiranthes 15. Lips with spurs .....18. 18. Lips entire ...... 19 19. Flowers lavender and white ...... Galearis 19. Flowers white or green or greenish yellow .... Platanthera 18. Lips 3 parted or fringed or both...... 20 20. Lips or lip parts fringed ...... Platanthera 20. Lips or lip parts not fringed ...... Habenaria

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ALPHABETIC LISTING OF apparently rare in Oklahoma and has been collected GENERA: only twice. Magrath and Lavallee collected it in fruiting condition in McCurtain County near Little Aplectrum Nuttall, Gen. 2:197. 1818. The genus River south of Broken Bow in October 1973. A name comes from the Greek a "without" and small colony of 20-25 plants was found; plectron "spur" in reference to the flower's lack of a unfortunately construction of a new 4-lane highway spur. The species name is from the Latin hiems, between Idabel and Broken Bow destroyed this hiemalis/hyemalis "of or belonging to the winter" in particular colony. Hopefully it is still present in the reference to the production of an over-wintering leaf immediate area. The second collection was by Paul in late fall. The genus is composed of two species; Buck on a north-facing slope of Rich Mountain in Aplectrum hyemale (Muhl. ex Willd.) Torr., LeFlore County just west of the Arkansas state line occurring in eastern North America, and A. in December 1988. He observed 10-15 plants. It is to unguiculatum (Finet) Maekawa occurring in Japan. be hoped that this plant may actually be more The latter species had previously been included in common than our current records indicate. the closely related genus Cremastra (Luer, 1975). Habitat: In Oklahoma the habitat is Common Names: Putty-root, Adam & deciduous woodlands in decaying leaf litter and rich Eve. organic loam soil. One site was an alluvial flood Flowering Time: mid-May to mid-June. plain, the other a mesic, north-facing slope near the Description: This terrestrial orchid is one of top of Rich Mountain. two in Oklahoma that produces an evergreen Distribution: southeastern Oklahoma (: over-wintering leaf in late fall which persists until Map 1). late spring when it withers before producing a flower stalk. The leaf is elliptical in shape and may be up to Calopogon R. Brown in Aiton, Hort. Kew. ed. 17-20cm (7-8 inches) long and 6-8.5 cm (21/2 to 3 2:5:204. 1813, Nom. Cons. The genus name comes 1/2 inches) wide. It is dark green above, purple on from the Greek kalos "beautiful" and pogon "beard" the underside, and it is pleated with silver-white ribs. thus a "beautiful beard" in reference to the clusters The flower stalk is a raceme with 6-20 white lipped, of colorful hairs on the lip. According to Catling, greenish-yellow and purple flowers, which are about Goldman & Magrath (2001) the genus is composed 1.2 cm (1/2 inch) long. Frequently the previous of 5 species, all native to eastern North America and year's inflorescence and fruit capsules will be Cuba. This is the only genus of orchids in Oklahoma present at the next year's flowering. Both the leaf that has non-resupinate flowers with the lip and later the flower stalk arise from a modified uppermost in the flower. Both species are in underground stem called a corm. The corms are decline in Oklahoma due to changes in land use. connected by slender rhizomes and there may be several corms attached together. This orchid is

Key to Species: 1. Flowering stem and leaf about the same length; flowers opening simultaneously, (not having buds, flowers, and young fruits present at the same time), pale pink to magenta or occasionally white, the club shaped hairs closest to the tip of the lip pale pink, (hairs closer to the base of the lip yellow) ..... C. oklahomensis 1. Flowering stem much longer than the leaf; flowers opening sequentially, (often having buds, flowers, and young fruits present simultaneously), magenta to rose-pink, the club shaped hairs closest to the tip of the lip golden yellow, (hairs closer to the base magenta to rose pink) ...... C. tuberosus

Calopogon oklahomensis D. H. Goldman; The leaves are linear to lanceolate 15-32 cm long Lindleyana 37: 42. 1995. and 0.3-1.1 cm wide. They are about the same Common Names: Oklahoma Grass-pink height as the inflorescence. The inflorescence is a Flowering Time: early May to early June. terminal raceme of 2-8 flowers, all of which open Description: Plants consist of a single leaf nearly simultaneously. Flowers are 2.5-4 cm (1-1/2 and a flower stalk that is 20-30 cm [8-12 (-14) inches) in diameter and color ranges from deep pink inches] tall that arise from an oblong or forked corm. to pure white in alba forms. The lip is uppermost

Magrath, L.K. Oklahoma Native Plant Record 43 Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001

(non-resupinate) in the flower and has a tuft of white with golden-yellow tips. The fruit is an erect capsule hairs with golden-yellow tips. The fruit is an erect 1-2 cm long and 0.5-1.0 cm in diameter, with the capsule with the column persisting. This is one of column persisting. This is one of the showiest of the showiest of our native orchids, especially so if our native orchids, and also one of the rarer ones. one happens to find a colony of several hundred to Our populations are all Calopogon tuberosus (L.) several thousand plants in bloom at the same time. BSP. var. tuberosus, previously reported as C. Calopogon oklahomensis was reported by Waterfall pulchellus (Salisb.) R. Br. by Waterfall (1969) and (1969) as C. pulchellus (Salisb.) R. Br. and as. C. as C. tuberosus (L.) BSP. var. simpsonii (Chapman) tuberosus var. tuberosus by Magrath & Norman Magrath (Magrath & Norman 1989). (1989). Habitat: In Oklahoma this species is known Habitat: Moist to moderately dry sandy to only from three acidic sphagnum bogs: loamy native prairies and in moist slightly acidic Harrison/Doshier Bog, Bennington Bog, and the "pimple mound" prairies. Hugo/Speer/Railroad Bog, all of which are on sandy Distribution: eastern third of Oklahoma soil. (Map 2). Distribution: southeastern Oklahoma Calopogon tuberosus (L.) Britton, Stern, and (Map 3). Poggenberg, Prel. Cat. Anth. Pterid. N.Y. 52. 1888. Corallorhiza Gagnebin, Acta Helv. Phys.-Math. Common Names: Grass-pink, Swamp- 2:57. 1755. The genus name is from the Greek pink. korallion "coral" and rhiza "root" in reference to the Flowering Time: mid-late June. coral-like appearance of the branching underground Description: Plants consist of a single leaf rhizome. and a flower stalk that is 51- 94 cm (18-37 inches) Description of genus: plants terrestrial, tall that arise from a globose to elongate corm. The mycotropic, solitary or colonial herbs, consisting of leaves are linear to lanceolate, 25-65 cm long and underground coralloid rhizomes and racemose 0.5-2.2 cm wide. They are about one-half to flowering stems with leaf sheaths, but not leaf two-thirds the height of the inflorescence. The blades. Plants lacking chlorophyll, stems yellow inflorescence is a terminal raceme of 2-8 flowers, (alba forms) to reddish-purple to dark maroon. which open sequentially so that there may be buds, Flowers small, yellow with white lip (alba form) to open flowers and young fruit on the same purplish-green with white lip usually with magenta inflorescence at the same time. Flowers are 2.5-5 cm spots. Occasionally the previous year's (1 1/2-2 inch) and color ranges from deep pink to inflorescence and fruit capsules will be present at the magenta or rose. The lip is uppermost (non- next year's flowering. resupinate) in the flower and has a tuft of white hairs

Key to species 1. Flowering in early-mid fall; lip 2.2-3.5 mm long; column 1.4-2.4 mm long; sepals 3.0-4.5 mm long ..... C. odontorhiza 1. Flowering in early spring; lip 4.0-7.5 mm long; column 2.4-5.0 mm long; sepals 4.5-10.0 mm long ...... C. wisteriana

Corallorhiza odontorhiza (Willd) Poiret, Dict. Sci. Flowers 2-16 in loose racemes, purplish-brown with Nat. X:375, 23 May 1818. The species name is a white magenta spotted lip. In most of the from the Greek odonto "tooth" and rhiza "root" in Oklahoma specimens, the flowers do not appear to reference to the tooth-like appearance of the swollen fully open and are probably cleistogamous. Capsules base of the stem. pendent, ellipsoidal, 6-8 mm long and 3-5 mm in Common Names: Autumn coral-root. diameter. Flowering Time: September-October. Habitat: Rich deciduous woods in Description: Plants terrestrial, mycotropic, decaying leaf litter. In the eastern part of Oklahoma lacking chlorophyll, racemose flower stems with this plant frequently blooms at the same time as the leaves reduced to sheathing bracts, 7.6-28 cm (3-11 Indian (Ghost) Pipe, Monotropa uniflora. In both inches) tall. The stems are strongly thickened and Oklahoma and Kansas any place where Monotropa bulbous at the base where they join the rhizomes.

Magrath, L.K. 44 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001 uniflora occurs, if you look carefully enough you Habitat: Rich deciduous woods in will almost inevitably find C. odontorhiza. decaying leaf litter. Distribution: most frequent in the eastern Distribution: central and eastern Oklahoma part of the state, but also occurs in the "Caddo (Map 5). Canyons" of central Oklahoma (Widowmaker Canyon in Canadian County), (Map 4). Cypripedium Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2:951. Corallorhiza wisteriana Conrad, Jour. Acad. Phila. 1753. The genus name comes from the Greek 6:145. 1829. The species was named in honor of Kypris "goddess of love and beauty," who was Charles J. Wister, an American botanist who first supposed to have been born on Cyprus, and podion collected the species in Pennsylvania. "little foot." Common Names: Wister's Coral-root; Description of genus: Plants terrestrial, Early Coral-root. from a short rhizome with fibrous roots, caulescent Flowering Time: mid March - mid May. (Oklahoma plants), pubescent, stems 25-71 cm (-97) Description: Plants terrestrial, mycotropic, [10-28 (-38)] inches tall with 3-6 alternating, lacking chlorophyll, racemose flower stems with lanceolate to elliptical (rarely nearly orbicular) leaves reduced to sheathing bracts, 12.7-38 cm (5-15 leaves. Flowers showy, 1-3 in a racemose inches) tall. The stems are thickened at the base inflorescence. Frequently the previous year's where they join the rhizomes. Flowers 5-16 in inflorescence and fruit capsules will be present at the loose racemes, purplish-brown with a white magenta next year's flowering. According to Cribb (1997) the spotted lip. Capsules are pendent, ellipsoidal, 6-10 center of diversity of the genus is China where 30 of mm long and 3-5 mm in diameter. Reports of C. the 45 known species have been reported, North trifida for Oklahoma in the literature have America is the second richest area with 11 species. apparently been based on alba forms that are known The genus is represented in Oklahoma by 2 species. to occur in Pontotoc County (Byrd's Mill near Fittstown).

Key to species: 1. Lip 5.0-6.3 cm long, pale yellow to ivory; dorsal sepal 7.0-9.3 cm long; capsules 3.5-5.5 cm long ...... C. kentuckiense 1. Lip 2.0-3.0 cm long, bright yellow or white; dorsal sepal 3.5-4.7 cm long; capsules 2.5-3.3 cm long ... 2 2. Lip bright yellow ...... C. parviflorum f. parviflorum 2. Lip white or white with light pink veining ... C. parviflorum f. albolabium

Cypripedium kentuckiense C.F. Reed, Phytologia colony, which in 1989 numbered over 214 plants, 48:426. 1981. The species is named after the state has been completely destroyed, as has another on the where it was originally collected. It was reported by Arkansas/Oklahoma border on the southern slope of Waterfall (1969) as C. calceolus L. var. pubescens Rich Mountain. Additionally because of the showy (L.) Correll. flowers it is vulnerable to flower lovers who may Common Names: Kentucky Lady's-slipper. pick the flowers (preventing seed production for the Flowering Time: late April - mid May. year) or try to dig the plant up and transplant it into Description: Plants terrestrial, pubescent their gardens. with 3-6 elliptical to ovate to nearly sub orbicular Distribution: southeastern Oklahoma (Map 6). leaves. Flowers typically solitary, rarely two. Petals Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb., Trans. Linn. Soc. and sepals greenish to yellowish with reddish-brown I: 77. Pl. 2, Fig. 2. 1791. spots, reticulations or nearly solid markings; lip pale Common Names: Southern Small Yellow yellow, obovoid, 5-6.3 cm (2-2 1/2 inches) long. Lady's-slipper. Capsules erect, ellipsoidal, 3-5 cm (1 1/5-2 inches) Flowering Time: late April - mid May. long and 1-1.5 cm (2/5-3/5 inches) in diameter. Description: Plants terrestrial, pubescent Habitat: Rich mesic deciduous forests on with 3-5 lanceolate to elliptical to ovate leaves. river flood plains and bases of slopes and wet seep Flowers solitary, to typically two or rarely 3. Petals areas. This plant is in decline in Oklahoma due and sepals greenish to yellowish with reddish-brown mainly to changes in land use. The Mountain Fork spots usually appearing uniformly dark solid

Magrath, L.K. Oklahoma Native Plant Record 45 Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001 markings, or rarely with dark reticulations; lip bright 1/5 inches) long and 0.6-0.9 cm (1.5-2/5 inches) in yellow or white with pink veins, oblanceolate-ovoid, diameter. This species varies from uncommon to 2-3.2 cm (1/2 -1 1/3 inches) long. Capsules erect, locally common and is most easily found in the ellipsoidal, 2-3.5 cm (4/5 - 1 2/5 inches) long and Turner Falls area in the Arbuckle Mountains. 0.6-1 cm (1/5-2/5 inches) in diameter. All of our Habitat: Occurs in cracks in limestone plants in Oklahoma are var. parviflorum. bedrock in spring fed streams in Arbuckle Habitat: Rich mesic deciduous forests on Mountains. gravelly soil covered by decaying leaf litter, most Distribution: south central Oklahoma in commonly on north facing slopes of mountain Arbuckle Mountains (Map 8). ridges. This plant is in decline in Oklahoma due mainly to changes in land use. Additionally because Galearis Rafinesque, Herb. Raf. 71. 1833, Fl. Tellur. of the showy flowers it is vulnerable to flower lovers 2:39. 1836. The genus name is from the Latin galea who may pick the flowers (preventing seed "helmet" in reference to the hood formed by the production for the year) or try to dig the plant up and connivent sepals and petals over the column. The transplant it into their gardens. genus is composed of two species Galearis A white-lipped form has been found at the spectabilis (L.) Raf. and G. cyclochila (Fr. & Sav.) Tate Ranch site in Adair County among the more Maxim. in Japan and Korea. typical bright yellow-lipped plants. This plant was Galearis spectabilis (L.) Raf., Herb. Raf. 71. 1833. described as C. parviflorum Salisb. var. parviflorum The species name is from the Latin spectabilis f. albolabium Magrath & Norman (1989). "notable" or "remarkable" in reference to the showy Distribution: northeastern and eastern lavender and white flowers. Oklahoma as far south as Rich Mountain (Map 6). Common Names: Showy Orchis. Flowering Time: late April - mid May. Epipactis Swartz, Kongl. Svensk. Vetensk. Acad. Description: Plants terrestrial, glabrous, Nya Handl. 21:231. 1800, in part; emend. L.C. with slender fleshy roots from a short rootstock, two Richard, De Orch. Europ. Annot. 29. 1817; Mem. basal fleshy dark green elliptical to sub orbicular Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. 4:51. 1818. nom. con. The leaves, a third leaf rarely present on the stem; stems genus name comes from the Greek epipactis a name slightly 4-5 angled (fluted), fleshy, 17-25.5 cm (7-10 used by Theophrastus, ca 350 BCE to describe a inches) long. The 3-6 (-15) flowers are born in a lax plant used to curdle milk. The genus is composed raceme. They are showy with the sepals and petals of about 20 species in Eurasia, with only one native lavender and the lip white with a blunt club-shaped to North America. down-turned spur that is as long as the lip. Capsules Epipactis gigantea Dougl. ex Hook, Fl. Bor.-Am. are erect, ellipsoidal and 1.5-2 cm (1/2-7/8 inches) 2:202. pl. 202. 1839. The genus name is from the long and 0.5-0.7 cm (1/5-1/4 inches) in diameter. Latin giganteus "gigantic" relating to the large size Frequently the previous year's inflorescence and of both plants and flowers in this species. fruit capsules will be present at the next year's Common Names: Stream Orchid, flowering. This species has been collected once at Chatterbox, Giant Helleborine. Battiest in McCurtain County and reported and Flowering Time: mid May - mid June. photographed by Jim Norman on Polecat Peak in Description: Plants terrestrial, glabrous, LeFlore County caulescent, stems 40-79 (-100) cm [16-31 (-39) Habitat: Rich mesic deciduous woods in inches] tall, with 4-11 alternating, ovate-lanceolate decaying leaf mold. leaves. The inflorescence is a raceme of 3-15 Distribution: southeastern Oklahoma (Map 9). relatively showy flowers. The sepals are greenish- yellow with purple veins, petals greenish becoming Goodyera R. Brown in Aiton, Hort. Kew. ed. 2. rose apically with purple veins, the lip is yellowish 5:197. 1813. The genus is named for John Goodyer, to rosy apically, with purple to brown veins. The lip a seventeenth century English botanist. There are is divided into two parts, an hypochile and an apical about 25 species in this worldwide genus, with 4 in epichile which articulates with the hypochile and is North America and 1 in Oklahoma. Goodyera easily moved by the faintest of air movements; pubescens (Willd.) R. Brown in Aiton, Hort. Kew. hence the common name "chatterbox" because the ed 2. 5:198. 1813. flowers look as if they are talking to each other. The Common Names: Downy Rattlesnake capsules are pendent and ellipsoidal, 2.3 cm (9/10-1 Orchis.

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Flowering Time: August. at the Boehler Seeps area where the colony persisted Description: Plants terrestrial, densely for many years and grew to consist of several pubescent, stems 15-35 (-46) cm [6-14 (-18) inches] thousand plants. However a series of several early long; from fleshy creeping rhizomes which may freezes a few years ago appears to have caused this produce small to fairly extensive colonies. The 3-8 plant to become extirpated in Oklahoma at the petiolate leaves form a basal rosette. Leaves oblong- present time. elliptic, dark green to blue-green with a prominent Habitat: Known only from two spring fed network of white veins. The inflorescence is a acidic sphagnum bogs over sandy soil (Boehler densely flowered cylindrical spike, the sessile Seeps in Atoka County and the Speer Bog in flowers are spirally arranged. Flowers are white, the Choctaw County). sepals have a green central vein, the lip is a pouch Distribution: southeastern Oklahoma (Map 11). with a strongly recurved apex like the spout on a pitcher. The capsules are sub-erect and globose and Hexalectris Rafinesque, Neogenyton 4. 1825. The about 5-6 mm (1/4 inch) in diameter. Frequently the genus name is from the Greek hex "six" and previous year's inflorescence and fruit capsules will alectryon "cock" in reference to the six fleshy be present at the next year's flowering. This species lamellae resembling a cock's-comb, which occur on has been found at two locations -- once in the lip. In actuality the lip usually has either 5 or 7 McCurtain County about 3 miles southeast of lamellae. The genus as treated by Catling & Smithville, and on Polecat Peak in LeFlore County. Magrath (2001) consists of 7 species, mainly The Polecat Peak population is quite extensive. Mexican, with 5 occurring in the United States and 1 Habitat: Rich mesic deciduous woods in in Oklahoma. decaying leaf mold. Hexalectris spicata (Walt.) Barnh., Torreya 4:121. Distribution: eastern Oklahoma in the 1904. The species name is from the Latin spicatus Ouachita Mountains. "spiked" in reference to the spicate inflorescence. Common Names: Crested Coralroot. Habenaria Willdenow, Sp. Pl. 4:44. 1805. The Flowering Time: late June – July. genus name comes from the Latin habena "strap," Description: Plants terrestrial, mycotropic, \"thong," or "rein" in reference to the rein-like spur lacking chlorophyll, flowering stems 22-56 (-80 cm) and appendages of the petals and lip that are [9-22 (-32)] inches tall, produced from stout, characteristic of the genus. The genus consists of branching, annulate, jointed rhizomes; the leaves about 600 species (Pridgeon, Crib, Chase & reduced to a few tubular sheaths on the stems. The Rasmussen, 2001) that are mainly tropical or 5-25 pedicellate flowers produced on scapose subtropical and worldwide in distribution. Correll racemes. Flowers large, showy, sepals yellow- (1950) recognized 39 species and varieties of brown with brownish-purple veins, petals yellow Habenaria (sensu lato), however Luer (1975; sensu with purple veins, the lip white to light yellow with stricto) recognized 4 species in North America, with purple veins and lamellae. Capsule pendent, 1 occurring in Oklahoma. ellipsoidal, 5/8-1 inches (2-2.5 cm) long and 1/5-3/5 Habenaria repens Nuttall, Gen. N. Am. Pl. 2:190. inches (1.2-1.5 cm) in diameter. All Oklahoma 1818. The species name is from the Latin repo "to specimens seen to date are var. spicata, however creep,” hence repens "creeping." var. arizonica occurs in north central Texas (Liggio Common Names: Water Spider Orchid. & Liggio 1999) Flowering Time: September – October. Habitat: Ranges from leaf mold in deep Description: Plants terrestrial to aquatic, shade of mixed hardwoods and conifers on well- glabrous, the leafy stems 40-66 cm (16-26 inches) drained knolls and stream banks, sometimes on tall. The 5-9 alternating leaves sessile with linear- rotting logs, tends to prefer limestone soil. In lanceolate shape. The 10-50 plus flowers are born in Oklahoma populations growing in decaying juniper a spicate raceme. The flowers are light green to needle litter over sandstone at William’s Wilderness greenish-white with a greenish-white to greenish- near Cyril in Caddo County are far more robust than yellow lip. The flowers are relatively inconspicuous those growing in regular leaf mold. and have the appearance of a spider, hence the name Distribution: eastern Oklahoma in the "water spider" orchid. It forms small colonies by Ouachita Mountains. sending out rhizomes, which produce new plants. This plant was first located by John Taylor in 1974

Magrath, L.K. Oklahoma Native Plant Record 47 Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001

Key to varieties: 1. Flowers pale yellow to pinkish, usually closed, cleistogamous; column without a rostellar flap separating the pollen masses from the stigmatic surface; the 5 central veins of lip with lamellae 0.2-0.7 mm above lip surface...... Hexalectris spictaa var. arizonica 1. Flowers yellowish- or purplish-brown, usually open, chasmogamous; column with a rostellar flap separating the pollen masses from the stigmatic surface; the 5 central veins of lip with lamellae 0.7-1 mm above lip surface...... Hexalectris spicata var. spicata

Variety arizonica (S. Watson) Catling & Engel. Oklahoma Orchid Society field trip in 1976 at the Lindleyana 8 (3): 122. 1993, is called the Arizona McKinney Creek site near Tom in McCurtain Crested Coral-Root. County. It is presently known from 5 locations in Habitat: Ranges from leaf mold in deep McCurtain and LeFlore Counties. This seems to be shade of mixed hardwoods and conifers on a relatively rare plant, but populations of up to 200 well-drained knolls and stream banks, sometimes on plants have been found. It is potentially vulnerable rotting logs, tends to prefer limestone soil. In to changes in land use. Oklahoma, populations growing in decaying juniper Habitat: Rich mesic mixed deciduous and needle litter over sandstone (e.g. William's pine woodlands in the Ouachita Mountains and the Wilderness near Cyril in Caddo County) are far Gulf Coastal Plain in the Ouachita National Forest. more robust than those growing in leaf mold that Distribution: southeastern Oklahoma originates from deciduous tree leaves and/or pine (Map 13). needles. Distribution: central and eastern Oklahoma Liparis L.C.Richard, Mem. Mus. Paris 4:43, 52. (Map 12). 1818. The genus name is from the Greek liparos "fat," "greasy," or "shining" in reference to the Isotria Rafinesque, Med. Repos. 2(5):357. 1808. almost oily feel and lustre of the leaves in this genus. The genus name is from the Greek isos "equal" and The genus is nearly worldwide in distribution and treis, tria "three" in reference to the three sepals, has about 250 species. Magrath (2001) recognized 3 which are equal size and shape. The genus consists occurring in North America, with 1 in Oklahoma. of two species both North American, with 1 species Liparis liliifolia (L.) L. C. Richard ex Lindley, Bot. occurring in Oklahoma. Reg. 11:pl.882. 1825. The species name is from the Isotria verticillata (Muhlenberg ex Willdenow) Latin lilium "a lily" and folius "leaved" referring to Rafinesque, Med. Repos. 2(5):357. 1808. The the lily-like foliage of this species. species name is from the Latin verticillatus Common Names: Lily-leaved Twayblade. "whorled" in reference to the whorl of leaves at the Flowering Time: late May – June. top of the stem. Description: Plants terrestrial, glabrous, Common Names: Large Whorled Pogonia; fleshy, with two elliptic-ovate shiny green leaves Whorled Pogonia. subtending a scapose raceme arising from a small Flowering Time: mid April - early May. ovoid pseudobulb. The stem is 3 1/2-10 inches ((9-) Description: Plants terrestrial, glabrous, 15 (-25) cm) tall. The 5 (-31) flowers with pale long hollow stems 5-13 inches (12-33 cm) tall, green sepals, purple filiform petals and a translucent topped by a whorl/verticil of 5-6 lanceolate to ovate pale purple to maroon lip are in an open raceme. to nearly rhombic-ovate green leaves. The The obovate lip is the showy part of the flower. The inflorescence is terminal with a solitary flower or capsules are ellipsoid, and about 5/8 inches (1.5 cm) rarely two. The sepals are purplish brown, the petals long and 3/16 inches (0.5 cm) in diameter. This are yellow-green and the lip is yellow with purple species has only been collected once, at the edges and a white mid-lobe. The capsule is erect McKinney Creek site near Tom in McCurtain and ellipsoidal, 1/2-1 inch (1.4-2.5 cm) long and County in 1975. 1/45-16 inch (0.6-0.9 cm) in diameter. Frequently Habitat: Rich mesic mixed deciduous and the previous year's inflorescence and fruit capsules pine woodlands in the Gulf Coastal Plain area in the will be present at the next year's flowering. This Ouachita National Forest. species was first found by Albert Lavallee on an Distribution: southeastern Oklahoma (Map 14).

Magrath, L.K. 48 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001

Listera R. Brown in Aiton, Hort. Kew. ed 2. 5:201. Common Names: Green Adder's Mouth. 1813. nom. cons. The genus name is in honor of Flowering Time: late April - mid June. Martin Lister, a noted English physician and Description: Plants terrestrial, glabrous, naturalist. The genus consists of 25 species; inflorescence and solitary leaf (rarely 2) arises from Coleman & Magrath (2001) recognized 8 in North a pseudobulb, roots are few and fibrous. The leaf is America with 1 in Oklahoma, occurring in cool narrowly to broadly ovate and encloses the base of temperate regions of both the northern and southern the inflorescence in a sheath. The stem is 4-9 1/2 hemispheres. inches (10-24 cm) tall. The 25-100 green flowers Listera australis Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. 456. 1840. are born in an open raceme, which appears The genus name is from the Latin australis umbellate before elongation of the rachis. The "southern" in reference to the more southern capsules are ellipsoid 1/8-1/4 inches (3-6 cm) long distribution of the species. and 1/16-1/8 inches (2-3.5 cm) in diameter are held Common Names: Southern Twayblade. on filiform pedicels in a horizontal to sub-horizontal Flowering Time: late April - mid May. position. It is not uncommon to find a previous Description: Plants terrestrial, arising from year's inflorescence and seeds pods persisting a minute rhizome with a few long slender fibrous through the current flowering period and frequently roots, the stem is glabrous with a pair of terminal the previous year's inflorescence and fruit capsules leaves, stem and inflorescence 4-9 inches (9-23 cm) will be present at the next year's flowering. This tall. The 6-25 pedicellate flowers are born in an open orchid, once thought to be rare in the state, can terminal raceme that is pubescent. The flowers are become locally abundant in an appropriate habitat. marcescent maroon-purple with the showy linear lip Habitat: Plants occur in pine and mixed deeply divided into two filamentous lobes. The deciduous woods, growing in the layer of capsules are globose to ovoid 1/16-3/16 inches (2-4 decomposing leaf and needle litter, also in shaded mm) long and 1/16-2/16 inches (2-3 mm) in "hanging" sphagnum bogs. diameter, and are born in a horizontal position. This Distribution: eastern and southeastern species was originally collected by Magrath at the Oklahoma (Map 16). McKinney Creek site near Tom in McCurtain County in 1979 during an Oklahoma Academy of Platanthera L. C. Richard, Mem. Mus. Paris 4:48. Science Spring Field Meeting while on a field trip. 1818. The genus name is from the Greek platys Habitat: Plants occur in "hanging" "wide, broad" and anthera "anther" in reference to sphagnum bogs in mixed deciduous and pine the unusually wide anther. According to the Flora wooded areas. In Oklahoma they are usually North America treatment by Sheviak (2001) there associated with the rhizomes of cinnamon fern. are about 200 species (mainly north temperate), with Distribution: southeastern Oklahoma. It is 32 species in North America, and 6 in Oklahoma. presently known from Bryan, Choctaw and Description: Plants terrestrial, glabrous, McCurtain Counties (Map 15). rather succulent, erect. The roots are fasciculate, fleshy and often enlarged into lance-fusiform Malaxis Solander ex Swartz, Nov, Ge. Sp. Pl. Prodr. tuberoids. The stems leafy or leafless with the 119. 1788. The name is from the Greek malaxis "a leaves either basal or gradually reduced to bracts softening" in reference to the soft, succulent toward the inflorescence. The inflorescences consistency of the leaves of the plants in this genus. solitary, terminal, lax to dense spikes, some spikes The genus is composed of about 250 species. appear to be racemose due to the elongated slender Catling & Magrath (2001) recognized 9 species in ovary. Flowers often showy, colors include green or North America with 1 in Oklahoma. It is widespread white or yellow or orange in our species. The lips mostly in Asia and the East Indies. have a spur at the base and may be entire, fringed, Malaxis unifolia Michx., Fl. Bor.-Am. 2:157. 1803. lobed or parted. Occasionally the previous year's The species name is from the Latin unifolium "one inflorescence and fruit capsules will be present at the leaf" in reference to the solitary leaf of this species. next year's flowering.

Magrath, L.K. Oklahoma Native Plant Record 49 Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001

Key to species: 1. Lip fringed or lacerate ...... 2 2. Lip not in 3 divisions; flowers golden-yellow to apricot orange ...... P. ciliaris 2. Lip in 3 divisions; flowers white to creamy white or light green to greenish white or yellowish green ...... 3 3. Flowers light green to greenish white or yellowish green ...... P. lacera 3. Flowers white to creamy white ...... 4 4. Rostellum lobes spreading, viscidia separated by 6-7.5 mm, angular in lateral view .... P. praeclara 4. Rostellum lobes parallel, viscidia separated by 1-3.5 mm, rounded in lateral view ...... P. leucophaea 1. Lip not fringed or lacerate ...... 5 5. Flowers greenish white to white; leaf 1 (rarely 2), cauline; lip 6 mm long, basal lobes absent, apex obscurely 3-lobed ...... P. clavellata 5. Flowers greenish yellow; leaves 2 to 6, cauline; lip 4 mm long, basal lobes present, apex entire ...... P. flava

Platanthera ciliaris (L.) Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. or two small bracts. The 3-17 flowers are produced 292. 1835. The species name is from the Latin in a relatively dense spike. Flowers are typically cilium “eyelashes" in reference to the finely fringed white or greenish white or light yellow green. The lip. This species was reported by Waterfall (1969) lip is oblong and obscurely lobed at the apex, the as Habenaria ciliaris spur is about twice the length of the lip and club- Common Names: Golden Plume; Orange shaped. The capsules are ellipsoidal, 5/16-6/16 Fringed Orchis; Yellow Fringed Orchid. inches (7-10 mm) long, not counting the persistent Flowering Time: August - early perianth, and 1/8-1/4 inches (3-5 mm) in diameter September. and are semi-erect to horizontal at maturity. This is Description: Plants 15-37 inches (38-94 (- one of the less showy orchids in the state. It usually 100) cm) tall, usually with 3-5 glossy green occurs as scattered plants but may form sizeable lanceolate leaves. The 30-60 flowers in a racemose colonies. It is strictly a "shade" plant. This appearing spike. Flowers are typically an apricot particular orchid seems to have an extremely high orange and are very showy; the lip has a copiously capsule set, frequently with 80-90% of the flowers fringed margin and a long slender spur. The producing a capsule. capsules are ellipsoidal, 1/2-5/8 inches (13-15 mm) Habitat: This species grows in shaded long and 2/16-3/16 inches (3-4 mm) in diameter, and sphagnum bogs or "hanging" sphagnum bogs in are semi-erect at maturity. This is one of the mixed deciduous and pine woodlands. showiest native orchids. It may occur as a few Distribution: southeastern Oklahoma (Map 18). isolated plants or in colonies of up to 2000 plants. Platanthera flava (L.) Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. 293. Habitat: This species grows in shaded 1835. var. flava. The species name is from the Latin sphagnum bogs or "hanging" sphagnum bogs in flavus "yellow" in reference to yellowish-green mixed deciduous and pine woodlands. It flowers. Reported by Waterfall (1969) as sometimes occurs in full sunlight, but usually in Habenaria flava. more shaded habitats. Common Names: Southern Tubercled Distribution: southeastern Oklahoma (Map 17). Orchis. Platanthera clavellata (Michx.) Luer, Nat. Orchids Flowering Time: mid May – August. Fla., 148. 1972. The species name is from the Latin Description: Plants 8-22 inches (20-56 cm) clavellatus "club shaped" in reference to the small tall, usually with one or two large lanceolate leaves club-shaped spur. It was reported by Waterfall and one or two small bracts. The 5-44 flowers are (1969) as Habenaria clavellata. produced in a relatively dense spike. The flowers Common Names: Little Club-spur are typically green with a greenish-yellow lip. The Orchis; Small Green Wood Orchid. lip is ovate with two side lobes near the base, the Flowering Time: late May - early July. mid-lobe is strongly recurved, the spur is about Description: Plants 8-17 inches (20-43 cm) twice the length of the lip and club-shaped. The tall, usually with one large oblanceolate leaf and one capsules are ellipsoidal, 4/16-7/16 inches (5-9 mm)

Magrath, L.K. 50 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001 long, not counting the persistent perianth, and 1/16- "hanging" sphagnum bogs or growing through the 1/4 inches (2-4 mm) in diameter and are semi-erect decaying leaf litter. to nearly erect at maturity. This is one of the least Distribution: eastern Oklahoma (Map 20). attractive orchids in the state, but the flower is none- Platanthera leucophaea (Nutt.) Lindl., Gen. Sp. the-less interesting and is apparently pollinated by Orchid. 294. 1835. The species name is from the mosquitoes. It usually occurs as scattered plants but Greek leucon "white" and phaios "gray or dusky" may form sizeable colonies. It is strictly a "shade" implying an off-white colour, usually a creamy or plant. This particular orchid seems to have a greenish white. This species was reported as relatively high capsule set, frequently with 30-70% Habenaria leucophaea by Waterfall (1969). It is of the flowers producing a capsule. In shallow known in Oklahoma only from the type specimen. spring fed springs, such as occur at the Battiest site Common Names: Eastern Prairie Fringed in McCurtain County, extensive colonies sometimes Orchis. form as a result of vegetative propagation by Flowering Time: June. underground rhizomes that will periodically produce Description: Plants up to nearly 3 feet (ca new plants every 2-6 inches (5-15 cm) apart. At this 91 cm) tall with 2-5 elliptic to lanceolate leaves. The location in 1982 over a thousand plants were 15-25 flowers are produced in a lax racemose observed. Also at this location this orchid shares its appearing spike. The lip is deeply three parted and habitat with quillworts, Isoetes melanospora, which each of these parts is deeply fringed, the spur is are also rather uncommon plants. Variety flava has about twice as long as the lip and is slender and the lower floral bracts equal to or shorter than the club-shaped. The capsules are ellipsoidal and about flowers and a suborbicular lip, which differs from 7 inches (18 mm) long and 3 1/2 inches (9 mm) in variety herbiola which has the lower floral bracts diameter, and semi-erect at maturity. According to longer than the flowers and the lip longer than wide. Nuttall (1837) the type location seems to be in Habitat: This species grows in shaded Choctaw County along the Red River at the junction sphagnum bogs or "hanging" sphagnum bogs in of the Kiamichi River. Marlin Bowles and I looked mixed deciduous and pine woodlands or in shallow for the original location that was supposed to be a spring fed streams. place called the "Running Horse Prairie" and never Distribution: southeastern Oklahoma (Map 19). could satisfactorily find this location. Platanthera lacera (Michx.) G. Don. in Sweet, Habitat: This plant appears to prefer moist Hort. Brit. ed 3, 650. 1839. The species name is to wet limestone based prairies or marshy areas. from Latin lacer "torn" or lacerere "to tear" in Distribution: southeastern Oklahoma (Map 21). reference to the deeply fringed lip. It was reported Platanthera praeclara Sheviak & Bowles, Rhodora by Waterfall (1969) as Habenaria lacera. 88:278. 1986. The species name is from the Latin Common Names: Green Fringed Orchis. prae "before" or "in front" and clarus "clear, Flowering Time: mid May - mid June. brilliant, shining" in reference to the series of Description: Plants 12-34 inches (30-86 translations: very bright, beautiful, splendid, cm) tall, usually with two large lanceolate leaves glorious, distinguished, noble. Originally reported and one or two smaller bracts. The 9-33 pale green as Habenaria leucophaea by Magrath & Taylor to greenish-white flowers are produced in a lax to (1978). dense racemose appearing spike. The lip is deeply Common Names: Western Prairie Fringed three parted with each of these divisions parted one Orchis. to 3 times to create a lacerate appearance, the spur is Flowering Time: June. slightly longer than the length of the lip and either Description: Plants 11-20 inches (28-51 slender to club-shaped. The capsules are ellipsoidal, cm) tall, usually with three to five large lanceolate 1/2-3/4 inches (12-20 mm) long, not counting the leaves and several smaller bracts. The 6-10 flowers persistent style, and 2/16-3/16 inches (2-5 mm) in are produced in a relatively open racemose diameter, and are erect at maturity. appearing spike. The flowers are creamy white. Habitat: This species has the most diverse The lip is deeply three parted and each of the parts set of habitats of any orchid in the state. It occurs in deeply lobed and fringed, the spur is about two to open sunlit sphagnum bogs, moist "pimple mound" three times the length of the lip and slender club- prairies, occasionally in relatively dry prairies, in shaped and curved. The capsules are ellipsoidal, deep mixed deciduous and pine woodlands either in 3/4- 1 inch (20-25 mm) long, not counting the persistent perianth, and 3/16-1/4 inches (5-8 mm) in

Magrath, L.K. Oklahoma Native Plant Record 51 Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001 diameter and are semi-erect to erect at maturity. The becoming three deeply reddish crests towards the flowers of this species are about 25-30% larger than apex. The capsules are ellipsoidal, 3/4-1 inches (20- those of P. leucophaea (Sheviak & Bowles 1986). 25 mm) long and 1/8-1/4 inches (4-7 mm) in This species was collected in two different prairies diameter, and are born in an erect position. This in northeastern Oklahoma by Magrath in 1975. species was originally collected at the Hugo/Speer Since that time one of the prairies has come under Bog and the Harrison/Doshier Bog in 1977 by John Nature Conservancy protection, and the other has and Connie Taylor. This species can form quite been essentially destroyed by changes in land use. extensive colonies by producing slender Habitat: Rich loamy relatively moist stoloniferous rhizomes which will produce new prairies. plants at about 4 inch (10 cm) intervals. Distribution: northeastern Oklahoma Habitat: Found only in three different (Map 22). (Bennington Bog, Harrison/Doshier Bog, and Speer/Hugo/Railroad Bog)sphagnum bogs, growing Pogonia Jussieu, Gen. Pl. 65. 1789. The genus name in sphagnum moss. is from the Greek pogon "beard" in reference to the Distribution: southeastern Oklahoma. It is bearded crest of the lip. There are apparently 5 presently known from Bryan, Choctaw and species in this genus P. japonica Reichenb. f. and P. Pushmataha Counties. (Map 23). minor (Makino) Makino in Japan and P. japonica Reichb. f. and P. yunnanensis Finet in China and P. Spiranthes L. C. Richard, Mem. Mus. Paris 4:50. ophioglossoides in North America. 1818. Nom. Cons. The genus name is from the Pogonia ophioglossoides (L.) Ker-Gawl., Bot. Reg. Greek speira "coil" or "spiral" and anthos "flower" 2: t. 148. 1816. The species name is from the Greek in reference to the coiled or twisted spike of flowers. ophis "snake" and glossa "tongue" and eidos "like" The genus as presently recognized by Sheviak & or "resembling" in reference to the plant's Brown (2001) consists of 45 species, 23 in North resemblance to the adder's-tongue fern America with 8 in Oklahoma, occurring in North (Ophioglossum) and its solitary leaf. America, South America, Eurasia and Australia. Common Names: Rose Pogonia. Description of genus: Plants terrestrial, Flowering Time: mid May - mid June. glabrous to pubescent and often glandular, with Description: Plants terrestrial, arising from fleshy, fasciculate, slender to tuberoidal roots, stems a minute rhizome with a few long slender fibrous with foliaceous sheaths. The inflorescences are roots. The stem is glabrous with a single lanceolate terminal spikes, with the flowers laxly to densely to elliptic to ovate leaf. The stem and inflorescence crowded, secund (on one side) or in a spiral. The is 9-19 inches (23-48 cm) tall. The pedicellate sessile flowers are relatively small, but usually flowers are usually solitary, occasionally a second showy and in one or two species quite pleasantly flower occurs in an open terminal raceme. The fragrant. Capsules ellipsoidal and semi-erect to flowers are pink to rose (rarely white). The lip is erect at maturity, the perianth parts usually spathulate, pink to nearly red, the disc with three persisting on the mature capsule. rows of tightly packed greenish-yellow hairs

Key to species: 1. Lip with green markings ...... 2 2. Lip with central green spot; flowering September-October ...... S. lacera var. gracilis 2. Lip with green veins; flowering late April-May ...... S. praecox 1. Lip without green markings 3. Flowers pure white; glabrous; sepals 2.5-3 mm long ...... S. tuberosa 3. Flowers creamy white, or if white with cream to creamy yellow area on lip; pubescent with pointed, knobby or capitate hairs; sepals 3.5-12 (-14) mm long ...... 4 4. Hairs pointed; flowering late May to early July ...... S. vernalis 4. Hairs capitate, knobby or slightly clavate; flowering late August to early November ... 5 5. Sepals 3.5-4.5 (-5) mm long ...... S. ovalis var. erostellata 5. Sepals 6.5-14 mm long ...... 6

Magrath, L.K. 52 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001

6. Basal leaves present, cauline leaves present or reduced to sheathing bracts at flowering ...... 7 7. Lip ovate oblong, slightly constricted near middle, dilated at apex ...... S. cernua 7. Lip broadly rhombic-ovate, basal half dilated, tapering to obtuse or subacute apex ...... S. odorata 6. Basal leaves absent, cauline leaves reduced to sheathing bracts at flowering ...... 8 8. Lip ovate-oblong, slightly constricted near middle, dilated at apex; lateral sepals appressed, not arching over the dorsal sepal and petals; basal callosities longer than wide ...... S. cernua 8. Lip oblong-ovate, without a slight constriction near middle, apex subacute; lateral sepals free, spreading with incurved tips, often arching over the dorsal sepal and petals (not always obvious in pressed specimens); basal callosities short, conical, as wide as high ...... S. magnicamporum

Spiranthes cernua (L.) L. C. Richard, Orch. Eur. Annot., 37. 1817. The species name is from the Habitat: This species occurs in native Latin cernuus "faced to the ground" or "inclined prairies and pastures throughout most of the state. It forward" in reference to the nodding position of the also occurs in sphagnum bogs, marshy areas and flowers. densely wooded areas in the southeast part of the Common Names: Nodding Ladies'-tresses state. Flowering Time: late September-mid Distribution: eastern half of Oklahoma with November a few scattered records in western and northwestern Description: Plants are 4-21 inches (10-53 part of the state (Map 24). cm) tall, the prairie form usually lacking basal leaves Spiranthes lacera (Rafinesque) Rafinesque, Herb. at flowering, the woodland/bog form usually has 2-4 Raf., 44. 1833. The species name is from the Latin linear-lanceolate to obovate leaves at flowering. lacer "torn" or lacere "to tear" in reference the The 5-50(-60) flowers, white to creamy white, are fringed lip. It was reported by Waterfall (1969) as produced in very tight spirals (prairie form) to loose Spiranthes gracilis. This is one of our most spirals (woodland/bog form). The lip usually cream common native orchids and can occur in populations to creamy-yellow centrally. The rachis is of several thousand plants. moderately to densely pubescent with some hairs Common Names: Northern Slender capitate. The capsules are ellipsoidal, 3/16-6/16 Ladies-tresses (var. lacera); Southern Slender inches (5-9 mm) long, not counting the persistent Ladies-tresses (var. gracilis). perianths, and 1/8-1/4 inches (2-6 mm) in diameter Flowering Time: September – October. and semi-erect to erect at maturity. The prairie form Description: Plants 5-23 inches (12-58 cm) vegetatively reproduces by means of basal off- tall, basal rosette of leaves withered or absent at shoots near the stem, while the woodland/bog form flowering, sheathing leaves present on stem, stem often produces long stoloniferous rhizomes up to at glabrous, rachis glabrous to sparsely pubescent with least 6 inches (16 cm) long that produce new plants capitate to clavate hairs. The 14-60 white flowers are at their tips, as well as basal off-shoots. This is one produced on secund to laxly spiraled to densely of the most wide spread orchid species in Oklahoma tightly spiraled spikes. The lip is white with a and has both a woodland/bog form with long central green spot. The capsules are ellipsoidal to oblanceolate leaves at flowering and a more sub-globose, 1/8-1/4 inches (3-5 mm) long, not compact prairie form which may or may not have counting the persistent perianth, and 2/16-3/16 leaves present at flowering. The prairie form is very inches (3-4 mm) in diameter and sub-erect at similar to S. magnicamporum and is often confused maturity. There are two varieties that have been with it. segregated out in this species, var. lacera and var. gracilis.

Magrath, L.K. Oklahoma Native Plant Record 53 Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001

Key to the varieties: 1. Flowers laxly arranged on spike, lower flowers distantly spaced; inflorescence capitate-pubescent; leaves usually persisting through anthesis ...... Spiranthes lacera var. lacera 1. Flowers densely arranged on spike, lower flowers closely spaced; entire plant essentially glabrous, leaves usually absent at anthesis ...... Spiranthes lacera var. gracilis

Variety lacera is called the Northern Slender Common Names: Fragrant Ladies'-tresses. Ladies'-tresses, and var. gracilis (Bigel.) Luer, Nat. Flowering Time: October. Orchid. US & Can., 112. 1975 is called the Southern Description: Plants 12-27 inches (30-69 Slender Ladies'-tresses. The variety name is from cm) tall, the lanceolate leaves present at flowering, the Latin gracilis "thin" or "slender" in reference to up to 14 inches (35.5 cm) long. The 21-62 white to slender stem. creamy-white flowers in a dense spike in 3-4 ranks Habitat: Open prairies and mixed (3-4 flowers per cycle of spiral). The rachis is deciduous woods in either loamy or sandy soil. moderately pubescent with some capitate hairs. The Distribution: eastern two-thirds of lip is centrally yellow to creamy yellow. The Oklahoma (Map 25). flowers are highly fragrant with a fragrance that has Spiranthes magnicamporum Sheviak, Bot. Mus. been compared to vanilla, cumarin or jasmine. The Leafl. Harvard, 23:287. 1973. The species name is capsules are ellipsoidal, 1/4-3/8 inches (6-10 mm) from the Latin magnus "large" and campus "plain" long, not counting the persistent perianth, and 3/16- thus "great plain" and magnicamporum "of the Great 1/4 inches (4-6 mm) in diameter and sub-erect at Plains," in reference the prairies of the Mid-west and maturity. This species is extremely rare and is Central Plains region where this species occurs. known only from the Speer Bog. Common Names: Great Plains Ladies'- Habitat: sphagnum bog over sand near tresses. Speer. Flowering Time: mid September – Distribution: southeastern Oklahoma October. (Map 27). Description: Plants 6-15 1/5 inches (15-40 Spiranthes ovalis Lindley, Gen. Sp. Orchid. 466. cm) tall, leaves normally absent at flowering. The 1840. The species name is from the Latin ovalis 13-50 white to ivory to creamy-white flowers in "shaped like an egg," in reference to the dense spikes in 3-4 ranks (3-4 flowers per cycle of inflorescence, which tends to taper at both ends. spiral). The rachis is moderately pubescent with Common Names: Oval Ladies'-tresses. some capitate hairs. The lip is centrally yellow to Flowering Time: mid September – creamy yellow. In fresh material the lateral sepals October. are wide spreading and ascend above the rest of the Description: Plants 4 1/2-10 inches (11- 25.4 cm) tall, 1-3 oblanceolate leaves present at flower, while in S. cernua they usually are not flowering, stem glabrate to pubescent, rachis spreading and are parallel to the other flower parts. pubescent with some hairs clavate to capitate. The 7- The capsules are ellipsoidal, 1/4-3/8 inches (5-9 23 white tubular flowers tightly spiraled (usually 3 mm) long, not counting the persistent perianth, and flowers per cycle of spiral) in the spike. The 1/8-1/4 inches (3-5 mm) in diameter, sub-erect at capsules are ellipsoidal, 3/16-5/16 inches (4-7 mm) maturity. This species can be scattered to locally long, not counting the persistent perianth, and 2/16- abundant, and occasionally occurs in mixed 3/16 inches (3-4 mm) in diameter, and sub-erect at populations with S. cernua (prairie form). maturity. This species appears to be relatively rare, Habitat: Occurs in dry to wet prairies with but this may be due to the fact that this small plant loamy or sandy soil. can be easily overlooked. There are two varieties Distribution: central and south central recognized for this species, var. ovalis and var. Oklahoma (Map 26). erostellata. Most of the Oklahoma material seems Spiranthes odorata (Nutt.) Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. to best fit in var. erostellata, however at least one 467. 1840. The species name is from the Latin specimen may be better treated as var. ovalis. odoratus "with an odor," in reference to the strong pleasant fragrance of this flower.

Magrath, L.K. 54 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001

Key to the varieties: 1. Flowers fully open, sepals and petals not connivent; rostellum and viscidium present; ovaries swell progressively ...... Spiranthes ovalis var. ovalis 1. Flowers never fully open, sepals and petals connivent; rostellum and viscidium absent; ovaries swell simultaneously...... Spiranthes ovalis var. erostellata

Variety erostellata P. M. Catling, Brittonia 35:120- Description: Plants 5-17 inches (12.7-43 125. 1983; derives its name from the Latin ex "out" cm) tall, glabrous, arising from a single fusiform or "beyond" and rostellum "beaked, hooked" hence tuberoid, occasionally the previous years tuberoid "lacking a beak" in reference to the absent rostellum. will persist, the basal leaves absent at flowering. Habitat: Occurs in mixed deciduous and The 5-35 minute pure white flowers in secund to pine woods in loam, sandy or gravelly soil. laxly to rarely tightly spiraled spikes with 4-7 Distribution: southeastern Oklahoma (Map flowers per cycle of spiral. The capsules are 28). ellipsoidal, 1/8-1/4 inches (3-5 mm) long, not Spiranthes praecox (Walter) S. Watson in A. Gray, counting the persistent perianth and 1/16-1/8 inches Man. Bot. North. U.S. ed. 6, 503. 1890. The species (2-3 mm) in diameter, sub-erect at maturity. This is name is from the Latin praecox "precocious" in a truly beautiful flower; under 5-10X magnification reference to its flowering early in the season. it appears crystalline. It is frequently rather Common Names: Giant Ladies'-tresses. scattered in local distribution, but occasionally Flowering Time: mid April – May. substantial populations occur. Description: Plants 14-21 inches (36-91 Habitat: In Oklahoma it typically occurs cm) tall, the linear lanceolate leaves mostly reduced in mixed deciduous and pine woods in sandy or loam to sheathing bracts. The 17-41 white to creamy soils, occasionally it occurs in meadows in full white flowers occur in nearly secund to laxly to sunlight. tightly spiraled spikes with 4-7 flowers per cycle of Distribution: eastern half of Oklahoma spiral. The rachis is sparsely pubescent with some (Map 30). capitate hairs. The lip is white with several green Spiranthes vernalis Engelmann & Gray, Bost. J. veins. The central part of the lip is white to creamy Nat. His. 5:236. 1845. The species name is from yellow. The capsules are ellipsoidal, 5/16-6/16 the Latin vernalis "of or belonging to spring" in inches (7-8 mm) long (not including the persistent reference to the early time of the year when it perianth) and 3/16-4/16 inches (5-6 mm) in flowers. diameter, sub-erect at maturity. This species has Common Names: Grass-leaved Ladies'- been collected only at the McKinney Creek site near tresses, Spring Flowering Ladies'-tresses. Tom in McCurtain County by Magrath and at the Flowering Time: June - late July. Schooler Bog in Choctaw County by Sidney Description: Plants 14-37 inches (35.5-94 Carpenter. It should probably be considered as rare cm) tall, pubescent with articulate pointed hairs and at this point in time. no capitate hairs, arising from numerous stout roots, Habitat: Growing at edge of mixed 2-5 leaves and 5-7 sheathing bracts present at deciduous and pinewoods in sandy soil and also near flowering. The 7-50 creamy white flowers in edges of sphagnum bogs in sunlit areas. secund to laxly to tightly spiraled spikes with 3-7 Distribution: southeastern Oklahoma flowers per cycle of spiral. The capsules are (Map 29). ellipsoidal, 1/4-3/8 inches (6-8 mm) long, not Spiranthes tuberosa Rafinesque, Herb. Raf. 45. counting the persistent perianth, and 1/8-1/4 inches 1833. The species name is from the Latin tuberosus (3-5 mm) in diameter, sub-erect at maturity. This "with or swollen into tubers" (actually tuberoids) in species often occurs in populations in the thousands reference to the solitary swollen fusiform tuberoidal in one year and the next have only a very few root. It was reported by Waterfall (1969) as scattered blooming plants, this is in part due to Spiranthes grayi. weather conditions. It also means that population Common Names: Little Ladies'-tresses, samples taken in any one season may not really be Little Pearl-twist. representative of the actual frequency of occurrence Flowering Time: mid August – October. in a given location.

Magrath, L.K. Oklahoma Native Plant Record 55 Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001

Habitat: Native prairies, roadside ditches, and Albert Lavallee revealed a population of several disturbed areas in sandy to clay loam. In the hundred plants. Kiamichi Mountains they are often abundant in the Habitat: Occurs in mixed deciduous and roadside ditches growing in gravelly soil. pine woodlands, growing in the layer of decaying Distribution: eastern two-thirds of leaf litter. Oklahoma (Map 31). Distribution: southeastern Oklahoma Tipularia Nuttall, Gen. N. Am. Pl. 2:195. 1818. (Map 32). The genus name is from Tipula the genus of insects Triphora Nuttall, Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 2:192. 1818. to which the crane flies belong in reference to the The genus name from the Greek tri "three" and resemblance of the flowers to crippled crane flies in phoros "bearing," in reference to the small number flight. Tipula from the Latin tippula "water-spider." of flowers, often three or perhaps to the three crests There are three species in the genus, T. josephi in the on a three-lobed lip. There are about 25 species in Himalaya Mountains, T. japonica in Japan and T. North America, West Indies, Central and South discolor in the eastern United States. America. Medley (2001) recognized 5 species in Tipularia discolor (Pursh) Nuttall, Gen. N. Am. Pl. North America, with 1 in Oklahoma. 2:195. 1818. The species name from the Latin Triphora trianthophora (Swartz) Rydberg in discolor "of different colors" or "faded" in reference Britton, Man. Fl. N. States, 298. 1901. to the dull colors of the flowers. Common Names: Three Birds' Orchid, Common Names: Crane-fly Orchid. Nodding Pogonia. Flowering Time: August - early Flowering Time: mid August -mid September. October. Description: This terrestrial orchid is one Description: Plants 1 1/2 - 10 inches (4-25 of two in Oklahoma that produces an evergreen cm) tall, stems glabrous, fleshy and green to purple, over-wintering leaf in late fall which persists until with 2-6 ovate green leaves. Plants arising from spring when it withers. Flowering is in late summer. fleshy roots which produce spheroidal to ovoid to Plants scapose, glabrous, 9-25 inches (23-64 cm) cylindrical tuberoids. The 1-6 white fading to pale tall, the solitary leaf is long-petiolate and ovate, dark pink flowers in an open raceme. Flowering tends to green above and purple underneath. The leaf and be synchronous and ephemeral, with individual flower stock arise from an oval corm 5/8-1 3/16 flowers usually lasting only one day, very rarely 2-3 inches (15-30 mm) long and 3/8-3/4 inches (10-20 days. The lip is obovate and white with 3 bright mm) wide, the corms develop at the ends of slender green papillose crests. The pollinia are magenta. rhizomes and it is not uncommon to find 3-7 or 8 The capsules are ellipsoidal, 3/8-5/8 inches (9-15 corms attached together. The 17-41 greenish to mm) long and 1/8-5/16 inches (4-7 mm) in diameter. greenish-yellow to greenish-maroon flowers born in The capsules are held erect when they first begin to an open raceme. The spur is 3-4 times the length of develop but normally become pendant as the capsule the lip. As the flower first opens it is essentially matures and opens. Plants may occur as scattered bilaterally symmetrical, however as the flower individuals or form crowded colonies well over 4 matures it twists so that it becomes bilaterally feet (1.2 meters) in diameter, such as the one at the asymmetrical. The capsules are ellipsoidal, 5/16- Battiest site. 1/2 inches (8-13 mm) long (not counting the Habitat: Occurs in mixed deciduous and persistent perianth) and 3/16-1/4 inches (4-5 mm) in pine woodlands and shaded sphagnum bogs, usually diameter, pendant on slender pedicels. Capsule set in growing in the layer of decaying leaf litter, this species is fairly high with some plants having sometimes penetrating into the soil underneath. over 90% of the flowers being pollinated by noctuid Distribution: central and southeastern moths. Frequently the previous year's inflorescence Oklahoma. There is a population in the Caddo and fruit capsules will be present at the next year's Canyons (Widowmaker Canyon) in Canadian flowering. This plant was first collected in County. The late Dr. George Goodman told me that Oklahoma by Steve Stephens from the University of he had seen it in one of the moist canyons near Kansas in August 1968. He found one plant 2 miles Turner Falls in the Arbuckle Mountains in Murray south of Honobia. A revisit of this site by Magrath County ( Map 33).

Magrath, L.K. 56 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001

Number of Orchid Taxa Recognized for Oklahoma:

Year Genera Species Varieties Forms Total Taxa 1972 11 20 0 0 20 2001 18 33 2 1 36 New taxa since 1972 7 (38%) 15 (43%) Possibly extinct in Oklahoma 4 (22%) 6 (18.2%)

LITERATURE CITED: genus Corallorhiza in North America vol 26. in ed. Magrath, L. K. & J. L. Norman. Catling, P. M. & V. S. Engel. 1993. Systematics and 1989. Nomenclatoral Notes on Calopogon, distribution of Hexalectris spicata var. Corallorhiza and Cypripedium in the Great arizonica (Orchidaceae). Lindleyana 8 (3): Plains Region. SIDA 13 (3): 371-72. 119-125. Magrath, L. K. & J. Taylor. 1978. Orchids and Other Catling, P. A., D. H. Goldman & L. K. Magrath. New and Interesting Plants from 2001. The genus Calopogon in Flora North Oklahoma. Publication No. 2 Herbarium, America vol 26. in ed. Southeastern Oklahoma State Univ., Catling, P. M. & L. K. Magrath. 2001. The genus Durant, Oklahoma. Hexalectris in Flora North America vol 26. Medley, M. 2001. The genus Triphora in Flora in ed. North America vol 26. in ed. Catling, P. M. & L. K. Magrath. 2001. The genus Pridgeon, A. M., P. J. Crib, M. W. Chase & F. N. Malaxis in Flora North America vol 26. in Rasmussen. 2001. Genera Orchidacearum: ed. vol 2 Orchidoideae (Part 1). Oxford Coleman, R. A. & L. K. Magrath. 2001. University Press, Oxford. The genus Listera in Flora North Romero-Gonzales, G. A., G. C. Fernandez-Concha, America vol 26. in ed. R. L. Dressler and L. K. Magrath. 2001. Correll, D. S. 1950. Native Orchids of Orchidaceae Jussieu -Orchid Family. in North America North of Mexico. Flora North America vol 26. in ed. Chronica Botanica Co. Waltham, Richter, W. 1965. The orchid world. Trans. by E. Mass. Launert. Ed. by P. F. Hunt. Studio Vista, Cribb, P. 1997. The Genus Cypripedium. Timber London. Press, Portland, Oregon. Sheviak, C.J. 2001. The genus platanthera In Flora Emmart, E. W. 1940. The Badianus Manuscript. North America vol 26. in ed. An Aztec Herbal of 1552. Johns Hopkins Sheviak, C. J. & M. L. Bowles. 1986. The prairie Press, Baltimore. fringed orchids: A pollinator-isolated Hansen, E. 2001, The Fox Testicle Ice Cream of species pair. Rhodora 88 (854): 267-290. Kemal Kucukonderuzunkoluk. Orchids 70 Sheviak, C. J. & P. M. Brown. 2001. The genus (10):962-969. Spiranthes in Flora North America vol 26. Lawler, L. J. 1982. Ethnobotany of the in ed. Orchidaceae. in Orchid Biology Reviews Tyrl, R. J. et al. 2001. Identification of Oklahoma and Perspectives, III. ed. by J. Arditti. pp Plants: A Taxonomic Treatment 27- 149. Comprising Keys and Descriptions for the Liggio, J. & A. O. Liggio. 1999. Wild Orchids of Vascular Plants of Oklahoma. Flora Texas. Univ. of Texas Press, Austin, Oklahoma Inc. Stillwater, Oklahoma. Texas. Waterfall, U. T. 1969. Keys to the Flora of Luer, C. A. 1975. The Native Orchids of the United Oklahoma, 4th ed. Oklahoma State Univ. States and Canada excluding Florida. The Bookstore, Stillwater, Oklahoma. New York Botanical Garden, New York. Withner, C. L. 1959. Introduction and History of Magrath, L. K. 2001. The genus Liparis in Orchid Culture in The Orchids: A Flora North America vol 26. in ed. Scientific Survey. Ronald Press Co., New Magrath, L. K. & J. V. Freudenstein. 2001. The York.

Magrath, L.K. Oklahoma Native Plant Record 57 Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001

1. Aplecturm hyemale (over wintering leaves) Photographer: Carlyle Luer

3. Calopogon oklahomensis 2. Aplecturm hyemale Photographer: Charles S . Lewallen Photographer: Carlyle Luer

6. Cypropedium kentuckiense Photographer: Larry Magrath 4. Calopogon tuberosa Photographer: Carlyle Luer

5. Corallorhiza odontorhiza Photographer: Carlyle Luer

9. Cypripedium parviflorum Photographer: Jim Norman 7. Cypropedium kentuckiense Photographer: Charles S . Lewallen 8. Cypripedium parviflorum Photographer: Jim Norman

10. Cypripedium parviflorum f. albolabium Photographer: Jim Norman 12. Cypripedium parviflorum f. albolabium Photographer: Larry Magrath

11. Cypripedium parviflorum f. albolabium Photographer: Jim Norman Magrath, L.K. 58 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001

14. Galearis spectabilis Photographer: Larry Magrath

13. Epipactis gigantea 15. Goodyera pubescens Photographer: Carlyle Luer Photographer: Charles M. Mather

17. Hexalectris spicata Photographer: Larry Magrath 18. Isotria verticillata (early fruit) Photographer: Larry Magrath 16. Habenaria repens Photographer: Charles M. Mather

21. Liparis lillifolia Photographer: Carlyle Luer

20. Liparis lillifolia 19. Isotria verticillata Photographer: Carlyle Luer Photographer: Carlyle Luer

22. Malaxis unifolia 24. Platanthera ciliaris Photographer: Larry Magrath Photographer: Larry Magrath

23. Platanthera ciliaris Photographer: Larry Magrath

Magrath, L.K. Oklahoma Native Plant Record 59 Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001

25. Platanthera clavellata Photographer: Larry Magrath

26. Platanthera flava v. flava Photographer: Larry Magrath 27. Platanthera flava v. flava Photographer: Charles M. Mather

28. Platanthera lacera Photographer: Larry Magrath

29. Platanthera leucophae Photographer: Carlyle Luer 30. Platanthera praeclara Photographer: Carlyle Luer

31. Pogonia ophioglossoides Photographer: Charles S . Lewallen

32. Spiranthes lacera Photographer: Charles S . Lewallen 33. Spiranthes cemua Photographer: Charles M. Mather

36. Spiranthes magnicamporum 34. Spiranthes magnicamporum Photographer: Albert Lavallee Photographer:Carlyle Luer 35. Spiranthes cemua Photographer: Charles M. Mather Magrath, L.K. 60 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001

38. Spiranthes ovalis v. erostellata Photographer:Larry Magrath

39. Spiranthes praecox 37. Spiranthes odorata Photographer: Carlyle Luer Photographer: Carlyle Luer

41. Spiranthes vernalis 40. Spiranthes tuberosa Photographer: Carlyle Luer Photographer: Larry Magrath 42. Tipularia disclor (in fruit) Photographer: Larry Magrath

43. Triphoria trianthrophoria Photographer: Charles S . Lewallen

Magrath, L.K. Oklahoma Native Plant Record 61 Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001

Map 1. Aplectrum hyemale Map 2. Calopogon oklahomensis

Map 3. Calopogon tuberosus v. tuberosus Map 4. Corallorhiza odontorhiza

Map 5. Corallorhiza wisteriana Map 6. Cypripedium kentuckiense

Magrath, L.K. 62 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001

Map 7. Cypripedium parviflorum v. parviflorum Map 7a. Cypripedium parviflorum v. parviflorum v. f.albolabium

Map 8. Epipcatis gigantea Map 9. Galearis spectabilis

Map 10. Goodyera pubescens Map 11. Habenaria repens

Magrath, L.K. Oklahoma Native Plant Record 63 Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001

Map 12. Hexalectris spicata v. spicata Map 13. Isotria verticillata

Map 14. Liparis liliifolia Map 15. Listera australis

Map 16. Malaxis unifolia Map 17. Platanthera ciliaris

Magrath, L.K. 64 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001

Map 18. Platanthera clavellata Map 19. Plathanthera flava v. flava

Map 20. Plathanthera lacera Map 21. Plathanthera leucophaea

Map 22. Plathanthera praeclara Map 23. Pogonia ophioglossoides

Magrath, L.K. Oklahoma Native Plant Record 65 Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001

Map 24. Spiranthes cernua Map 25. Spiranthes lacera v. gracilis & v. lacera

Map 26. Spiranthes magnicamporum Map 27. Spiranthes odorata

Map 28. Spiranthes ovalis v erostellata Map 29. Spiranthes praecox

Magrath, L.K. 66 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001

Map 30. Spiranthes tuberosa Map 31. Spiranthes vernalis

Map 32. Tipularia discolor Map 33. Triphora trianthophora

Magrath, L.K. Oklahoma Native Plant Record 67 Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001

Galium parisiense var. leiocarpum Tausch, New for Oklahoma

Lawrence K. Magrath Curator, USAO (OCLA) Herbarium Chickasha, Oklahoma73018-5358

While doing some routine plant collecting in Chickasha in June of 1999 I found a Galium with which I was not familiar. However, when I tried to key it out in Smith (1994) it immediately keyed to Galium parisiense L. var. leiocarpum Tausch. It also keyed out in Fernald (1950), Britton (1907), and Munz and Keck (1963) and Hickman (1993). This species is originally from Europe.

OKLAHOMA: GRADY COUNTY: westward from southern and eastern Oklahoma Chickasha, Walmart Plaza on Ponderosa Drive; (Taylor & Taylor 1994). I would guess that both T6N, R7W, SW 1/4 Sec 3; open disturbed grassy species arrived in Chickasha via freight being area on west side of street, red clay and some delivered to the WalMart Shopping Center. The sand; elevation ca 1100 ft; scattered to locally Oklahoma City location is near an area with abundant in ca 5 acre area; flowers numerous visitors, and next to an interstate greenish-white, some with red-brown corolla highway, so there are several possibilities that lobes; 9 June 1999; L.K. Magrath 20590 might account for its presence at this location. It (OCLA). Additional collections at same site: 25 may be worth checking similar locations in other June 1999; L.K. Magrath, Pete Taylor, et al cities in Oklahoma for these species and other 20693 (OCLA). 27 May 2001; L.K. Magrath possible introductions. 21449 (OCLA). 24 June 2001; L.K. Magrath 21452 (OCLA). Plants dead but with some seeds REFERENCES: persisting. Britton, N. L. 1907. Manual of the Flora of the OKLAHOMA: OKLAHOMA Northern States and Canada. 2nd ed. COUNTY: Oklahoma City, Will Rogers Park and Henry Holt & Co. NY. th th Garden Center at NW 36 Street and I-240; grassy Fernald, M. L. 1950. Gray's Manual of Botany. 8 area near edge of wooded area southeast of Rose ed. American Book Co. NY. Garden; scattered; most plants already dead, but Gleason, H. A. and A. Cronquist. 1963. Manual of with some seeds persisting; 16 June 2001; L.K. Vascular Plants of Northeastern United Magrath 21451 (OCLA) States and Adjacent Canada. D. Van Also found at the same site: Galium Nostrand Co., Inc. Princeton, N.J. pedemontanum (Bell.) All. OKLAHOMA: Hickman, J. C. ed. 1996. The Jepson Manual: GRADY COUNTY: Chickasha, Walmart Plaza on Higher Plants of California. Univ. of Ponderosa Drive; T6N, R7W, SW 1/4 Sec 3; open California Press. Berkeley, CA disturbed grassy area on west side of street, red Munz, P. A. & D. D. Keck. 1963. A California clay and some sand; elevation ca 1100 ft; scattered Flora. Univ. of California Press. Berkeley, to locally abundant in ca 5 acre area; flowers CA. yellow to greenish-yellow; 25 April 2001; Smith, E. B. 1978. An Atlas and Annotated List of L.K. Magrath, Stephen Garvin, Val Maseykin et the Vascular Plants of Arkansas. Dept. of al. 21344 (OCLA); another collection at same site: Botany & Bacteriology, Univ. of Arkansas 27 May 2001; L. K. Magrath 21448 (OCLA). at Fayetteville; Fayetteville, AR. Significance: Galium parisiense L. var. Smith, E. B. 1994. Keys to the Flora of Arkansas. leiocarpum Tausch represents an extension west Univ. Arkansas Press; Fayetteville, AR. from north central Arkansas (Baxter, Fulton, Taylor, R. J. & C. E. S. Taylor. 1994. An Newton & Pope Counties). This is a rather Annotated List of the Ferns, Fern Allies, significant jump to the west from Ozarkian Gymnosperms and Flowering Plants of woodlands habit to a relatively open mid-grass Oklahoma. Biology Dept. Herbarium, prairie habitat. The Galium pedemontanum Southeastern Oklahoma State Univ.; (Bell.) All. is an extension northward and Durant, OK Magrath, L.K. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.1000066 68 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001

CHECKLIST OF THE FERNS, NATURAL FALLS STATE PARK

Bruce A. Smith Biology Instructor, McLoud High School McLoud, OK 74851

Natural Falls State Park, formerly known as Dripping Springs is located in northeast Oklahoma. The park’s natural beauty and flora have attracted visitors since 1907. In a 1988 visit to the Oklahoma State University Herbarium, I noticed that several herbarium sheets of ferns were collected from Dripping Springs. This was intriguing and made me want to visit the area. Due to my interest in floristics and taxonomy, Natural Falls State Park seemed the perfect place to create a checklist of ferns. Thus, the objective of this study was to create an inventory of the ferns of Dripping Springs using my collection and the collections and observations from earlier botanists. A systematic collection of the ferns of Dripping Springs was conducted on August 7, 1998, October 15, 1998, and October 20, 2001. Using standard taxonomic methods, each plant was identified to species and subsequently inventoried. In three days of collecting, 17 species from 6 families and 12 genera were encountered. Since 1925 a total of 19 species from 6 families and 12 genera have been reported to occur.

INTRODUCTION State Park seemed to be the perfect place to create a checklist of ferns. Thus, the objective of this study Natural Falls State Park, formerly known was to create an inventory of the ferns of Dripping as Dripping Springs is located in northeast Springs by using my collection and the collections Oklahoma. The Park’s natural beauty and flora have and observations from earlier botanists. attracted visitors since 1907. Botanists such as Harriet Barclay, Charles Wallis, Edgar Wherry and several others have taken a special interest in the THE STUDY AREA park because of its interesting flora, especially the ferns. In the 1980’s the privately owned park was Dripping Springs is located west of Siloam closed due to the poor condition of the buildings on Springs in the southeast corner of Delaware County the property (1). In 1990 Dripping Springs was R25E, T20N, Sec. 32 (3). The most eye-catching purchased by the Oklahoma Tourism and Recreation feature in the park is the 25-meter waterfall (2). The Department with plans to make it once again surrounding area above the waterfall and ravine accessible to the public (2). below was the site of this study and past studies by In a 1988 visit to the Oklahoma State other botanists. As is common in the Ozarks, the University Herbarium I noticed that several surface rock contains chert that gives rise to acid herbarium sheets of ferns were collected from soils. Underlying the spring is a stratum of limestone Dripping Springs. This was intriguing and made me of both Fernvale and Fite Formations. Thus the soils want to visit the area. In July 1989, while on at the lower levels (ravine) are somewhat alkaline vacation in northeast Oklahoma my family and I (4). Soils in the sampling areas include Clarkesville visited the park only to find that it had closed. In very cherty silt loam, Clarkesville stony silt loam, 1998 I learned through a fellow botanist that the area and Staser gravelly loam. Climate of the area is was once again open to the public. Due to my moist and warm temperature (5). interest in floristics and taxonomy, Natural Falls

Smith, B.A. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100007 Oklahoma Native Plant Record 69 Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001

INVENTORY OF FERNS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

A systematic collection of the ferns of A special thanks to the staff at Natural Dripping Springs was conducted on August 7, Falls State Park and Tom Crider for allowing me 1998 and October 20, 2001. Collecting focused on to have this opportunity. I hope the checklist will the ferns that grew in the ravine floor and rock be useful. I also thank Dr. Ron Tyrl for his advice surfaces. Using standard taxonomic methods, on this study. Finally I want to thank the McLoud each plant was identified to species and High school Botany Class for accompanying me subsequently inventoried. Specimens typically on the October 20, 2001 field trip were collected in fertile condition with the exception of Botrychium virginianum. Nomenclature for the taxa follows Flora of North REFERENCES America (6). Vouchers will be deposited in the Oklahoma State University Herbarium (OKLA). 1. The Delaware County Historical Society. Heritage of the Hills: A Delaware County History. Jay, OK (1979). FLORA OF NATURAL FALLS 2. News Release Oklahoma Tourism and STATE PARK (DRIPPING SPRINGS) Recreation Department. Oklahoma City, OK (1997). In three days of collecting, 17 species 3. The Roads of Oklahoma. Map. Fredericksburg, TX (1997). from 6 families and 12 genera were encountered 4. Wherry, E. “Ferns of Dripping Springs, (Table 1). Fern collections and recordings from Oklahoma.” American Fern Journal 18:61 1925-1977 are listed in Tables 2 and 3. From (1928). 1925-2001 a total of 19 species from 6 families 5. Cole, E., Soil Survey of Cherokee and Delaware and 12 genera have been reported to occur. Ferns Counties, Oklahoma, U.S. Government designated as rare by the Oklahoma Natural Printing Office, Washington, D.C. (1970). Heritage Inventory (7) were Asplenium bradleyi 6. Flora of North America Editorial Committee, (S1). Flora of North America, Vol. 2, Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Oxford University Press, New York (1933). 7. Oklahoma Natural Heritage Inventory. Short Working List of Rare Plants 22 May 2001. Oklahoma Biological Survey, Norman (2001).

Smith, B.A. 70 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001

TABLE 1. CHECKLIST OF FERNS, NATURAL FALLS STATE PARK (DRIPPING SPRINGS) Collected by Bruce Smith August 7, 1998 and October 15, 1998, and October 20, 2001

ASPLENIACEAE OPHIOGLOSSACEAE Asplenium bradleyi D.C. Eaton. Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. Bradley’s Spleenwort, August 7, 1998 Rattlesnake Fern 3773 (OKLA) 3590 (OKLA) Asplenium platyneuron (L.) Britton, Sterns, & POLYPODIACEAE Poggenb. Ebony Spleenwort, 3578 (OKLA) Pleopeltis polypodioides (L.) E.G. Andrews & Asplenium rhizophyllum L. Windham Walking Fern 3562 (OKLA) Resurrection Fern 3772 (OKLA) Asplenium trichomanes L. Maidenhair Spleenwort 3619 (OKLA) PTERIDACEAE Adiantum capillus-veneris L. DRYOPTERIDACEAE Southern Maidenhair Fern 3565 (OKLA) Cystopteris bulbifera (L.) Bernh. Adiantum pedatum L. Northern Maidenhair Bulblet Bladder Fern 3589 (OKLA) Fern3576 (OKLA) Cystopteris tennesseensis Shaver Cheilanthes lanosa (Michx) D.C. Eaton. Tenessee Bldder Fern 3573 (OKLA) Hairy Lip Fern 3584 (OKLA) Dryopteris marginalis (L.) A. Gray Pellaea atropurpurea (L.) Link Marginal Shield Fern 3568 (OKLA) Purple Cliff Brake Fern 3582 (OKLA) Onoclea sensibilis L. Sensitive Fern 3774 (OKLA) THELYPTERIDACEAE Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott. Christmas Fern 3580 (OKLA) Phegopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) Fee Broad Woodsia obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. Beech Fern 3571 (OKLA) Blunt Lobed Woodsia 3622 (OKLA)

TABLE 2. CHECKLIST OF FERNS NATURAL FALLS STATE PARK (DRIPPING SPRINGS) Reported by John K. Small and Edgar T. Wherry May 3,1925 (4)

ASPLENIACEAE DRYOPTERIDACEAE Asplenium bradleyi D.C. Eat. Cystopteris bulbifera (L.) Bernh. Bradley’s Spleenwort Bulblet Bladder Fern Asplenium platyneuron (L.) Britton, Sterns, & Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. Poggenb. Brittle Fern Ebony Spleenwort Dryopteris marginalis (L.) A. Gray Asplenium resiliens Kunze Marginal Shield Fern Little Ebony Spleenwort Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott. Asplenium rhizophyllum L. Christmas Fern Walking Fern Asplenium trichomanes L. PTERIDACEAE Maidenhair Spleenwort Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Southern Maidenhair Fern Cheilanthes lanosa (Michx.) D.C.Eaton Hairy Lip Fern

Smith, B.A. Oklahoma Native Plant Record 71 Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001

TABLE 3. CHECKLIST OF FERNS NATURAL FALLS STATE PARK (DRIPPING SPRINGS) Collected from 1928-1977

ASPLENIACEAE POLYPODIACEAE Asplenium platyneuron (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. June 30, 1957 Charles Wallis 4454 Pleopeltis polypodioides (L.) E.G. Andrews & (OKLA) Windham Asplenium rhizophyllum L. June 30, 1957 Charles Wallis 4455 May 4, 1928 Robert Stratton 798 (OKLA) (OKLA) July 17, 1929 Robert Stratton (OKLA) July 7, 1950 U.T. Waterfall 9571 (OKLA) OPHIOGLOSSACEAE June 30, 1957 Charles Wallis 4456 (OKLA) June 16, 1972 John and Connie Taylor Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. 10792 (OKLA) April 28, 1957 Charles Wallis 3660 Asplenium trichomanes L. (OKLA) May 7, 1938 Milton Hopkns 3250 (OKLA) July 7, 1950 U.T. Waterfall 9561 (OKLA) PTERIDACEAE Adiantum capillus-verneris L. DRYOPTERIDACEAE June 2, 1963 Charles Wallis 8760 (OKLA) Cystopteris bulbifera (L.) Bernh. July 7, 1950 U.T. Waterfall 9570 (OKLA) June 30, 1957 Charles Wallis 4449 (OKLA) June 16, 1972 John and Connie Taylor Cystopteris tennesseensis Shaver 10788 (OKLA) July 7, 1950 U.T. Waterfall 9569 (OKLA) Adintum pedatum L. June 16, 1972 John and Connie Taylor May 4, 1928 Robert Stratton 804 (OKLA) 10791 (OKLA) May 7, 1938 Milton Hopkins 3254 Dryopteris marginalis (L.) A. Gray (OKLA) May 4, 1928 T.A. Tripp 137 (OKLA) Cheilanthes lanosa (Michx.) D.C. Eaton May 7, 1938 Milton Hopkins 3235 August 11, 1932 Featherly and Still (OKLA) (OKLA) June 16, 1972 John & Connie Taylor May 7, 1938 Milton Hopkins 3251 10794 (OKLA) (OKLA) September 4, 1977 T.A. Zanoni 3349 Pellaea atropurpurea (L.) Link (OKLA) July 7, 1950 U.T. Waterfall 9560 (OKLA) Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott June 30, 1957 Charles Wallis 4451 THELYPTERIDACEAE (OKLA) Woodsia obtuse (Spreng.) Torr. Phegopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) Fee July 16, 1929 Robert Stratton 1722 July 18, 1929 Robert Stratton (OKLA) (OKLA) July 8, 1957 Charles Wallis 4724 (OKLA)

Smith, B.A. 72 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001

Critic’s Choice Essay

23 May 1991: The Limestone Glade Jim Norman

Today, we’re going to have a look at a with a knife. Like stick-tights, beggars’ lice, rather special place I refer to as “my limestone and others, they’ve evolved with dispersal in glade”. A glade is defined as a “grassy open mind. area in a woods.” Now, add to this a thin cover Toward the end of the trail there is an of poor soil on a solid, limestone base, a area of flat rock with hardly any soil on it. scattering of stunted elms, hackberries and Sedum, called pink stonecrop [Sedum scrub oaks and a handful of ticks and chiggers. pulchellum], and flameflower [Talinum You have a habitat for a surprising variety of calycinum] grow here and thrive in this wildflowers. bare-bones situation. Both of these plants have Just to be on the safe side, I went up thick, fleshy leaves that enable them to there Wednesday to make sure I had a name for withstand long dry spells. Another plant here all the 35 or so species in bloom. To reach this on the glade is agave, or American aloe botanical hot spot, drive 4 miles east of Fort [Manfreda virginica]. Not quite in bloom yet, Gibson on U.S. 62 to Four Mile Road. Turn you can recognize it by the rosettes of thick, north toward Hulbert and go 9 miles. At an old fleshy, sharp-pointed leaves. In a couple of lane on the right, park and get out. Almost weeks the 6- or 7-foot blooming stalks will immediately you’ll be aware of a deliciously make them more conspicuous. minty aroma. The lane is carpeted with tiny And finally, I would say the rarest plant lavender flowers on 6-inch stems. This is wild – the one I’ve found only here in all my pennyroyal [Hedeoma drummondii or H. searches for plants in eastern Oklahoma – is the pulegioides] – a real olfactory treat! western marbleseed [Onosmodium molle]. Not The strange-looking flower with the very showy, the blooms are a dull whitish color stem running up through the tiered white and and not anything to write home about. It’s the purple blooms is lemon mint [Monarda seeds that make the impression. They are like citriodora], a not-so-aromatic relative of the small, whitish-pink pearls – round, shiny and pennyroyal. For the nature nut, this place has a just as hard. Marbleseed is the perfect name. lot to offer – including thorny patches of yellow-flowered prickly pear cacti [Opuntia compressa]. There also are many scorpions and Ed. Note: I found this spot to be about three tarantulas: just look under a few of the loose, miles north of the road from Ft. Gibson dam, or flat rocks to find them. ½ mile south of SH 80 as it turns west on the This area is also the most dependable south side of Hulbert. If you go, remember that place I know for finding choice birds such as this is private land, unfenced because the owner the painted bunting. Roger Tory Peterson knows that it is used by birders and school describes this bird as “The most gaudily colored groups. [P.F.] North American songbird”. There is a pair in this area each summer; the male perched in a tree and singing his bright little warble, and the dull-greenish female on her nest in a nearby bush. O N P S Just to the left of the trail are some low, shrubby plants called stickleaf [Mentzelia oligosperma]. The leaves are the original Velcro and will stick to your jeans so thoroughly it’s difficult to scrape them off, even https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100008 Editorial Policies and Practices

Oklahoma Native Plant Record is published annually by Oklahoma Native Plant Society. Submission for publication in the journal is open to all. Manuscripts will be accepted on topics related to Oklahoma's regional botany, including historical research reports, current research articles, site record species lists, and descriptions of new or important species sightings in Oklahoma. Oklahoma's environmental gradients of human impact, climate, and elevation make us a prime target for research on habitat edges, species ranges, and edge species, but articles of other themes may be included as well. Important works overlooked by journals of broader geographic regions will also be considered for publication here.

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In this issue of Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001:

3 Historical Record: Spermatophyta of Oklahoma County, Oklahoma Exclusive of the Grasses, Sedges and Rushes. Dr. U.T. Waterfall

25 Oklahoma County Floristic List. Dr. Bruce W. Hoagland

39 Native Orchids of Oklahoma. Dr. Lawrence K. Magrath

67 Galium parisiense var. leiocarpum Tausch, New for Oklahoma. Dr. Lawrence K. Magrath

68 Checklist of the Ferns, Natural Falls State Park. Dr. Bruce A. Smith

72 Critic’s Choice Essay: The Limestone Glade. Mr. Jim Norman