Napoleone Dall'elba All'europa

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Napoleone Dall'elba All'europa Edizioni dell’Assemblea 146 Ricerche Napoleone dall’Elba all’Europa Atti del convegno internazionale di studi Firenze, 21-22 novembre 2014 a cura di Gabriele Paolini Luglio 2017 Napoleone dall’Elba all’Europa : Atti del convegno internazionale di studi Fi- renze, 21-22 novembre 2014 / a cura di Gabriele Paolini . - Firenze : Consiglio regionale della Toscana, 2017 1.Paolini, Gabriele 2. Toscana <regione>. Consiglio regionale Napoléon <imperatore dei Francesi ; 1> - Atti di congressi 944.05092 CIP (Cataloguing in Publication) a cura della Biblioteca della Toscana Pietro Leopoldo Volume in distribuzione gratuita In copertina: Veduta generale dell’Isola d’Elba, Portoferraio, la città e il castello. Edward Orme, Londra; M. Duborg incisore, A.S. Terreni disegnatore. Litografia inglese a colori del 1814, mm. 42x62. Fondazione Spadolini Nuova Antologia, Firenze Consiglio regionale della Toscana Settore “Biblioteca e documentazione. Archivio e protocollo. Comunicazione, editoria, URP e sito web. Tipografia” Progetto grafico e impaginazione: Daniele Russo Pubblicazione realizzata dal Consiglio regionale della Toscana quale contributo ai sensi della l.r. 4/2009 Luglio 2017 ISBN 978-88-85617-02-5 Sommario Presentazione Eugenio Giani 7 Nota del Curatore 9 Scenari europei e mediterranei L’Europa dopo Napoleone (La fama usurpata del Congresso di Vienna) Giuseppe Galasso 13 Napoleone, l’Elba e il Congresso di Vienna Luigi Mascilli Migliorini 27 Il Mediterraneo dopo la caduta di Napoleone Francesca Canale Cama 37 Spagna 1814: Il golpe di Ferdinando VII Pedro Rújula 49 1814: L’Angleterre et la chute de Napoléon Alan Forrest 63 Il crocevia italiano 1814: Milan de Napoléon aux Habsbourg Romain Buclon 81 Mariotti, le consul espion Pierre Branda 97 “Un cattivo vicino”. Il governo toscano e Napoleone all’Elba Gabriele Paolini 109 Murat e il Regno di Napoli: le ultime scelte Nicoletta Marini d’Armenia 129 Lo Stato pontificio tra eredità napoleonica e restaurazione Angelo Varni 139 5 Elba, “isola impero” Napoleone manager elbano e statista europeo Ernesto Ferrero 149 Le residenze napoleoniche all’Elba Roberta Martinelli – Velia Gini 157 Il quindicennio di governo napoleonico all’Elba Giuseppe Massimo Battaglini 169 L’Elba segreta (1814-1816): aspetti, momenti, protagonisti. Note per un’ipotesi di lettura d’insieme Gianfranco Vanagolli 181 Conversando con Napoleone. Visitatori inglesi all’Elba Rosa Maria Delli Quadri 199 Indice dei nomi 221 6 Presentazione L’imperatore sull’isola. Quell’isola – l’Elba – deve all’imperatore – Napoleone – gran parte della propria notorietà. La permanenza di Napoleone all’Elba infatti, dal maggio 1814 al febbraio 1815, è nota come un momento di pausa forzata nella vita dell’imperatore, una parentesi tutto sommato lieta tra i bellicosi periodi che la precedono e la seguono. Parentesi invece non fu, se con tale termine ci riferiamo a qualcosa di trascurabile e di pittoresco, di limitato e avulso dalla più generale storia del tempo. Non solo perché Bonaparte restava sempre se stesso, sui campi di battaglia e nello sfarzo di Parigi, nel palazzo fronte mare di Portoferraio e nella desolata dimora di Sant’Elena, ma anche perché, proprio nel soggiorno elbano, fu protagonista di quella che uno studioso francese, Pierre Branda, in un suo libro, ha chiamato “la guerra segreta di Napoleone”. Mesi di un conflitto coperto, in parte ancora misterioso, fatto di intrighi, spionaggio, depistaggi, mosse fulminee, culminato nel gesto straordinario e temerario dello sbarco presso Antibes e nell’incredibile marcia verso Parigi, dove entrò trionfatore il 20 marzo 1815 mentre le truppe inviategli contro dal re Luigi XVIII anziché fermarlo erano passate tutte dalla sua parte, praticamente senza sparare un solo colpo di fucile. Quella “guerra segreta”, debitamente inserita nel quadro politico del vecchio continente, è stata al centro del convegno internazionale di studi che la Regione Toscana e la Fondazione Spadolini Nuova Antologia organizzarono a Firenze nel bicentenario degli storici eventi. Non una celebrazione fine a se stessa, ma un’occasione di conoscenza per riflettere su un momento fondante della storia europea, secondo l’insegnamento di Giovanni Spadolini, che su Napoleone aveva raccolto volumi e cimeli significativi. Storici di grande prestigio, da Giuseppe Galasso a Luigi Mascilli Migliorini, da Alan Forrest allo stesso Branda, hanno illustrato temi, vicende e figure di quei mesi decisivi. Altri hanno affrontato la realtà degli Stati italiani nel periodo di trapasso fra l’Impero e la Restaurazione. Non è mancato ovviamente lo spazio dedicato al vero e proprio soggiorno elbano, perché Napoleone volle mantenere nei palazzi dei Mulini e di San Martino, sia pure su scala ridotta, il suo abituale stile di vita. 7 L’isola, fino a quel momento praticamente sconosciuta, attirò l’attenzione di gran parte degli osservatori, anche degli acerrimi nemici inglesi. L’opinione pubblica del tempo era infatti ansiosa di sapere quali fossero le occupazioni, gli atteggiamenti e lo stato d’animo di Napoleone. “Uno di quegli uomini – come scrisse il giovane Gino Capponi che lo aveva incontrato a Parigi nel 1813 – dei quali sta bene che l’umanità si inorgoglisca e che li ammiri, ma che è grazia di Dio il mandarceli molto di rado”. Eugenio Giani Presidente del Consiglio regionale della Toscana Luglio 2017 8 Nota del Curatore La presenza di Napoleone all’isola d’Elba, fra il maggio 1814 e il febbraio 1815, ha attirato nel tempo l’interesse di scrittori, storici, giornalisti e più in generale del pubblico affascinato dall’epopea dell’imperatore. Tuttavia molto spesso tale periodo è stato affrontato in chiave prettamente biografica, indugiando sulle sue condizioni personali in quel momento di pausa forzata, sul suo stato d’animo oscillante fra il desiderio di tornare a calcare le scene europee e la tentazione di una vita diversa, così come si è indugiato sugli aspetti più aneddotici delle sue giornate in quel periodo e sui contatti con la gente dell’Elba. Il risultato, per alcuni aspetti anche fedele, era quello di una parentesi tutto sommato lieta e senza scosse, ma isolata tra i periodi bellicosi in cui s’inserì la vita sull’isola tirrenica. Non si trattò invece di parentesi se con tale espressione si fa riferimento a qualcosa di eccentrico e di appartato, ad un periodo staccato dal più generale quadro della storia del tempo. Si svolse infatti allora quella che uno studioso francese, Pierre Branda, ha chiamato “la guerra segreta di Napoleone” : mesi intensi di un conflitto sotto traccia ma continuo, in parte ancora oggi con molte zone d’ombra, puntellato di spie, intriganti, false intenzioni e diversivi, mosse fulminee e progetti ambiziosi, culminato nella partenza improvvisa, seguita dallo sbarco ad Antibes e nella trionfale marcia alla volta di Parigi per cingere nuovamente la corona di Francia. E’ stato dunque sulla base di queste nuove linee interpretative e con l’intento di ampliare il quadro tradizionale della narrazione di quegli eventi, che si è tenuto a Firenze il 21 e il 22 novembre 2014 il convegno internazionale di studi 1814. Napoleone dall’Elba all’Europa. Svoltosi nella bella cornice della Sala Verde di Palazzo Incontri, promosso dalla Fondazione Spadolini Nuova Antologia e dalla Regione Toscana, si è aperto con i saluti istituzionali di Sara Nocentini (Assessore alla Cultura della Regione Toscana), di Giuseppe Morbidelli (Presidente della Cassa di Risparmio di Firenze) e di Cosimo Ceccuti (Presidente della Fondazione Spadolini Nuova Antologia). Insigni docenti e giovani studiosi, di varie università e centri di ricerca, italiani, francesi, inglesi e spagnoli, si sono alternati trattando questioni importanti e specifiche, intimamente legate tra loro, come ben risulta dai 9 testi che – debitamente rielaborati ed ampliati – qui si pubblicano grazie al sostegno determinante del Consiglio Regionale della Toscana. Il bicentenario del soggiorno elbano, lungi dal rivelarsi una semplice circostanza celebrativa come spesso accade nel nostro paese, ha offerto così l’occasione per approfondire in un’ottica più articolata quella fase decisiva della storia italiana ed europea, secondo l’insegnamento di Giovanni Spadolini, che su Napoleone aveva raccolto volumi e cimeli significativi, oggi affidati alla Fondazione che ne porta il nome e ne rinnova l’impegno culturale. Gabriele Paolini Scenari europei e mediterranei 11 L’Europa dopo Napoleone (La fama usurpata del Congresso di Vienna)1 Giuseppe Galasso Accademia dei Lincei, Roma L’impressione generale in Europa alla definitiva caduta di Napoleone nel giugno 1815 fu che sarebbe stato molto difficile cambiare in Europa lo stato delle cose determinato da quella caduta e che fu alla fine sanzionato dal Congresso di Vienna nelle sue varie sessioni dall’apertura formale del 1° novembre 1814 alla chiusura ufficiale con la firma dell’Atto conclusivo il 9 giugno 1815, nove giorni prima di Waterloo. L’apertura formale sopravveniva, in realtà, a distanza di poco più o poco meno di un mese e mezzo da quando a Vienna erano cominciate ad arrivare le delegazioni dei vari paesi partecipanti, nonché gli osservatori degli altri paesi che si preoccupavano di conoscere e seguire i lavori del Congresso, in molti casi temendo di esserne danneggiati o cercando di esserne favoriti. I contatti fra i presenti furono subito intensi e frequenti, sicché non si può dire che il tempo trascorso da settembre al 1° novembre fosse tutto tempo perduto. E ciò non vale solo per la parte che fin dai primi contatti ebbe Talleyrand, imperturbabile ministro, a Vienna, dei restaurati Borboni di Francia dopo di esserlo stato per tanti anni di Napoleone, e, prima, uomo dell’ancien régime e poi del Direttorio. Egli mise subito in chiaro di non potere e non voler essere considerato, in quanto rappresentante della 1 Riprendo e sviluppo in queste pagine idee e concetti già esposti nella mia Storia d’Europa, 4 voll., Torino, Utet, 2013 ( e in particolare, vol. III, pp. 35 segg.), collocandoli nella prospettiva di ulteriori riflessioni ed elaborazioni sull’Europa del tempo. In occasione del bicentenario volumi e studi sul Congresso di Vienna sono apparsi, come accade, numerosi, in ogni paese, e di assai disparato valore.
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