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Bitiruv Malakaviy Ishi O‟ZBЕKISTON RЕSPUBLIKASI OLIY VA O‟RTA MAXSUS TA'LIM VAZIRLIGI NIZOMIY NOMIDAGI TOSHKЕNT DAVLAT PЕDAGOGIKA UNIVЕRSITЕTI «TABIYOT FANLARI» FAKULTЕTI «GЕOGRAFIYA VA UNI O‟QITISH MЕTODIKASI» KAFЕDRASI “Himoyaga ruxsat etilsin” Fakul‟tеt dеkani ____________E.R.Yuzlikayeva «____» ____________2014 yil 5140500-«Gеografiya va iqtisodiy bilim asoslari» ta'lim yo‟nalishi 401-guruh talabasi Xabibullayev Shoxruxmirzo Olovuddinovichning “Surxondaryo viloyati sanoati tarmoqlari rivojlanishi va istiqbollari” mavzusidagi BITIRUV MALAKAVIY ISHI Ilmiy rahbar: «Gеografiya va uni o’qitish mеtodikasi» kafеdrasi dotsenti. ___________N.Safarova «Himoyaga tavsiya etilsin» «Gеografiya va uni o’qitish mеtodikasi» kafеdrasi mudiri _______g.f.n. dots. N.R.Alimqulov «____»____________2014 yil TOSHKЕNT – 2014 yil MUNDARIJA KIRISh………………………………………………………………………… I bob. SANOAT TARMOQLARI RIVOJLANISHINING NAZARIY ASOSLARI.…………………………………………………………………… 1.1. Sanoat – moddiy ishlab chiqarishning asosiy tarmog’i…………………. 1.2. Sanoat tarmoqlarining joylashuviga ta’sir etuvchi omillar.……………... II bob. SURXONDARYO VILOYATI SANOAT TARMOQLARINING RIVOJLANISH HOLATI.……………………………………………………. 2.1. Surxondaryo viloyati sanoat tarmoqlari rivojlanishiga ta’sir etuvchi omillar.…............................................................................................................... 2.2. Surxondaryo viloyati sanoatining tarmoq tarkibi………………………….. 2.3. Surxondaryo viloyati sanoatining hududiy rivojlanish xususiyatlari............. III bob. “Surxondaryo viloyati sanoati tarmoklari rivojlanishi va istikbollari” mavzusini o„qitishda pedagogik texnologiyalardan foydalanish..…………… 3.1. Geografik bilimlar berishda pedagogik texnologiyalarning o’rni va ahamiyati………………………………………………………………………….. 3.2. “Surxondaryo viloyati sanoati tarmoqlari rivojlanishi va istiqbollari” mavzusini o’qitishda zamonaviy pedogogik texnologiyalardan foydalanish.…………………………........................................................................ XULOSA…………………………………………………………………………... FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR RO„YHATI……………………... ... Kirish. Mavzuning dolzarbligi. Mintaqalar ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy rivojlanishi moddiy ishlab chiqarish tarmoqlarining rivojlanganlik holati bilan bevosita bog’liq. Ushbu tarmoqlar orasida sanoat tarmog’i o’ziga xos xususiyatlari bilan ajralib turadi. Ushbu tarmoq har qanday mintaqaning iqtisodiy salohiyatini, mamlakat, dunyo miqyosida tutgan o’rnini belgilab beradi. Surxondaryo viloyati O’zbekistonning sug’orma dehqonchilik asosida shakllangan ilk madaniyat markazlaridan biri hisoblanadi. Barcha o’tgan tarixiy davrlar davomida qishloq xo’jaligi mintaqa iqtisodiyotining asosiy yetakchi tarmog’i bo’lib kelgan. Bunga unda mavjud bo’lgan agroiqlimiy, yer, suv resurslaridan tashqari, ko’p hollarda uning respublikamizning chekka janubiy qismida joylashganligi ham sabab bo’lgan. Bu holat XX asrning boshlarida mintaqada sanoat korxonalarining joylashuvida ham o’z ta’sirini o’tkazgan. Natijada yetarli xom ashyo bazasi, mehnat resurslariga ega bo’lishiga qaramay, asosan qishloq xo’jaligi mahsulotlarini qayta ishlovchi agro sanoat majmui tarmoqlari rivojlandi. Mustaqillik yillarida Surxondaryoda turli ishlab chiqarish tarmoqlarini rivojlantirishga harakat qilinayotgan bo’lsa-da, yengil va oziq-ovqat sanoati viloyat iqtisodiyotida o’z salmog’ini saqlab qoldi. So’nggi yillarda sanoat tarmoqlarining rivojlanishida 2007 yil ishga tushirilgan Toshg’uzor-Boysun-Qumqo’rg’on» temir yo’lining ahamiyati katta bo’ldi. Bu borada prezident I.Karimov shunday degan edi: «...hech shubhasiz bu yo’l O’zbekistonning chet davlatlarga, avvalo, Transafg’on temir yo’l koridori orqali yaqin kelajakda to’g’ridan-to’g’ri Hind okeani, Janubiy va Janubi-sharqiy Osiyo mamlakatlari portlariga chiqish va eksport imkoniyatini, shu bilan birga,yurtimizning tranzit rolini kengaytirish borasidagi salohiyatini keskin oshiradi...»1 SHuning uchun sanoat va uning tarmoqlarini rivojlanishiga ta’sir etuvchi omillarni o’rganish asosida mintaqa sanoatining rivojlanish xususiyatlari 1 Каримов И.А. «Бунѐдкор халқимиз азму-шижоатининг амалдаги ифодаси» Тошгузар – Бойсун - Қумқўрғон темир йўлининг ишга туширилишига бағишланган тантанали маросимдаги нутқи// Халқ сўзи№167, 2007 й., 25 август. va istiqbollarini tadqiq etish katta ilmiy va amaliy ahamiyatga ega. Aynan shu holatlar tanlangan mavzuning dolzarbligini belgilab beradi. Bitiruv malakaviy ishining maqsadi: Surxondaryo viloyatida sanoatning rivojlanish xususiyatlarini tahlil qilish asosida ushbu tarmoqni rivojlantirish va undan samarali foydalanish istiqbollarini aniqlashdan iborat. Ob‟ekti: O’zbekiston Respublikasining ma’muriy-hududiy (geosiyosiy) tuzilmasi – Surxondaryo viloyati sanoat tarmoqlari. Predmeti: Surxondaryo viloyati sanoatining o’ziga xos xususiyatlari, mintaqa ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy rivojlanishidagi uning ta’sirini o’rganish. Vazifalari: • Sanoat, uning xususiyatlari va o’ziga xos jihatlari va ularga ta’sir ko’rsatuvchi omillarni tahlil qilish; • Surxondaryo viloyati sanoatining rivojlanishiga ta’sir etuvchi omillarni o’rganish; • Mintaqa sanoat rivojlanishining hududiy tafovutlarni aniqlash; • «Surxondaryo viloyati sanoati tarmoklari rivojlanishi va istikbollari» mavzusini o’qitishda zamonaviy pedagogik texnologiyalardan foydalanish bo’yicha tavsiyalar ishlab chiqish. Bitiruv malakaviy ishining amaliy ahamiyati: BMI ma’lumotlaridan 8- sinf “O’zbekiston iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy geografiyasi” fanining “Surxondaryo iqtisodiy geografik rayoni” mavzularini o’qitishda foydalanish mumkin. Bitiruv malakaviy ish hajmi: Ishning umumiy hajmi - betdan iborat. Unda - ta chizma, - ta jadval va - ta karta-sxema mavjud. Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro’yhati -manbaadan tashkil topgan. Bundan tashqari, ish so’nggida mavzuga oid – so’zdan iborat inglizcha-o’zbekcha glossariy, qisqacha o’zbek, rus va ingliz tillaridagi annotatsiya mavjud. I. BOB. SANOAT TARMOQLARI RIVOJLANISHINING NAZARIY ASOSLARI. 1.1. Sanoat – moddiy ishlab chiqarishning asosiy tarmog‟i. Moddiy ishlab chiqarish jamiyat xayoti va taraqqiyoti uchun zarur bulgan moddiy ne’matlar yaratish jarayoni bulib xisoblanadi. U qishilik jamiyat taraqqiyotining turli formatsiyalarida uziga xos shaklda mavjud bulib, har bir davr uchun moddiy asos bo’lib xizmat qilgan. Uning tarkibiga sanoat, qishloq xo’jaligi, qurilish, transport, aloqa, o’rmon xujaligi, moddiy texnika ta’minoti, qishloq xo’jaligi mahsulotlarini tayyorlash, savdo umumiy ovqatlanish kabi tarmoqlar kiradi. Ushbu tarmoqlar ichida har bir davlat iqtisodiyotini yuksalishida asos bo’lib xizmat qiladigan tarmoq – sanoatning o’rni katta. Sanoat – moddiy ishlab chiqarishning eng yirik va texnik tomondan eng takomillashgan tarmog’i. Bu o’zi uchun va mamlakat iqtisodiyotining boshqa sohalari uchun mehnat qurollari tayyorlaydigan, shuningdek, xom ashyo, yoqilg’i, energiya olish, yog’och tayyorlash mavjud sanoat va qishloq xo’jaligi mahsulotlarini qayta ishlash bilan shug’ullanuvchi korxonalar (zavod, fabrika, kon, elektr stantsiyalari) majmuidir. Sanoat geografisi asoschilaridan biri hisoblangan A.T.Xrushchyov ta’biri bilan aytganda: «Sanoat – moddiy ishlab chiqarishning asosiy va yetakchi tarmog’i bo’lib, o’z ichiga tabiiy resurslarni qazib olish va xom ashyolarni qayta ishlash jarayonlarini qamrab oladi. Sanoat moddiy ishlab chiqarishning boshqa tarmoqlari qayta ishlash jarayonida yetakchi o’rin tutishi, mashinalar majmuiga egaligi, uzluksiz ishlab chiqarish jarayoni mavjudligi, ishlab chiqarishning mujassamlashuvi, ixtisoslashuv, kooperatsiya va kombinattsiyalashuv kabi ko’rinishlarining mavjudligi va joylashuviga ko’ra farq qiladi». Shuningdek, sanoatning muhim xususiyatlaridan biri, qishloq xo’jaligi darajasida tabiiy omillarga bog’liq emasligidadir. Sanoat tarmoqlarida asosan qishloq xo’jaligida mavjud bo’lgan davriylik bilan bog’liqligi ham sezilarli emas. Faqat sanoatning qishloq xo’jalik mahsulotlarini birlamchi qayta ishlovchi tarmoqlarda baliq ovlash, yog’och kesish kabi sohalarida oz ko’rinishda bog’liqlik bor. Sanoatda inson texnologik jarayonlarga ta’sir ko’rsata olsa, bu holat qishloq xo’jaligida sanoatdagi kabi darajaga ko’zga tashlanmaydi. Bunday farqlarni moddiy ishlab chiqarishning boshqa tarmoqlariga nisbatan ham ko’rish mumkin. Albatta, bu tabiiy xol. Yaratilgan mahsulot muomilada bo’lsa, qurilish sohasida yaratilgan mahsulot esa o’zining qo’zg’almasligi bilan farqlanadi. Bunday holatlarni transport, aloqa, savdo kabi moddiy ishlab chiqarishning boshqa sohalarida xam ko’rish mumkin. Sanoatning vujudga kelishi va rivojlanishi mehnat taqsimotining o’sishi, ishlab chiqarishni differentsiyallash va ixtisoslashtirish bilan bog’liq. XVIII asr oxirlarida qishloq xo’jaligi va unga yondosh tarmoqlarning rivojlanishi asta sekin sanoatning paydo bulishiga olib qeldi. Yevropaning rivojlangan davlatlarida, ayniqsa, Angliyada shakllana boshlagan bu jarayon sanoat inqilobi nomini oldi va butun dunyoda yangi texnik davrni boshlab berdi. Sanoat rivojlanishida aholining qishloq xo’jaligida band bo’lgan qismlari asta –sekin sanoat tarmoqlarida faoliyat ko’rsatadi. Sanoat korxonalari joylashgan xududlar asta-sekin korxonalar yiriklashuvi natijasida shaharlarga, vaqt o’tishi bilan sanoat rayonlariga aylana berdi. Foydalanish, o’simlik va hayvonot resurslarini ishlatish, sanoat va qishloq xo’jaligi mahsulotlarini qayta ishlash bilan bog’liq ishlab chiqarish vazifalarini bajaradi. Ishlab chiqariladigan maxsuloti ishlatadigan xom ashyosi, ishlab chiqarish texnologiyasi kabi belgilariga ko’ra sanoat tarmoqlari bir necha guruxlarga ajratiladi. Bu birinchi o’rinda undiruvchi sanoat tarmoqlari va qayta
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