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Essentials of Buddhism

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Essentials of Buddhism EssentialsEssentials ofof BuddhismBuddhism Ven. Pategama Gnanarama Ph.D. HAN DD ET U 'S B B O RY eOK LIBRA E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.buddhanet.net Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc. Essentials of Buddhism Ven. Pategama Gnanarama Ph.D. Principal Buddhist and Pali College of Singapore There has been a noticeable lack of a good textbook on Buddhism for university and college students. Ven. Gnanarama’s book on Essentials of Buddhism meets this demand very successfully. Ven. Gnanarama, with his long experience in teaching at universities and colleges both in Sri Lanka and abroad, is eminently suitable for this responsible task. Prof. Gunapala Dharmasiri Department of Philosophy University of Peradeniya Sri Lanka ____ A consistent and comprehensive treatise on Essentials of Buddhism. Prof. Kapila Abhayawansa Post Graduate Institute of Pali and Buddhist Studies University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka ____ First published in Singapore in 2000 Published by author ISBN 981–04–2890–1 © Pategama Gnanarama 2000 All rights reserved. 4 By the same author: 1. Three Centuries after the Great Decease (Sinhala) 2. Plato (Sinhala) co-author 3. A Study of Jataka Tales (Sinhala) 4. An Approach to Buddhist Social Philosophy (English) 5. Early Buddhism and Problems of Interpretation (Sinhala) 6. The Mission Accomplished (English) 7. Aspects of Early Buddhist Sociological Thought (English) 5 Contents By the same author: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 Introduction & Acknowledgements - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 11 Chapter One 1. The Buddha in the Pali Canon - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 13 Renunciation, Self-Mortification & Enlightenment - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 15 The Buddha’s Mission - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 16 Salient Features of the Theravada Concept of the Buddha - - - - - - - - - - 18 Chapter Two 2. Impermanence as a Basic Fact of Existence - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 21 Arguments Adduced in the Anattalakkhaõa-sutta - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 21 Empirical Observation of Facts - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 23 Etymological & Doctrinal Meaning of the Term ‘anicca’ - - - - - - - - - - - - 24 Impermanence: the Nature of all Component Things - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 25 Is Consciousness Soul? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 28 Chapter Three 3. The Concept of Dukkha in Early Buddhist Teaching - - - - - - - - - - - - 30 The Etymological Definition & the Exegesis - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 31 Physiological, Psychological & Doctrinal Applications of the Term - - - 32 Three Kinds of Feeling - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 36 Different Kinds of Happiness - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 38 Chapter Four 4. The Theory of Egolessness (anatta) in Early Buddhism - - - - - - - - - - 40 Monism in Indian Philosophy - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 41 The Buddhist Criticism of the Theory of Ego - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 43 Five Aggregates are Conditioned - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 44 Doctrine of Egolessness as via Media - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 45 6 Body and Mind are Devoid of Ego - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 45 Ignorant Worldlings Seek Ego in Individual Factors of Five Aggregates 46 The Totality of Five Aggregates is not Ego - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 47 The World is Empty of an Ego - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 47 Consciousness is Egoless - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 47 Chapter Five 5. The First Noble Truth: Suffering (dukkha sacca) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 50 The Two Extremes are to be Avoided by a Truth-Seeker - - - - - - - - - - - 50 Why are They Called ‘Noble’ & ‘Truths’? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 51 The Dhamma is Compared to Medicine - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 52 The Therapeutic Approach - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 53 Is Buddhism Pessimistic? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 55 Chapter Six 6. The Second Noble Truth: Cause of Suffering (dukkhasamudaya sacca) 60 English & Pali Synonyms for Craving - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 60 Threefold Craving in Relation to Six Senses & Six Sense Objects - - - - 61 Craving as a Multi-Significant Term in Buddhist Doctrine - - - - - - - - - - - 62 The Threefold Craving - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 65 Craving as the Origin of Personality & Suffering - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 67 Chapter Seven 7. The Third Noble Truth: Cessation of Suffering (dukkhanirodha sacca) 73 Nibbàna as the Cessation of Suffering - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 73 Nibbàna as Indefinable in Terms of Logic & Reasoning - - - - - - - - - - - - - 76 Nibbàna in Negative Perspective - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 79 Nibbàna in Positive or Conventional Perspective - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 80 Sopàdisesa & Anupàdisesa Nibbàna - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 81 7 Chapter Eight 8. The Fourth Noble Truth: Middle Path (majjhimà pañipadà) - - - - - - 81 The Noble Eightfold Path (ariyo aññhangiko maggo) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 82 The Middle Path in Relation to Social Welfare - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 88 Buddhist Social Ethics - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 89 Chapter Nine 9. The Buddhist Theory of Dependent Origination (pañiccasamuppàda) 93 The Theory as the Central Doctrine of Buddhism - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 94 Synonymous Terms Used in Pali & in English - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 96 The Causal Relativity as a General Rule - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 96 The Chain of Causation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 98 The Fact that Ignorance is not the First Cause - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 100 Inductive Inference & the Theory of Causation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 100 Chapter Ten 10. Abodes of Beings & World Systems as Described in Buddhism - 103 Abodes of Beings - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 103 World Systems - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 108 Chapter Eleven 11. Freedom, Free Will & Responsibility in Buddhist Perspective - - 110 Philosophical Exposition of the Terms - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 110 Buddhism on Freedom, Free Will & Responsibility - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 113 Chapter Twelve 12. Mind, its Nature & Function as Described in Buddhism - - - - - - - - 119 What is Mind? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 119 The Nature & Function of the Mind - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 120 The Dhammapada on the Mind - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 123 Mind is Conditional & Relative - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 124 The Classification of Mind in the Abhidhamma - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 125 8 Chapter Thirteen 13. Authority & Logic in Buddhism - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 128 The Kàlàma-Sutta on Authority & Logic - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 129 The Buddhist Criticism of Authority & Logic - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 130 Chapter Fourteen 14. Criteria of Ethical Judgement in Buddhism - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 137 Different Views on Ethical Judgement - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 137 The Buddhist View - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 138 Three Principal References - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 139 A Universal Criterion of Ethical Judgement - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 143 Chapter Fifteen 15. The Buddhist Analysis of Truth & Reality - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 145 The Classification of Propositions According to Truth Value - - - - - - - - 147 The Theory of Correspondence - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 147 The Theory of Coherence & Consistency - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 149 The Theory of Verification - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 149 The Theory of Double Truth - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 151 Reality & Truth - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 152 Chapter Sixteen 16. Empiricism & Buddhism - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 155 Empiricism in Western Philosophy - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 155 The Empiricist Tendency in Buddhism - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 156 Chapter Seventeen 17. Is Buddhism Rationalistic? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 170 Rationalism
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