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Universidade De São Paulo Faculdade De Educação UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE EDUCAÇÃO Renata Cueto de Souza Os conceitos de mindfulness e suas relações com a educação São Paulo 2020 Renata Cueto de Souza Os conceitos de mindfulness e suas relações com a educação Dissertação apresentada à Faculdade de Educação da Universidade de São Paulo como requisito para obtenção do título de Mestre em Educação. Área de Concentração: Cultura, Filosofia e História da Educação Orientador: Prof. Dr. Marcos Sidnei Pagotto-Euzebio São Paulo 2020 Autorizo a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. Nome: SOUZA, Renata Cueto de Título: Os conceitos de mindfulness e suas relações com a educação Dissertação apresentada à Faculdade de Educação da Universidade de São Paulo como requisito para obtenção do título de Mestre em Educação. Aprovada em: Banca Examinadora Prof. Dr. ____________________________________________________________________ Instituição: __________________________________________________________________ Julgamento: _________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. ____________________________________________________________________ Instituição: __________________________________________________________________ Julgamento: _________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. ____________________________________________________________________ Instituição: __________________________________________________________________ Julgamento: _________________________________________________________________ AGRADECIMENTOS Esta dissertação é fruto de um processo de maturação de muitos anos, período em que incontáveis pessoas contribuíram de maneiras singulares para meu percurso intelectual. Este espaço e, temo eu, minha memória não me permitem nomeá-las em sua totalidade. Deste modo, embora todas contem com minha profunda gratidão, mencionarei apenas as que me apoiaram mais diretamente para a consecução deste projeto. Agradeço a meu orientador, o Professor Marcos Sidnei Pagotto-Euzebio, por aceitar embarcar nesta verdadeira aventura às escuras, acreditando no sucesso ao final. Agradeço especialmente por sua imensa generosidade, incentivo em empreitadas acadêmicas as mais diversas e apoio a todas as minhas candidaturas em programas que possibilitaram meu aperfeiçoamento como pesquisadora. Um destes programas foi o Visiting Graduate Research Student, da Simon Fraser University, absolutamente crucial para o desenvolvimento do meu estudo. Por aceitar minha candidatura, prover uma interlocução atenta, oferecer várias oportunidades para o aprofundamento da minha pesquisa e, mais importante, presentear-me com sua amizade, agradeço imensamente aos Professores Heesoon Bai e Charles Scott. Este mesmo programa possibilitou-me travar contato com o Professor Oren Ergas, do Beit Berl College e da Hebrew University, em visita à universidade, e a Professora Patricia Fay Morgan, da Universidade de South Wales, na Austrália, com quem mantive contato posteriormente. A eles, agradeço por proporcionarem esclarecimentos e correções na abordagem de minha pesquisa. Igualmente, gostaria de agradecer a inestimável contribuição que recebi de Steven Zhao, aluno do programa de doutorado da Simon Fraser University, sob orientação da Dra. Bai. Pelo seu conhecimento de Estudos da Religião, em particular do Budismo, ele foi um interlocutor ímpar, que muito me auxiliou a articular certos elementos da minha dissertação. No período de cumprimento dos créditos na Universidade de São Paulo, dois professores em especial me ajudaram a transformar completamente minha maneira de fazer e redigir uma pesquisa e de pensar sobre a educação e as humanidades: foram eles, respectivamente, o Professor Marcus Sacrini Ayres Ferraz e a Professora Cristiane M. Gottschalk. A eles, minha imensa gratidão pelos ensinamentos que tornaram mais cuidadoso e maduro o processo de leitura dos textos pesquisados, formulação do pensamento e redação deste trabalho. Às amigas e companheiras de trocas intelectuais, as Professoras Regina Ferreira da Silva e Darcy Attanasio, minha gratidão em especial pelo apoio e tranquilização nos momentos de dúvidas e incertezas, parte natural de certas etapas de uma jornada de pesquisa. Por fim, agradeço a meus pais, Vera e Eliéser, e a minha irmã, Bruna, por sempre acreditarem em mim, pelo carinho, paciência e encorajamento, e pela celebração das minhas conquistas. RESUMO SOUZA, Renata Cueto de. Os conceitos de mindfulness e suas relações com a educação. 2020. 162f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Educação) – Faculdade de Educação, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2020. Até pouco tempo associada a milenares tradições religiosas asiáticas e à busca espiritual, a prática de mindfulness, ou atenção plena, foi progressivamente transitando para ambientes seculares e, nos últimos 20 anos, despertou o interesse da comunidade científica, acarretando o aumento das pesquisas, implementações e críticas sobre o assunto. Mindfulness também passou a ser aplicada em contextos educativos, em todos os níveis de ensino, em um movimento concentrado na América do Norte e Reino Unido, que vem ganhando força no Brasil. Um dos problemas centrais detectados na literatura sobre mindfulness na educação é a enorme diversidade discursiva em torno deste tema, na qual figuram conceitos, modalidades de implementação e objetivos bem variados. Esta complexidade parece resultar das combinações de duas abordagens predominantes sobre mindfulness na educação: psicológicas e neurocientíficas, por um lado, e baseadas nas tradições budistas, de onde mindfulness procede, por outro. Nosso estudo partiu da hipótese de que a raiz deste problema reside nos conceitos formados acerca de mindfulness ao longo de sua história e teve por objetivo examinar o modo pelo qual distintos conceitos de mindfulness correspondem a concepções bastante diferentes, até mesmo opostas, sobre a educação e seus fins. Nossa verificação se utilizou da literatura dos Estudos da Religião, a partir da qual abordamos os fundamentos do Budismo, a recepção deste no Ocidente, o caminho conceitual percorrido por mindfulness e os problemas advindos de suas reformulações recentes, com o que contamos também com a literatura crítica sobre mindfulness contemporânea, que inclui outros campos acadêmicos. Confrontando nossos achados com a proposta de articulação dos conceitos de mindfulness e concepções da educação e seus fins elaborada pelo principal estudioso de mindfulness na educação dentro da Filosofia da Educação, pudemos constatar que a ausência de precisão conceitual sobre mindfulness quanto à sua categorização como uma práxis contemplativa compromete a construção de fundamentos teóricos para examinar esta questão adequadamente, assim como para determinar suas implicações. Concluímos pela necessidade de um maior engajamento entre os campos da Educação e dos Estudos da Religião para um melhor desenvolvimento teórico de mindfulness na educação. Palavras-chave: Mindfulness. Mindfulness na educação. Práticas contemplativas na educação. Mindfulness e Budismo. Concepções da educação. ABSTRACT SOUZA, Renata Cueto de. Concepts of mindfulness and their relations with education. 2020. 162p. Thesis (Master’s degree in Education) – School of Education, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 2020. Until not so long ago associated with Asian religious traditions that date back millennia and spiritual quest, the practice of mindfulness has progressively moved into secular settings and, in the last 20 years, has drawn the attention of the scientific community, leading to the increase in research, implementations and critique on the subject. Mindfulness has also started to be applied in educational settings, across all education levels, in a movement concentrated in North America and the United Kingdom, and growing increasingly strong in Brazil. One of the main issues in the publications on mindfulness in education is the enormous diversity in discourse, with a variety of concepts, modalities of implementation and goals. Such complexity seems to be the result of the combination of the two main frameworks for mindfulness in education: psychology and neurosciences, on the one hand, and Buddhist-tradition ones, from which mindfulness is originated, on the other. Our hypothesis was that the root of such problem stem from the concepts of mindfulness forged throughout its history. The aim of our study was to examine the way through which distinct concepts of mindfulness corresponded to different, even opposed, views on education and its aims. We verified such claims by consulting the scholarship of religious studies, based on which we addressed the foundations of Buddhism, its reception in the West, the conceptual path taken by mindfulness, and the issues derived from its recent reformulations. For such purpose, we also drew from the critical stream writings on contemporary mindfulness, which include other academic fields. By confronting our findings with a proposal of articulation between the concepts of mindfulness and those of education and its aims by the leading philosophy of education scholar on mindfulness in education, we could see that the absence of conceptual precision on mindfulness concerning its categorization as a contemplative praxis affected the elaboration of the theoretical underpinnings that enabled the adequate examination of such issue, as well as its implications. We concluded by suggesting the need for a deeper engagement
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