THE PERI PLU S O F HANN O

A V OYAGE O F DISCOVERY D W THE W T AFRI CAN A T O N ES CO S , BY A CARTHAGINIAN ADMI RAL RY B OF THE FI FTH CENTU . C .

TRANSLAT ED FRO M THE GREEK

QB'Y

A . M . R . G WILF ED H ' HOFF,

eawa ' t/c mmonia'Muc um lziladel lzia S y) Qf e Ca , P p

’ H it/i explanatory passagf: q uotedfrom numerous autfiorx

PHILADELPHIA PU BLISH ED BY THE CO MMERCIAL MUSEUM 1 9 1 2

TH E V YA A K O GE O F H NNO , ING OF THE CARTHAGINIANS

a re ions be ond il o f u To the Liby n g of the earth y the P l ars Herc les,

whic h d di a d o f aa f he e c te also in the Temple B l, a fixing this

1 . It pleased the Carthagin ian s that Hanno s hould voy

ou s id the P l s of u s and f u i i age t e i lar H erc le , o nd c t es of the

Lib hcenic ia yp ns . And he s et forth with s ix ty ships of fifty

o s and m u ud m en and m to um ar , a ltit e of wo en , the n ber of

i ou d and i t an o v th rty th san , w th whea d other pr ision s . A 2 . fter pas sing through the Pillars we went on and

s i d for o u d f u d d a le two j rney beyon , where we o n e the

d Th m iaterium it in m first city, which we calle y ; lay the idst

of a great plain .

3 . i d m So lo is Sail ng thence towar the west we ca e to , a

m o f L pro ontory ibya , bristling with trees .

4 . i s et u u d Hav ng p an altar here to Nept ne , we procee ed

i i d th e da u aga n , go ng towar east for half the y, ntil we reached

m n m s ea a arsh lyi g no great way fro the , thickly grown with

o and wild s tall reeds . Here als were elephants other bea ts i d in um . fee ng, great n bers

’ 5 . o d m d u s t d G ing beyon the arsh a ay s jo rney , we et le

i s the s ea i d Caric us Mu u G tta A c tie by , wh ch we calle r s , y , cra,

Melitt a and Aram bys .

Lix us iv 6 . ii m to Sa l ng thence we ca e the , a great r er

Lix it o i m Li . B it d ae fl w ng fro bya y a wan ering people , the , were pas turing their flocks ; with whom we rem ained som e

im o m i i d . t e , bec ng fr en s

d u i d JEthio ians d 7 . A o s b ve the e folk live nfr en ly p , welling c n u o f id s s and u o fi m u i a land f ll w l bea t , sh t by great o ntain s ,

sa Lix us s and m u i s from which they y the flow , on the o nta n

o f o u v - d e s s o Lix ita: live m en vari s shapes , ca e well r , who , the

s a o f . y, are fleeter foot than horses 1

8 . i e f m d v Taking nterpr ters rom the , we saile twel e d d s u d u i d ays towar the o th along a esert, t rn ng thence towar

’

d s . s the east one ay sail T here , within the reces of a bay we

u d m d u o f fo n a s all islan , having a circ it fifteen stadia ; which

d and d it . m o ur u u we settle , calle Cerne Fro jo rney we j dged it to be situated opposite Carthage ; for the voyage from Car tha e P and h m g to the illars t ence to Cerne was the sa e .

9. i Thence , sailing by a great r ver whose nam e was

hretes m had i d C , we ca e to a lake , which three slan s , larger

’

. Ru d s s i d s we am than Cerne nning a ay a l beyon the e, c e to

end o f i m u ta the the lake, above wh ch rose great o n ins , peo

d m en i i s o f id ple by savage wear ng sk n w l beasts , who threw

us and d us m d m our s stones at prevente fro lan ing fro hips .

1 0 . m o Sailing thence, we ca e to an ther river , very great

and d was u di s and m broa , which f ll of croco le hippopota i .

u d u and to And then we t rne abo t went back Cerne .

ll. i d o d s uh d Thence we sa le t war the o t twelve ays , fol

h d ZEthio ians fled lowi ng the shore , whic was people by p who

from us and would not wait . And their speech the Lix ita

who were with us could not understand.

But da m d dm u ai . 12. on the last y we ca e to great woo e o nt ns

was and i u d . The wood of the trees fragrant, of var o s kin s

u d m u d m 13 . Sailing aro n these o ntain s for two ays , we ca e

m the s ea m i d to an im ense opening of , fro e ther si e of which there was level ground i nland; from which at night we saw i i u d . fire leaping p on every s e at ntervals , now greater, now less

in we d 14 . Hav ing taken water there, saile along the

u m ha i our shore for five days , ntil we ca e to a great y, wh ch

w ed W interpreters said as call Horn of the est . In it there

d and is d of s ea in was a large islan , within the lan a lake the , L which there was another is land. anding there during the

s aw but f s but i h m un day , we nothing ore ts , by n g t any b r ing

n d the s u d o f e and m and fires , a d we hear o n pip s cy bals , the nois of u dr m s and u o . T oss s s e a great pr ar hen fear p e ed us, and s oo hs m m d d us to the t ayers co an e leave the is land.

1 5 . And ui o we s s then q ckly sailing f rth , pa ed by a burn in ou fu of f om g c ntry ll fragrance, r which great to rrents of fire

o But fl wed do wn to the s ea. the land c ould not be com e at for the heat .

16 . And s d a i s d we aile long w th all pee , being s tricken by

a . A u o f u d s s aw fe r fter a jo rney fo r ay , we the land at night

ov An in m c ered with flam es . d the ids t there was one lofty

fire s m d ou s , greater than the re t , which see e to t ch the tars .

B da is was n i m ou y y th see to be a very h gh ntain , called

C hariot of the Gods .

17 . s i n ao s T hence , a li g l ng by the fiery torrent for three

d s m to d u . ay , we ca e a bay, calle Horn of the So th

1 8 . s of s ba was is d I n the reces thi y there an lan , like the fo m one in was i d r er , hav ing a lake , which there another slan , in fu o f s m en. T m ll avage here were wo en , too , even greater

i o i and a um . had r d n ber They ha y b es , the interpreters c lled

W u s u d m u them Gorillas . hen we p r e the we were nable to

of the m en for s d m take any ; they all e cape , by cli bing the s teep places and defending them s elves with s tones ; but we

o f o m and d i d too k three the w en , who bit scratche the r lea ers , l d m and d m o w us . and wo uld not foll So we ki le the flaye the , did and brought their s kin s to Carthage . For we not voyage

fu o v o us . rther , pr isi n s failing MA P to il lus trate THE PERI PLU S o f HANNO

M OLS S RO U TE S CALE THE GEO GRAPHY O F THE VOYAGE O F HANNO

The Carthaginian colonies mentioned in this text can be iden tifi e d m i only in the ost general way with any exist ng settlement. They were destroyed and abandoned so m any centuries ago that no m u u d d traces are likely to re ain , altho gh the nsettle con ition of the u c m d im e d co ntry , whi h has re aine to the present t , has prevente any a i th e explor t on of the interior or even of coast itself.

1 . il u u ai The P lars of Herc les are, of co rse , the Str ts of

Gibraltar .

2. Th e l d th e e Th m iaterium identi first city, ca le in t xt y , is fi ed by Muller as Mehedia at the m 0 uth of the Sbou River at about ° ' 34 20 N . The nam e of this city as we have it is a Greek c orrup — tion and to the eyes of various commentators suggests Dumat/zir flat u d c l . gro n , or ity of the p ain

m o f olo is is 3 . The Pro ontory S probably the same as Cape ° ' i at 3 Cant n 2 3 0 N. u 4 . The section of m arshy gro nd is probably reac hed on ° '

d o f Safi 3 0 . both si es Cape , 2 2 N

h c d i a 5 . T e location of the five olonies mentione in th s p ra ° ' u Milller ac u o f A ua 3 r . 2 5 g aph is ncertain pl es the first at the r ins go ,

th e u Tensift Ri . d s at ad at mo th of the ver The secon perhap Mog or, ° ° 3 1 d A d 3 0 u at u The thir at ga ir, The fo rth the mo th ° '

R 3 0 S . Th e m u o f of the Messa iver, fifth, perhaps, at the o th the ° u d Ri 29 at Arao uas G e er ver, or , u ui a m d 6 . The Lix s River is q te cert inly the o ern Wadi ° aa a at 28 Dr , emptying into the oce n d 8 . d The islan of Cerne , lying in the recess of a bay, is i en tifi ed with the m odern Herne Island within the m outh o f the Rio de ° ' di m d Oro at about 23 45 N. The relative stances as entione in this paragraph from the Straits of Gibraltar to Carthage and to Herne

a d i . Isl n respect vely, are very nearly correct Chretes R Miiller d i d 9 . The iver i ent fies with the mo ern ° a at u o f a d i t St. Je n 19 at the mo th which the three isl n s ex s as the text describes . 1 0 ul d and am , The great river f l of croco iles hippopot i is u ° , identified with the Senegal at abo t 1 6 3 0 N. d dm u u d ic 1 2 and1 3 . These great woo e o ntains aro n wh h the i d but d and m e expedition sa le , can be nothing Cape Ver e, the i mens f 3 ° 0 ' Opening of the sea is the m outh o the Gam bia River at 1 3 N. ° Th e l d o f s 1 2 to 1 4 . bay cal e Horn the We t reaches from ° 1 and i l d m d Bissa os . to 1 N . the s an s are the o ern g d u u d a o f , 16 . The high mo ntain calle Ch riot the Go s M ller ° '

3 0 . identifies with Mt . Kakulim a at 9 N

1 n a d c s d i i ba c a d 7 a d 1 8 . The isl n en lo e w th n the y lle Horn o f u a d c a d the So th , it is now gree by all omment tors , is the mo ern ° ' i a a u 30 in o f 7 . Sherbo ro Sound the British colony S err Leone , bo t N This identific ation o f the places named in the text extends ’ Hanno s voyage about 29 degrees of latitude along the West Afric an c as a al e u s id i a a f d of o t , or tot l ngth o t e of G br lt r, ollowing the irection

i o f a u i . th e shore l ne , bo t 26 00 m les

EDITIONS OF THE PERIPLUS OF HANNO

Fro m unbur His tor of nc ient Geo ra h I 3 3 2 - 3 ( B y, y A g p y , , )

The narrative o f Hanno w as c ertainly extant in Greek at an early

i c d i per od. It is ite in the work ascr bed to Aristo tle on Marvellous

a 3 7 ic d Narr tives ) wh h belongs to the 3 c entury B . C . as well as a and m and by Mel , Pliny, any later writers ; Pliny expressly speaks of it as the source when c e many Greek and Roman writers had d d f c ud as c d d a fa erive their in ormation , in l ing , he onsi ere , m ny bles . ( Pliny, H . N. , V . ' The authenti c ity of the work m ay be c ons ideredas unques tion a i i ble . The internal ev denc e s c onc lus ive upon that point . There id a d u a a is cons er ble o bt s to the date o f the voy ge . On this point the

a a i i s f a and a a n rr t ve itself g ve no in orm tion , the n me H nno was very ’ a t i t Diet. o io rt . A N . a a . B A N common C r h ge (See Sm th s f g , H O) But it h as been generally agreed that this Hanno was either the father or the son of the H amilc ar who le dthe great Cart haginian expedition i i 4 8 0 . f c a u to S c ly in B . C . In the ormer se the Peripl s may be prob ably assigned to a date about B . C . in the latter it must be

4 70 . a i a brought down to about B . C . This l st v ew is th t adoptedby

/ ll i f u ’ ’ . l\ I ii er h s d o Gea ra fii Gr ac i M iltons C in e ition the Peripl s ( g p , I ,

- x u c u d u d but a xxi x iv) , where the whole s bje t is f lly isc sse ; s between and a dfa c ic a d him his gr n ther, the ho e is h r ly more than c onjectural .

i i . f . de da o f . 70 M V v en St Martin , however, pre ers the te B C . 5 , whic h had been previously adopted by Bougainville (M ém oires de 'J ada/'7 7112 des Insc r i tions iii p , xxv , ' The Periplus of Hanno was first publis h ed at Basle in 1 5 3 3 (as ana d e us o f ée a Sea a a u ppen ix to the P ripl the Erythr n ) , from m n sc ript in al P . r id a Cod. G et a the He elberg libr ry ( , the only one in which a e u u u it is found. There h v been n mero s s bsequent editions ; of these

a 8 vo 1 797 and K u 8 vo i z 1 8 the one by F lconer , , , l ge , , Le p ig, 29 , are h e a is i the mos t valuable . T tre t e is als o n c luded in the editions of the ' Geo ra fi z Gr eed M inares d u u and . . g p by H son , Gail , C M ller The valuable and elaborate c ommentary by the latest editor may be c on sidered a u u id as in a great me s re s perseding all others . Bes es all

d d u c o f i these e itions, it has been ma e the s bje t elaborate investigat ons

u a R U kert de by Gosselin, Bo g inville , Major ennell , Heeren , , Vivien ' . a and a d . d St M rtin , other geogr phical writers In ee there are few ancient writings that have been the subject of m ore copious c o m m e n tary in proportion to its very limited extent . The earliest of these

m m a s t d Ram usio co ent ries , in er e by in his collection of Voyages u u and d d f (Venice , is c rio s interesting as being erive rom Por tu uese u m d i a g so rces , who were in o ern t mes the e rliest explorers of a i a a Anti' these coasts . That by the Sp n sh writer C mpom nes (in his ’ fi edad M aritima de Car ta o 4 d d 1 75 6 is c a g g , to . Ma ri , ) , on the ontr ry, utterly worthless .

' T o this list sh ould b e added th e Histories o f Anc ient Geograph y by Bunbury (1 8 8 3 ) and T oz er

CART HAGINIAN CH RONOLOGY

Migration o f the t nic ians from the Persian Gulf to u A a ia and d u So th r b the Me iterranean , abo t Phoenic ian cities on the Mediterranean subject alternately As s a u a and . R to B bylon Egypt ise of yri , abo t i t and of fa o f T u Greek act vi y extension Israel ; ll roy , abo t Temporary weakness o f both Assyria and Egypt makes possible the independenc e and allianc e of Israel and

c a Ph oeni i , d a u Phoenician c olonies westwar , bo t u d a a u Fo n ing of C rth ge, abo t At this period the Semitic commerc ial system centering in

hoenic ia and a a c d Mesopotamia , P C rth ge ontrolle the d i u d a trade of the worl ; cont n e exp nsion of Greece , and foundation o f Greek c olonies in As ia Minor and in a i i and au the Blac k Sea and westward It ly, S c ly G l ,

u d o f R m Fo n ing o e , i u d is c Dec line of Assyr a n er th ompetition , i d at f ic a Greek c olony establ she Cyrene in North A r , i Greek c ommerc ial agen c y es tablished on the N le , al F lof Nineveh , i a d i i Af ic a ic i and Extension of Carthag ni n om n ons in r , S ly a Sardini , a a G Defe at of the Carth gini ns by the reeks , a o f a and i o f s ia i F ll B bylon r se the Per n Emp re , War between Carthage and Syrac us e fo r the pos s es s ion o f

ic i S ly,

Ch ange o f Carthaginian polic y toward Afric an tribe s and

o f i u enforc ement tr b te ,

R u d us c a i d its d i i in ome n er Etr n k ngs exten s om n on Italy ,

d s ia Egypt c onquere by the Per ns ,

nd f ic a as far as a a i ia Cyrene , a A r the C rth g n n pos s es sions

c onquered by the Pers ian s , i Invas on o f Italy by the Gauls ,

t da c u d s ia s Nor hern In i onq ere by the Per n , Expuls ion o f the Tarq uins and e s tablishment o f the Re u f p blic o Rome ,

a ad a c T ac The Persi ns v n e into hr e , Persian advanc e c ontinues into Greec e until chec ked by d f a a a the e e t of M r thon , Sec ond c flo rt of the older civilization against Greece under

X its c f da erxes , this time employing all for es rom In i as a t a d d u in the e t to C r h ge in the west, en s in o ble vic tory by the Greeks over the Carthaginians at Him

era in Sic ily and over the Persians at Salamis ,

a a a us o f ia f c Battle of Pl t e ; exp l ion the Pers ns rom Gree e ,

a da o f o f a a d c i Prob ble te the voyage H nno , m rking the e l ne o f Carthaginian s upremac y in the northern Me dite r ramean andthe movement to extendits trade wes tward A a a by the tl ntic Oce n , At this period Cart hage was by far the ric hes t c ity on d a the Me iterrane n .

a aus c a u and d s uc Inv sion of Italy by the G l , pt re e tr tion of

Rome ,

f u c a De eat o f the Etr s ns by the Romans , i u a and u Defeat o fthe Samn tes , N bi ns Ga ls by the Romans, a a u and d f a R a Inv sion of It ly by Pyrrh s his e e t by the om ns , Basis o f Roman wealth and power laid by the c apture and

ac a u s k of T rent m , a d o f ic i R First Punic w r en ing in the loss S ly to ome ,

d u war d s s o f ai a di ia and Secon P nic en ing in the lo Sp n , S r n i R Cors ca to ome , Third Puni c war ending in the total des truc tion o f G artha

ginian power, Capture and destruc tion of both Carthage and Corinth and

f o f a R trans er their we lth to ome , 1 1

Steady advanc e of Roman power in all directions ending with complete possession of the Mediterranean at the d Au u u eath of g st s,

TH E BURNING COUNTRY OF 1 4—1 6

' u Travel: in t/ze I nterior Di tric o s ts /I rzca. M ngo Park ( f f London , 1 799 : . u d c i u o f a Chap xx) , th s es r bes the b rning the gr ss in the dry seas on in Senegambia ' The termination of the rainy seas on is likewise attended with ad s f d if and violent torn oe ; a ter which the win sh ts to the northeast, u to a ua dui contin es blow from th t q rter r ng the rest of the year.

a dr and w d u s d The gr ss soon becomes y ithere , the rivers s b i e very dl nd a i a d . d rapi y, m ny of the trees she their leaves Th s win , in

a d o f a a a ui s a e p ssing over the great essert S har , cq res a very trong ttra

u and a c s u d to u d . tion for h mi ity, p r he p everything expose the c rrent

u c r Whenever the grass is s ffi iently d y , the Negroes set it on fire ; but in Ludam ar and other Moorish c ountries this prac tice is not d d u a s f d allowe , for it is on the withere st bble th t the Moor ee their i u i of in c attle until the return of the ra ns . The b rn ng the grass idd Manding exhibits a s c ene o f terrific grandeur . In the m le of the i ud a and u a as far as c ud n ght, I co l see the pl ins mo nt ins , my eye o l

c a a d o f and i fl d o n rea h , v rieg te with lines fire ; the l ght re ecte the da a s o f sky made the heavens appear in a blaz e . In the ytime pill r smoke were seen in every dire c tion ; while the birds o f prey were observed hovering round the c o nflagratio n and pounc ing down upon

z a d and s ic a d a the snakes , li r s , other reptile , wh h ttempte to esc pe ua u f l d a from the flames . This ann l b rning is soon ol owe by fresh and du and c u d d a fu sweet ver re , the o ntry is thereby ren ere more he lth l ” and pleas ant . ’ a u fi littoilun en aus oer See also a paper by Dr . W lther B sse in g

i d Geo ra /zical nutz ebieten 1 90 8 . 2 Deutsc /zen Sc g , , No , rev ewe in the g p

90 8 . Journalfo r O c tober, 1

CARTHAGE AND THE CARTHAGINIANS

O S ORT H T M . A . ondon 1 8 7 7 By R . B W SMI H , L ,

r t rac ts Chapte I . Ex

- a i of ic as The land loc ked s ea, the e stern extrem ty wh h w hes the

nic ia c d i and shores o f t proper, conne ting as it oes three cont nents, u a and f d m abounding in deep g lfs, in fine h rbors , in ertile islan s, see s to have been intended by nature fo r the early development o f com i c a al m merce and c olonization . By robb ng the o e n of h f its ystery a f a u d d m a and more than h l its terrors, it ll re the timi riner, even as u ad d o n d a d o r the eagle does her yo ng, from he lan to hea l n , from 1 2

i il c a i a o f i o f islet to slet, t l it be me the h ghw y the nat ons the ancient h o re i world; and the products o f each of the countries whose s s a At a d l ves be c ame the c ommon property of all. a very e rly perio

t u a c m u on the E r scans , for inst n e , that ysterio s people who then oc i d i t a a ia and a au l p e with the r set lements C mp n Cis lpine G l , as wel as that extensive intermediate region to which they afterwards gave their all lia a a i a c and name , swept the Ita n se s with their galleys , h lf p r ti al ,

a f a u d d . c i . a . 6 3 1 h l commer al The Greeks , somewh t l ter, fo n e (B C ) 5 64 A and f a . . Cyrene ( B . C . 5 60 ) Barca in A ric , (B C ) lalia in a an ii u and d u c d . . 6 00 a s a Corsi , (B C ) M s l in Ga l , line the so thern shores o f Italy and the we s tern shores o f Asia Minor with that fringe o f c olonies whic h were so soon to ec lips e in prosperity andpower their a c ii i a a i u and p rent t es . Even Egypt, w th her immemori l nt q ity her

u c i . i c i d d . 5 5 0 u at ex l sive iv lizat on , eigne to open (B C ) an empor m

au i and c c o f s a u s N crat s for the ships ommer e the Greek , cre t re of yesterday as they mus t have s eemedin c omparison with her .

' But in this general rac e o f enterpris eand c ommerce among the

i n n it i nat ons whic h bordered on the Nlediterra ea , s to the Ph ce nic ians

di s da that unquestionably belongs the foremos t plac e . In the mme t wn

is u i f s had f s i of h tory , many cent r es be ore the Greek set oot in A a

h ad d d in c u Minor or in Italy , before even they settle own se re pos

o f s a o f oe c ia session their own territorie , we he r Ph ni n settlements in d and ai As i and s f Af ac . ia M nor in Greece it el , in rica , in M e on , in Sp n There is hardly an i s land in the Mediterranean whic h has not pre

d t ac s o f a us R d and serve some r e these e rly visitors ; Cypr , ho es Crete a a i i and a a dd in the Levant ; M lt , S c ly, the B le ric Isles in the mi le

a a a di ia c a and a a p ss ge ; S r n , Corsi , Elb in the Tyrrheni n Sea ; the

d T uc did s us m id—X'E ean and Cyc la es , as h y es tell , in the g ; even

a ac and a s at its rt d us S mothr e Th so no hern extremity, where Hero ot ,

e i saw a u to us his own forcible express on , himself whole mo ntain ‘ ’ turned upside down by their mining energy ; all have either yielded

c ia and i s c i a a d Phce nic ian Phoeni n coins n r ptions, h ve ret ine proper

d s s dis us d but names and legen s , or po se s mines , long, perhaps, e , bu i a whic h were worked as none t Phoen c i ns ever worked them . And among the Ph oenic ian factorie s whic h dottedthe whole southern shore of h lediterranean f as e nd a the , rom the e t of the Gre ter Syrtis even to

i a u s was one c f a c c u c the P ll rs of Herc le , there whi h, rom on rren e of

c u s a was d d a id u t all m a cir m t nces , estine r p ly to o ts rip the others , to ke

i c d d ad c u herself the r a knowle ge he , to be ome the Q een of the Medi

a and s c a d and fo r a terrane n , , in some sen e , of the O e n beyon , Spac e o f a u d d a s m ai a a d ad and u ua over h n re ye r , to nt in e ly not an neq l con tes t with the future mistress of the world.

14

d i a u d u m o f a d a . of Er tosthenes , ens re the p nish ent inst nt e th by rown ng

was s o a no s s o a as a No promontory b rren , i let insignific nt, to esc pe

us and c fu o f a a i . c a the jealo ever wat h l eye the C rth g nians In Corsi , if an d they could not get y firm or extensive foothol themselves, they d i at least prevented any other state from oing the l ke . Into their

d s o f a i u d s and han s fell , in pite the mbit o s reams of Persian king the ’ ’ a i a o f a i s o f a ds i d sp r tions p tr ot Greek , that greatest all isl n , the slan o f a d a i and Li araean a S r ini ; the rs were the n atian the p , the B learic and Pit us ian i i au the y Isles ; the rs the tiny Elba, with its nexh stible u ta too a a a d an u u d s pply of me ls ; theirs , , M lt still rem ine , o tpost p she far i d ai o f ad a c a o f nto the om n other v n ing enemies , memorial what c had and a a ui a a ia on e been , , perh ps , to the s ng ne C rth gin n tempera m an a a i i af . A all ent , e rnest of wh t m ght be aga n here ter bove the

Ph tr nic ian ai o f a settlements in Sp n , at the innermost corner the gre t

v i d ac s i a to preser e , w th the a j ent ilver mines wh ch g ve these settle i u a u af f ud ments the r pec li r val e , were now trebly s e rom all intr ers .

d it ud a a u i Elate , as wo l seem , by their n v l s ccesses, wh ch were

a d o wn i ar a ia s u i h r ly of their seek ng , the C th gin n tho ght that they m ght no w at least become the owners of the small strip o f Afric an territory

had d to c c u s ufleranc e and which they hitherto seeme o py on only,

fu d u d- c u i had aid they re se the gro n rent whi h , p t ll now , they p to the a d i i adjoining tribes . Step by step they enl rge the r territor es at the

s i o f i d expen e of the natives , t ll the whole the r ch territory watere by

adic the Bagradas bec ame theirs . The Nom tribes were beaten bac k d i u a d f i beyon the r ver Triton into the co ntry n me , rom the rov ng

of a a u da o r d t o f i s and habits its inh bit nts , N mi i , into the eser Tr poli , were henc eforwar d kept in c he c k by the primitive defenc e o f a line

di and a a u as a i i a s o f a of tch r mp rt , j st , in e rl er times , the r ch pl in B by ‘ ’ lonia h ad been protec ted by the wall of Semiramis from the incur sions o f the les s c ivilized Medes . The agric ultural tribes were forc ed to pay tribute to the c onq uerors for the right o f cultivating their own soil o r to shed their blood on the field o f battle in the prosec ution of further c onquests from the tribes beyond.

Nor did the kindred Phoenic ian s ettlements in the adjoining

a o f Af ic a c a u a d. ic aa i a p rts r es pe nsc the Ut lone , ow ng prob bly to her antiquity and to the s emi- parental relation in which she stood to Car tha e was d to a he r a and u ua i g , allowe ret in w lls f ll eq l ty of rights with

i i but Z ar tus and Adrum etum the r s ng power ; Hippo y , , the greater and Le tis d u d the lesser p , were compelle to p ll own their walls and d u of a t a ni acknowle ge the s premacy the C r h gi an city . Allalong the as o f A na Phtr nic ian and a northern co t frica the origi l settlers, , prob bly, m a a a h had to so e extent, the C rth gini ns t emselves , intermarried with 1 5 the natives . The produc t of these marriages was that numerous c lass Lib haenic i of yp ans which proved to be so important in the history o f e Ca agi ia and u a e uidis th rth n n colonization conq est ; a cl ss which , q m nd and m a tant fro the Berbers on the one ha , fro the C rthaginians and proper on the other, composed of those who were neither wholly i no r l d cit zens yet whol y aliens , experience the lot of most half castes , and l a u d and d a d and d were a tern tely tr ste feare , p mpere Oppresse ,

ed and a d u . lov h te , by the r ling state — The original m onarchical c onstitution doubtles s inheritedfrom — ’ d ac a A i and theoreti Tyre was represente (pr tic lly in r stotle s time , cally to the latest period) by two supreme magis trates called by the

'

R a Su tes . is as S/zo tzm om ns fi Their name the same the Hebrew fi , r a d o ur u i n f d . a d o mist ansl te in Bible , J ges The Ham lcars Hannos

a d and s o f C rthage were , like their prototypes , the Gi eons the Samson ud and not u ud as s the Book of J ges, so m ch the j ges , the protector of i th e r respective state s . They are com pared by Greek writers to the i i a and R own u . two k ngs of Sp rta, by the omans to the r cons ls That in a d for and they were the e rliest times appointe life , not, as is com m onl u d d a u is f a a i o f dic a y s ppose , electe nn ally, clear rom v r ety in ’ ’ ’ and i a i at R and tions ; , l ke the king of the s cr fices ome , the king ’ a c at A s oflic e s f was a r hon then , they seem , when the kingly it el bol is h ed d i fu c i c c di , to have retaine those pr estly n tions wh ch , a or ng to

i d u u d . ancient concept ons , were in issol bly nite with royalty

a a d d u c a i ui . C rth ge was , beyon o bt , the richest ity of nt q ty Her u d and was ships were to be fo n on all known seas, there probably no im a du a a a or m i port nt pro ct, nim l , veget ble , ineral , of the anc ent

d c did fi nd u and a u worl , whi h not its way into her harbo rs p ss thro gh

ut c c was the hands o f her citizens . B her ommercial poli y not more far- sighted or m ore liberal than has been that of other c ommercial d u k a d . st tes, even till very mo ern times Free tra e was n nown to her ;

it would have seemed indeed like a contradiction in terms . If she bv a u adm ittedforeign merc hantmen tre ty to her own harbo r, she took care by the same document jealously to exc lude them from the m ore d im portant harbours o f her dependencies . She allowe her colonies u d d and to trade only so far as s ite her own imme iate interests, the precautions she took made it impossible for any o ne of them ever to f c to d a o f a bec ome a great center o commer e , still less re m t king her

plac e . 1 6

— Plan o f Harbo rs at Carthage afi er Bon uortb Sm ith

But the most important factor in the history of a people — i ic i it i Th e i i o f es pe c ially if it be a Sem t people s s rel gion . rel g on the

a a i ia was a i a i a ua and i C rth g n ns wh t the r r ce , the r l ng ge , the r history

was i s i di c a i i i ud ad us c . wo l le to expe t It , w th l ght mo fi t on , the rel g on

a aa i s i i a i in i o f u of the C n n te , the rel g on , th t is , wh ch , sp te the p rer Monotheism o f the Hebrews and the higher teac hing o f their pro

h e ts c is d fa a fas c i a i v a uk p , so long exer e a t l n t on o er the gre t b l of the ‘ Th e oe ic ia i h as d d Hebrew rac e . Ph n n relig on been efine to be a

o f a u ic d i deifi c atio n o f the powers N t re , wh h naturally develope nto an adoration of the objec ts in whic h those powers seemed most i ’ f i ad a i un and i ac t ve . O th s or t on the S Moon were the pr mary ob

Th e un c an c a d s n i if a ec ts . S c a j either re te or e troy, he g ve l e or t ke

is his c r i it away . The Moon onso t ; she c an ne ther c reate nor de

but c an c and d and u o f i stroy , she re eive evelop , , as the q een n ght,

id s a i and i ac she pres e l ke over its stillness its org es . E h of these u d i s aa — c Sun— o d and d A a r ling eit e , B l Molo h or the g , the horne st rte s c s i d a a it ud u d or the cre ent Moon wor h ppe at C rth ge , wo l seem , n er am o f Tanith ud u a an i the n e , wo l th s h ve ennobl ng as well as a de

ad a c u a nfo gr ing , more heerf l as well as a more gloomy spect . U r 1 7

tunatel y, it was the gloomy and debasing side of their worship which d d ten e to predominate alike in Ph oenicia proper and in the greatest o f oe ic a c the Ph n i n olonies .

B ut wa there s one o f these inferior gods who stood in such a

u i a and s pec liar relat on to Carth ge , who e worship seems to have been

u a and uc s i ua a so m ch more geni l so m h more pir t l th n the rest, that f i d u a f i a we are a n to well pon it as o l to wh t has prec eded. This

god was a a M eleclz- Kir at/z i Melc rth , th t is j , or the k ng of the c ity ; he ‘ ’ a d oe ic ia c u and h i is c lle by the Greeks the Ph n n Her les, s name itself a d s a a has p sse , with a light lter tion , into Greek mythology as Meli

- . c ic was i o d wa certes The ity of wh h he pre em nently the g s Tyre .

had a i c i was i i There he a m gn fi ent temple , wh ch v s ted for antiquarian purpos e s by Herodotus At Carthage Melcarth had not even a

. i was his m and fu d temple The whole c ty te ple , he re se to be loc al iz ed an i u c a a of it. c d b in y part l r p rt He re eive , there is reason to e i i c s o f d and it wa hi l eve , no sacr fi e bloo ; s s c omparatively pure and S iu s ic as a d a a i i pir t al wor hip wh h , we see repe te ly in C rth g n an history, formed a c hief link in the c hain that bound the parent to the various

daughter- c ities sc attered over the coasts and islands o f the Me diter

nean ra .

The Carthaginian proper name s whic h have come down to us f a a f o f d o f i i u f i orm one mong m ny proo s the epth the r relig o s eel ngs ,

fo r are a all c u d d i a o f they all , or ne rly , ompo n e w th the n me one or i i i other of the r ch ef gods . Ham lcar is he whom Melc arth protects ;

a d u a is s is aa a i H s r b l he who e help in B l ; H nn bal , the H anniel o f the

ac aa and o n i B o m ilc ar Him ilc o l Bible , the gr e of B l ; so w th , , Ethbaa ,

Mahe rbal Adh erbal and Mastanabal. , ,

' But if the life o f the great c apitalists of Carthage was as brilliant

as d d h o w did fa ii we have escribe it, it re with the poorer c t zens, with

c a a s s i f those whom we ll the m s e , t ll we sometimes orget that they are

ad u di idu u ' I f o f c h ow m e p of in v al nits we know little the ri h, much less do we know o f the poor o f Carthage and her dependenc ies ' — c ua i i a c d u The ity pop l tion , w th the except on large ex eption o btless — o f s d c c d as ud m tho e engage in ommer e , well contente , it wo l see , like R a u d d d o f i d the om ns n er the Empire, if nothing eprive them the r brea and u i and a i and ul their am sement , went on eat ng m rry ng m tiplying i u c a i and d until the r n mbers be me excess ve , then they were shippe o ff by the prudence o f their rulers to found colonies in other parts of i a ua ad a f a . Afri c a or in Sp n Their n t r l le ers , or, as prob bly more o ten d a u m o f i c ac ud a happene , the b nkr pt me bers the ar sto r y, wo l t ke the

a d o f and ai a u c omm n the colony, obt n free le ve , in ret rn for their ser

u d o f ad ic . vices , to enr h themselves by the pl n er the joining tribes 1 8

m d T o so vast an extent did Carthage c arry out the o ern prin a cipic o f relieving hers elf o f a superfluous population and at the s me i o f d i i a i a c t me exten ing her emp re , by colon z t on , th t, on one o casion , ‘ ’ ad i a a o s u i a s was d a c d the m r l H nno , wh e Peripl s st ll rem in , isp t he

i s i f a ac and i a o f no t w th xty ships o f war of fi ty o rs e h , w th total less

a i a f—c a i a d for u th n th rty thous and h l s te em grants on bo r , the p rpose of founding c olonies o n the s hores o f the oc ean beyond the Pillars o f

Herc ules .

' But the doc ument rec ording thi s voyage is o f an interes t s o u i u i o ne ic o f a a ia i a u ic has c n q e , be ng the rel C rth gin n l ter t re wh h ome

d u i a us d fo r c . own to s ent re , th t we m t well a moment on its ontents

i f as a a — ff i It was pos ted up by the admiral h msel , th nk o er ng , in the

aa his u f his ad u us v a temple of B l , on ret rn rom vent ro oy ge , the first a i ac ua f ttempt, made by the Ph ce nic ans to re h the eq tor rom the north

o f f i d us in a i A . s west rica It preserve to a Greek tr nslat on only, the i a a s work probably o f some inquis it ve Greek tr veller , some n mele s Herodotus who went wandering over the world like his matc hless f - c u a his - l in his a d and a ellow o ntrym n , note book a ways h n , alw ys

o f i i s f o r jotting down everything that was nterest to h m el , might be o f importance to posterity .

What was the general nature o f the Carthaginian trade in the distant region s thrown open to them we happen to know from another

i i i u was in anc ent wr ter whose authority is beyond dsp te . There — — Libya s o the Carthaginians told Herodotus beyond the Pillars o f

c u i a i i u d u i Her les , an nh b ted reg on where they se to nload the r c ar f h and a ac . A ad u d goes, le ve them on the be h ter they ret rne to their

and i d d a a i i s i u o f ships k n le fire there , the n t ves see ng the ri ng col mn

u d d ac and d c a smoke , vent re own to the be h , epositin g by the mer h n d a c s id d u a ise wh t they on ere to be its eq iv lent in gold, withdrew in

c their turn to their homes . On e more the Carthaginians dis em d and if a is d i d u d barke , they were s t fie w th the gol they fo n , they i d o ff i and du a ai wa s . carr e it w th them , the mb b rg n complete If u d c d i i a not, they ret rne a se on t me to their ships to g ve the n tives the

ff i The law chance o f o er ng more . of honor was stri c tly observed by both parties ; for neither would the Carthaginians touc h the gold till

a u d in i i i u a u o f it mo nte , the r Op n on , to the f ll v l e the merc handise ; nor would the natives touc h the merchandise till the Carthaginians d i c d a ac i c a i ha cl n he the tr ns t on by rry ng o ff the gold.

” is t a du a u u has i Th s r nge story, long looke pon as f b lo s , , l ke many a i d u d other str nge stor es in Hero ot s , been prove by the concurrent testimony o f modern travelers to be an ac c urate ac c ount of the dum b

d i a o f A c a and tra e wh ch still exists in m ny parts fri , which traversing 19 e b i ven the Great Desert , r ngs the Marroquin into close c ommercial and u relations with the Negro , s pplies the great Moham m edan king d ud duc o f d oms of the So an with the pro ts the Me iterranean . It

d- fi elds proves also that the gol of the Niger , so imperfectly known to us a i a even now , were well known to the C rthag ni ns, and that the

d- dus gol t with which the natives of Ashanti lately purc hased the retreat of the European invader was the recognized medium o f ex

a in da o f f o f ch nge the ys the ather history .

To defray the expenses o f this vas t system o f exploration and as u u colonization , as well Of their enormo s armies , the most r inous tribute was imposed and enac ted with unsparing rigor from the sub ec t a a e and o ne j n tive st t s , no slight either from the c ognate Phoeni c ian d cities . The taxes pai by the natives som etimes am ounted to a half duc and m h ni of their whole pro e , a ong the P ae c ian dependent cities them s elves we know that the lesser Lep tis alone paid into the Car tha inian u sum o f d g treas ry the a talent aily . The tribute levied on

u d Af was a d i d as c a i the conq ere ricans p i in k n , is the se w th the a u da and r yahs of T rkey to the present y, its apportionment and col lection were doubtless liable to the same abuses and gave rise to the m u has d u h sa e enormities as those of which E rope lately hear so m c . c u disafl ec tio n a d d d Hen e arose that niversal , or rather th t ea ly hatre ,

a o f u and oe c on the p rt her foreign s bjects , even of the Ph ni ian de

d a d a ad o f A c pen encies , tow r s Carth ge on which every inv er fri a could

i c safely count as h s surest support . Hen e the eas e with which A a f u d ud gathocles , with his sm ll army of fi teen tho san men , co l over run u and m u u m the open co ntry, the onotono s nifor ity with which he

d a two u d d i ar a entere , one fter another, h n re towns, wh ch C thagini n u had d d a d d jealo sy eprive of their walls, h r ly nee ing to strike a blow .

too u d i a m erc en Hence , , the horrors of the revolt of the o trage L by n a

a u d was - il u d n ries, s pporte as it by the free w l contrib tions of their gol en a a d as orn ments by the Libyan women , who h te their Oppressors per c an and a haps women only , which is known in history by the n me of ‘ ’ ’ W ’ u u ar. the War witho t Tr ce , or the Inexpiable

' u m d a dff It m st , however, he borne in in th t the inherent i er enc es a s a u and a o f Af of m nner , l ng age , r ce between the natives rica and the Ph oenic ian incomer were s o great ; the Afri c an was so unim and oe i a was so t d d to und a d pressible , the Ph n ci n lit le ispose erst n , or

‘ f his u u d if to assimilate himsel to s rro n ings , that even the Carthaginian had c duc d u and a d government been on te with any eq ity, the t xes levie d a was far se uf with a mo er tion which we know from being the ca , a g l profound and impassable m ust probably have always separatedthe two

u da a ad c a s peoples . This was the f n ment l , the iner i ble weakne s of 20

m and run u a d th e Carthaginian E pire , in the long o tbal nce all the

a ai d fo r a and l dvantages obt ne her by her n tives, her ports her wel stocked treasury ; by the energy and the valour of her citizens ; and

c u a us s a . by the ons mm te geni of three , at lea t, of her gener ls It is and a c in m u i us m el this , this lone , whi h some eas re reconc les to the anc hol fu s u s y , nay, the hate l termination of the tr ggle , on the hi tory of which we are about to enter ;

’ en ar we and m us rie e when e en the nam e M e , t g v

n was re ha p as s e w Of that whic h o c e g at s d a ay.

But u d c d i s o f i and a if n er the on it on anc ent society, the s vagery of the c is d u da s warfare whi h tolerate , there was an navoi ble nece sity for R m ar ut u ad either o e or C thage to perish t erly, we m st mit, in spite of

a ic i o f ar an i the symp thy wh h the br lliancy the C thagini civilizat on, the a i c and a l and c ata heroism of H m l ar H nniba , the tragic strophe itself c a fo r um a ac w f ll forth , that it was well the h n r e that the blo ell on a A u ia i Carth ge rather than o nRome . niversal Carthagin n em p re could d d c an m a a have one for the worl , as far as we see , nothing co p r ble to

ic i fo ud that wh h the Roman universal empire dd r it . It wo l not have

d d i i ud c melte own nat onal ant pathies, it wo l not have given a om m on i u ua ud a d wa l terat re or lang ge , it wo l not have prep re the y for a higher c a i iviliz t on and an infinitely purer religion . Still less would it have built up that m ajestic fabric of law which forms the basis of the legis ” o f s a o f d u nd lation all the t tes Mo ern E rope a Am eric a.

arbo s of artha e as - — g he a ear to da . Plioto m lied b Ga r H r C t y pp y g p y rrigue , Tania

22

s m d A a ly, waters . Their colonial establishment were for e in fric , Sici as and . Sardinia , the Balearic Isles Spain The greatness well as the f U i and ad - d a antiquity o Carthage , t ca, G es , attest the long sighte pl ns

f c de d a t ad. o Phoeni ian tra rs, even in ays nterior to the firs Olympi d du and d i We trac e the wealth an in stry of Tyre , the istant navigat on d and t A a of her ves s els through the Re Sea along the coas of rabi , And ia s and . back to the days of David Solomon as neither Egypt n , an n da add d - a li Assyri s, Persia s or In i ns resse themselves to a sea f ring fe, so it seems that both the importation and the distribution of the prod duc ts of India and Arabia into Wes tern Asia and Europe were per — formed by the I dum aan Arabs between Petra and the Red Sea by

errha s ia u d the Arabs o f G on the Per n G lf, joine as they were in — later times by a body o f Chaldaean exiles from Babylonia and by the more enterprising Phoenicians of Tyre and Sidon in these two seas as ” — Histo Greece . as d . G . r 2 well in the Me iterranean Grote, y of , pt , ch . 1 8 . The com m erc e of Carth age m ay be conveniently considered — under its two great branches t he trade with Africa andthe trade with u Th e d A was d on i E rope . tra e with frica carrie w th the bar a u the d u ud d r b ro s tribes of inlan co ntry that co l be reache by ca avans,

f - a m H d u and o . the sea coast O f both we he r so ething from ero ot s, the writer who furnishes us with most o f our knowledge about these

o f d d Cartha parts the ancient worl . The goo s with which the ginian merchants tradedwith the African tribes were doubtless such as those whic h civilized nations have always used in their dealings with

a s . a audi c d h and f s vage Che p finery, g ly olore clot es, arms of in erior

u ud s a . l to o ud an im q ality, wo l probably be their t ple Sa t, , wo l be t a ic ic ud portant ar icle . The rt les wh h they wo l receive in ex fo a i u a d a change r their goods are e s ly en mer te . In the first pl ce comes d t m a had d a u d gol . Car hage see s to h ve always at han an b n ant u o f u m a us e m o r a s s a . pply the precio s et l for , whether as oney pl te

Next to gold would com e slaves . Ivory m ust have been another a i o f d t u u rt cle Carthaginian tra e , ho gh we hear little abo t it . The u d art Greeks se it extensively in . Precious stones seem to have been another article which the savages gave in exchange for the goods

c d s m a ad they ovete . Perhap we y d dates to the lis t o f artic les

ai d m . u a d d c u e obt ne fro the interior The E rope n tra e ealt, of o rs , a d d and r a c p rtly with the things alrea y mentione , pa tly with other rti les fo r c a c a s a d whi h the Carth ginian mer h nt cte as carriers, so to speak , f o f M di a a a . L and rom one part the e terr ne n to nother ipara , th e d du other volcanic islan s near the extremity of Italy, pro ced resin ; A ri e ntum and d d g g , possibly other cities of Sicily, tra e in sulphur brought down from the region of Etna; wine was produced in many 23

th e M d a a c u of e iterr ne n o ntries . Wax and honey were the staple d s . a to o u goo s of Cor ica Corsic n slaves , , were highly val ed. The

of u and a a c s d an iron Elba , the fr it the cattle of the B le ri i lan s , d to go u and c a and a f rther, the tin opper of Brit in, even mber from the Bal

a ic o f r a c tic , were rt les Ca thagini n ommerc e . Trade was c arried on

d as but i a d not only with the wellers on the co t , w th inl n tribes . Thus

d a d a i o f au e goo s were tr nsporte across Sp in to the inter or G l , the j al ousy of Massilia (Marseilles) not permitting the Carthaginians to have an ad a i a ” — c u . y tr ing st t ons on the northern coast of th t o ntry A. J .

uc andA. Film an 7 713 Stor o Car t/ra e 3 Ch r h , y f g , pt . , ch . 3 .

THE D O MINI ON OF CARTHAGE

All o ur i i f a i as is a u ar and pos t ve in orm t on , scanty it , bo t C thage

n ui a u i d and d c u i her i stit t ons, rel tes to the fo rth , th r secon ent r es

B . C . yet it m ay be held to justify presumptive c on c lusions as to the i u C. f . c the a s s ur fifth cent ry B , espec ally in re eren e to gener l y tem p

Th e a u Of sued. m xim m her power was attained before her firs t war i R m c a 3 4 . . with o e , wh h beg n in 6 B C ; the firs t and sec ond Punic

a o f du d s d d i w rs both them greatly re ce her trength an om nion . Yet

i uc duc i a a a u s b in Sp te of s h re t on we le rn th t bo t 1 5 0 B . C . hortly e i u w r i fore the th rd P nic a , which ended n the c apture and dep o pula

o f s s a c u d as o c c u tion the city , not le th n were omp te in it ,

o f a ti d c c u f c pants for fie ir m erence of above twenty milles , overing a

it s s u its c ad peninsula with s i s thmus . Upon thi i thm s it el Byrsa u u d d a a f n was situated, s rro n e by triple w ll o its own , a d c rowned at i f its summit by a magn ficent temple o Es c ulap ius . The numerous

ua is a a c a a d i pop l tion the more rem rk ble , since Uti ( consi erable c ty ,

iz f oe ic a a i a a s f colon ed rom Ph n i more nc ently th n even Carth ge it el , and a a s d d o f a a i a s u c di lw y in epen ent the C rth g ni n , tho gh in the on tion of an inferior and discontented ally) was within the distanc e of s even ne d nd Tu i m iles o f Carthage o n the o si e , a nis seem ngly not much i u o ff on . at a a a f rther the other Even th t t me , too , the C rth ginians

Yet are said to have poss es s ed 3 0 0 tributary c itie s in Libya. this was but a small frac tion o f the prodigious empire whi c h h ad belonged to u nd ll ii C. a a a a f u c . them certainly in the o rth ent ry B , in prob b l ty lso

- a i d d as a d as far between 48 0 41 0 B . C . Th t emp re exten e e tw r as — a Philatni a a i s a dalla the Alt rs of the , ne r the Gre ter Syrt s , we tw r long and s c as c c the c oas t to the Pillars o f Herakles the we tern o t of Moro o . ar a as far as ba c a d The line o f coas t southeas t O f C th ge , the y lle the

t s was ia u d a o f B z ac ium and Lesser Syr i , proverb l ( n er the n me y the A s s i i dis i u d Emporia) fo r its fertility . long thi exten ve l ne were tr b te a c u u and a d O ula indigenous Liby n tribes, living by agri lt re ; mixe p p

- ian - Ph tr nic ian tion called Liby Ph tr nic . Of the Liby towns the 24

us u to us but it us d a . n mber is not known , m t have been pro igio ly gre t — as i a Ad u A fe w o f the towns along the c o t Hippo , Ut c , r me — tum T a s us Le tis etc c i f T i a a , h p , p , were olon es rom yre , l ke C rth ge

Yet a a i ia s c i d in i d itself. the C rth g n n ontr ve t me to ren er every

i ua i c i O f ic a. At im town tr b t ry , w th the ex ept on Ut one time , i ar f u a mediately after the firs t Pun c w , they took rom the r r l c ultivators

— duc and d u d at as muc h as one half O f their pro e , o ble one stroke the a i a a i ia i u i d u s . s tr b te lev e pon the town The n t ve C rth g n n , though en c ouraged by honorary marks to undertake military s ervic e i it and a d. were generally avers e to , sp r ngly employe A c h os en

di is i o f c i iz s o f a and fa i f v on t en , men we lth m ly, ormed what

d o f a a di i i was c alledthe Sac red Ban C rth ge , s t ngus hedfo r their bravery

in d a a fo r s d u o f i a the fiel s well s the plen o r the r rm s , andthe goldand

i ic f d a i a a YV e s lver plate wh h orme p rt of the r b gg ge . s hall fi nd thes e

c itiz en troop s oc c asionally employed on s e rvic e in Sic ily ; but most part of the Carthaginian army c onsists o f Gauls Iberian s Libyans , , , t i d s fo r c c a i e c . a s di , m ngle ho t got together the o on , s c ordant in lan ” — Hi or ua as as in c us . G . st o Greece g ge well toms Grote , y f . 2 , pt , 8 c h . 1 .

T HE NEGRITOS (T HE H AIRY PE O PLE O F 1 8 )

We have seen that the A fric an pygmie s probably reac hed Europe

du s and c r ai f ring the Stone Age , were e t nly req uent vis itors at the

Courts o f the Pharaohs . At present they are all denizen s of the a i woodl nds , everywhere keep ng to the s helter o the Welle Ituri f , , Ru z i and O o wa f s s i wen or , Congo, g y ore t with n the tropi c s . To this

m ay be due the fac t that they are not black but o f a yellowish c olour ,

i ddis - ad s a ai d w th re h brown woolly he , omewh t h ry bo y, and ex f tre m el atu a 3 ft. ( Lu ard) a 4 y . low st re r nging rom g to perh ps ft 6 in .

t The i u and dwarfi sh s iz a mos t . h rs teness e were already noticed two thousand five hundred years ago by the Carthaginian Admiral H anno , orilla a d to whom we owe the term g pplie by him , not to the an th r icl a e a d Du Chaillu but o p o p so n me by , to c ertain hairy little — people s een by him on the we st c oast probably the anc estors O f the i in a d i dwarfs still surv ving the O gow y istr c t . ' are c a d A and and Here they lle bongo Obongo , elsewhere are — dff a s Ti i i a ua known by i erent n me k t ki , Akk , or Woch in the Welle i u in G allaland a d in Masailand a reg on , D me , W n orobo , B twa south o f and a s . . udwi f c the Con go , m ny other Dr L g Wol onnec ts the Batwa both with the northern Akka and the southern u B shmen , all be ing the sc attered fragments o f aprimeval dwarfi s h rac e to be regarded u a f i u i i o f . i as the tr e abor g nes eq atori l A r ca They l ve exc lusively by 25

and of - d d the chase the preparation palm wine , hence are regar e by their Bantufriends as benevolent little people whose special mission is to provide the surrounding tribes with game and palm - wine in ex a a i c a nd c a a a a . a are d u d h nge for m n o , m ize , b n n s M ny isting ishe by

z and a d sharp powers of observation , ama ing talent for mimicry , goo

u d ic a and i o f m emory . J nker escribes the com w ys n mble action an Akka who imitated with marvelous fidelity the peculiarities o f pers ons — ‘ h ad c s at a i a h is f u he on e een Moslems pr yer, Em n P sha with o r ’ a s i a i and a ui eyes (spect cle ) , another in a tower ng r ge , storm ng b s ng ‘ d and u k f m o ff if re everybo y, J n er himsel , who he took to the l e,

nu d ai and i s u i i ac c u c hearsing down to the mi test et ls , w th rpr s ng ra y , my anthropometric performan c e when measurin g his body at Rumbek ” — - K a T/ze PVo /a s Peo les . 148 9 . f . A. . r four years be ore H e ne , p , pp

Dwarfs of the South ern Countries ac ting as tem ple n h e b From a relief i t T em pl e of B u astis .

PYGMIES

— ’ liad I I ' 6 a a s a i Homer , I , Chapm n s tr n l t on

' At all art s li e th e c ranes that fi ll with harsh c onfusion p k , , Of b rutish c langes allthe air and in ridic ul ous war ’ ' Es c h ewin th e unsufl er d s torm s shot fro m th e winter s s tar ( g , ) , ’ ” is i th e o c ean and c onfer th e P m ei s o d er i s death . V t , y g l

A : Th e a u as far as a ristotle cr nes go p the l kes above Egypt , where the Nile originates ; there the pygmies are living ; and this is

but u u m en and s s are as s a o f not a fable , p re tr th ; hor e , they y , sm all

u and s . stat re , live in grottoe 26 — Ka a aic e ra o f m o f u a rn k temple , Ptolem the no e N bi ' c h im i i The dwarfs o f the southern c ountries ome to , br ng ng

” their tributes to his tre asury . i a I n Darkes t A r ica . ii ass m a H . M . St nley, f , Vol , p On p ges

40 - 4 d s c i i a c u O f i o f a m an a u 2, e r b ng o ple pygm es , one whom, bo t

1 a s old m as u i 4 f i s s : 2 ye r , e r ng eet in he ght , he ob erve ” — His c This was the firs t full grown man we hadseen . olor was

c f d was a f a i a h lf oppery, the ell over the bo y lmost e thery, be ng ne rly a

Hi ead- w a s f an c . s d as in h in len gth h ress bonnet of prie tly orm , dec orated with a bun c h o f parrot feathers ; ' Twenty- s ix c enturie s ago h is an c e s tors c aptured the five young

Nass am o nian s and ad i i i explorer , m e merry w th them at the r v llages

th t e i a a f u i on e bank s o f h N ger . Even s long s orty c ent r es ago they

a i s and fa u a were known s pygm e , the mo s b ttle between them and the

’ d i i t s was d s . m a s c Hec a aeus i stork ren ere nto ong On every p n e t me ,

5 0 a . in i 0 C. a c a d o f u ye rs B , they h ve been lo te the reg on the Mo n

ai o f u le id t ns the Moon . When Me s d the c h l ren o f Jac ob o ut o f

s d v a s f ic a u dis u d ds : h e Go hen , they reigne o er D rke t A r n p te lor t y

i c u s s d as i s O f and As ia s ia are there yet , wh le o ntle yn t e Egypt syr , Per ,

c and R a fl u is d fo r c m a a i f i ds Gree e ome , h ve o r he o p r t vely brie per o , and x i d And i e p re . these l ttle people have roamed far and wide dur

a s d c u i i i c . N a s u c s i ing the el p e ent r es From the ger b nks, w th e s ve

a e s o f a i a s a c i c i af w v l rger m gr nt , they h ve ome h ther to pit h the r le y

u u c s o f h ts in the nknown re es es the fores t . Their kinsmen are

as us in a Wat known B hmen C pe Colony , as wa in th e bas in o f the

uu u as ka in M u u as a ia abo dé W m L l ng , Ak onb tt , B l by the M , as a

u u u as i and as a a u d ad o f b tti in the Ib r b n , B tw n er the sh ows the ” Lunae Montes .

CARTHAGINIAN TRADING

d us 1 96 : Hero ot , iv , ' The Carthaginian s further say that beyond the Pillars o f Her

u a i o f i a and wh c les there is reg on L by , men o inhabit it ; when they a i a and a u ad d m c a dis rr ve mong these people h ve nlo e their er h n e , they

d s a d i hi set it in or er on the hore , go on bo r the r s ps and make a great

a a ia s s i e smoke ; th t the inh b t nt , ee ng the smok , come down to the s ea and d d in c a c a dis and , then eposit gol ex h nge for the mer h n e , withdraw to s om e dis tanc e from the merc han dise ; that the Cartha

inians i as a i d and ua t s g , go ng hore , ex m ne the gol , if the q nti y eems uffi c m d it u and ai a but s ient for the erchan ise , take p s l aw y ; if it is uffi i a d ai and i a not s c ent, they go on bo r their ships ag n wa t ; the n tives t a ac and d s i m d u a hen ppro h epo t ore gol , ntil they h ve satisfied them ; 27 neither party ever wrongs the other ; fo r they do not touch the gold

f m ad ad ua a u o f m c di do be ore it is e eq te to the v l e the er han se , nor the natives touc h the merchandise before the other party has taken the gold.

’ M EDITER RANEAN GALLEY O F THE P ERI OD o r HANNO s PERIPLU S Redrawn fro m a Greek Vas e etro o litan us eum New Yo r in th e M p M , k

MEDITERRANEAN SAILING VESSEL From a Mosaic of Carthage in the Rom an Period I n the us eum of the ni ers it of enns l ania hiladel hia M U v y P y v , P p m ethod o l ea in th e roundfor the lantin ro Native f c r g g p g of c ps, sti n en ra us e i ri ll i g e l n West Af c a.

- See te t 1 3 1 7 and no e . ( x , , t , p

ss of the Co m m erc ial us eum hilade hia Fro m th e Pre M , P lp

Th e Pe riplus o f th e E ryth raean Sea

Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century

Trans lated from th e Greek and annotated

W R . . . by ILF ED H SCHOFF , A M

S ec retar of the Com m e rc ia us eum hi adel hia y l M , P l p

u u i u s and a m a in i With n mero s ll stration p colors, show ng the i d da o f i d is i s ent re known worl at the te th s work , political iv on ,

- u d d c i and d u . national bo n aries , lea ing commer al centres, tra e ro tes — 3 8 : . vo . 2 8 . pp vi net By mail,

Th e eri us of the Er thraaan Sea is o ne of those human do c um ents i e P pl y , l k the o urna s of arc o olo and C o um bus and es uc c i whic h e res s no t on j l M P l V p , xp ly individua ent er rise but the awa enin of a whole rac e toward new fi e ds of l p , k g l m m erc ia ac hievem n I t is the rst rec or d o r geographic al dis c o very and c o l e t . fi f a d tradin w ith tlze nations o t/re Eas t in ( vess els built and c om m ande ganiz e g f , d by d s ubj ec ts of the Western w orl . Th e autho of the eri us was an E tian Gree 3 Rom an s ub ec t who r P pl gyp k , j , traded fro m the Red Sea down the Eas t Afric an c o ast and as far as S outh ern

India in the s ec ond half of the fi rs t c ent ur after Ch is t . i e Hi a us w ho , y r L k pp l , tau ht th e Ro m an wor d the us e o f the m o ns oons he s teered his c o urs e s t rai h g l , g t a ros s the o c ean before the trade- winds w ith o ut c o m as s o r oth er aids to na i c , p v ga ' i n T h e e i lus is a m e c hant—c a tain s lo an ori inal and t ruthfu r t o . ec P r p r p g, g l ord

Of navigatio n and trade . Th e notes c om prise an exhaus tive s urve y o f the international trade between th e reat e m ires of Rom e art hia India and China at the be innin of inte g p , P , , g g l ligent interac tion from end to end o f t he c o ntinentalm ass ; of th e m ediatio n of th e es s er in dom s in b s sinia th e fi rs t nown rec ord of that fric an s tate l k g , A y ( k A ) , rabia S o uthern ndia and Furth er India the fi rst ac c urate rec o rd of th o e r A , I ( s e ions in the Rom an wor d e o n and C entral sia of the artic es de a t in g l ) , C yl A ; l l , the m ethods of tradin the rade - ro ut es and t rade- c entres of th e itic a g , t ; p ol l and ’ Co m m erc ial al ignm ent of the world s po we rs of the lst c entury ; and inc lude num er ous new ident ific ations of artic les and ac es im ortant to the his o r o f t he eri pl , p t y p od. T he bo o c o ntains a his to ric al intro duc tio n an in uir into the date a k , q y nd h o s hi f t i u n a m aut r o h s eri l s a d c o ete biblio ra h . so a c as s ifi ed is p P p , pl g p y Al , l l t d in t his ri of artic les of trade m entione Pe plus ; a lis t of artic les subj ec t to dut y at Alexandria in the Ro m an perio d; a sum m ary of o pinions of variOuS c o m m entators regarding date and authors hip ; a l ist of r ul ers of various kingdo m s m entio ned in this eri us with identifi c ations and an a h beti a in a c de . P pl , ; lp l x

L O N G M A N S R E , G E N , A N D C O

O RT E 8c 3 OTH STR T NEW O K F U H AVENU EE , Y R

L ND N B M B A Y A ND CALCU I' ‘ TA O O , O ,