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Routledge Handbook of Religion and Politics Routledge Handbook of Religion and Politics From the United States to the Middle East, Asia and Africa, religion has become an increasingly important factor in political activity and organisation. This Handbook pro- vides a definitive global survey of the interaction of religion and politics. Featuring contributions from an international team of experts, it examines the political aspects of all the world’s major religions, including such crucial contemporary issues as religious fundamentalism, terrorism, the war on terror, the ‘clash of civilisations’ and science and religion. Four main themes addressed include: ■ The World Religions and Politics ■ Religion and Governance ■ Religion and International Relations ■ Religion, Security and Development Bibliographies at the end of each chapter guide the reader towards the most up-to-date references on various topics. In addition, large amounts of information make this book an indispensable text for students, academics and the wider public interested in the dynamic relationship between politics and religion. Jeffrey Haynes is Professor of Politics at London Metropolitan University,UK. He is the author of 17 previous books and over 100 journal articles and chapters in edited volumes. Contributors: John Anderson, Michael D. Barr, Steve Bruce, James Chiriyankandath, Gerard Clarke, Adam Dolnik, Jonathan Fox, Paul Freston, Peter Friedlander, Rohan Gunaratna, Jeffrey Haynes, David Herbert, Allen D. Hertzke, Atsuhiro Katano, John Madeley, Payam Mohseni, Andrea Mura, Mohammad Nafissi, Brenda O’Neill, Thorleif Pettersson, Shmuel Sandler, Giorgio Shani, Andrea Teti, Noah J. Toly, David Wessels and Clyde Wilcox. Politics/Religion> Routledge Handbook of Religion and Politics Edited by Jeffrey Haynes First published 2009 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park,Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York,NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 2009 Editorial selection and matter, Jeff Haynes; individual chapters, the contributors All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Routledge handbook of religion and politics / edited by Jeff Haynes. p. cm. 1. Religion and politics. I. Haynes, Jeffrey. BL65.P7R78 2008 322′.109—dc22 2008012961 ISBN 0-203-89054-X Master e-book ISBN ISBN 10: 0-415-41455-5 (hbk) ISBN 10: 0-203-89054-x (ebk) ISBN 13: 978-0-415-41455-5 (hbk) ISBN 13: 978-0-203-89054-7 (ebk) Contents List of figures viii List of tables ix List of contributors xi 1 Introduction 1 Jeffrey Haynes Part I: The world religions and politics 9 2 Buddhism and politics 11 Peter Friedlander 3 Christianity: protestantism 26 Paul Freston 4 The Catholic Church and Catholicism in global politics 48 Allen D. Hertzke 5 Confucianism, from above and below 64 Michael D. Barr 6 Hinduism 79 James Chiriyankandath 7 Islam and Islamism 92 Andrea Teti and Andrea Mura 8 Shiism and politics 111 Mohammad Nafissi v CONTENTS 9 Judaism and the state 128 Shmuel Sandler Part II: Religion and governance 143 10 Secularisation and politics 145 Steve Bruce 11 Religious fundamentalisms 159 Jeffrey Haynes 12 Religion and the state 174 John Madeley 13 Does God matter, and if so whose God? Religion and democratisation 192 John Anderson 14 Religion and political parties 211 Payam Mohseni and Clyde Wilcox 15 Religion and civil society 231 David Herbert 16 Religious commitment and socio-political orientations: Different patterns of compartmentalisation among Muslims and Christians? 246 Thorleif Pettersson Part III: Religion and international relations 271 17 Integrating religion into international relations theory 273 Jonathan Fox 18 Religion and foreign policy 293 Jeffrey Haynes 19 Transnational religious actors and international relations 308 Giorgio Shani 20 Religion and globalization 323 David Wessels Part IV: Religion, security and development 341 21 On the nature of religious terrorism 343 Adam Dolnik and Rohan Gunaratna vi CONTENTS 22 Conflict prevention and peacebuilding 351 Atsuhiro Katano 23 Religion and women: Canadian women’s religious volunteering: compassion, connections and comparisons 366 Brenda O’Neill 24 Religion and international development 385 Gerard Clarke 25 Changing the climate of religious internationalism: evangelical responses to global warming and human suffering 403 Noah J.Toly Index 419 vii Figures 7.1 Practices 93 16.1 Results of a confirmatory analysis of four indicators for religious and political involvement 254 16.2 Religious and political involvement in four groups of countries 255 16.3 Results of a confirmatory analysis of four indicators of views on democracy and the relationship between religion and politics in four groups of Islamic and Western countries 255 16.4 Critical views on democracy and preferences for a religious impact on politics in four groups of countries 256 16.5 Results of a confirmatory factor analysis of four indicators of bio-ethical and socio-economic morality in four groups of Islamic and Western countries 258 16.6 Socio-economic and bio-ethical morality in four groups of countries 259 16.7 Results of a confirmatory analysis of four indicators of emancipative values and gender roles in four groups of Islamic and Western countries 260 16.8 Emancipative values and preferences for gender equality in four groups of countries 261 16.9 Results from a confirmatory factor analysis of four indicators towards a centralised vertical power within the UN system 262 16.10 Differences in preferences (factor scores) for a centralised vertical power within the UN system 263 22.1 The time dimension in peacebuilding 359 22.2 The web of reconciliation 363 viii Tables 2.1 The largest Buddhist communities 16 12.1 The religiosity of states in Europe (de jure), 1900–2000 180 12.2 State–religion regimes in 2002, by historically dominant confession 186 12.3 Government involvement in religion scores in 2002, by region 187 13.1 Religions and freedom 202 14.1 Major dimensions on religion and political parties in five sample cases 217 16.1 Results from four multiple-regression analyses with critical views on democracy as dependent variable, and religious and political involvement and four SES variables as independent 257 16.2 Results from four multiple-regression analyses with preferences for a religious impact on politics as dependent variable, and religious and political involvement and four SES variables as independent 257 16.3 Results from four multiple-regression analyses with strict bio-ethical morality as dependent variable, and religious and political involvement and four SES variables as independent 259 16.4 Results from four multiple-regression analyses with strict socio-economic morality as dependent variable, and religious and political involvement and four SES variables as independent 260 16.5 Results from four multiple-regression analyses with emancipative values as dependent variable, and religious and political involvement and four SES variables as independent 261 16.6 Results from four multiple-regression analyses with preferences for gender equality as dependent variable, and religious and political involvement and four SES variables as independent 262 16.7 Results from three multiple-regression analyses with preferences for a centralised vertical power within the UN system as dependent variable, and religious and political involvement and four SES variables as independent 263 18.1 Religion and foreign policy in the United States 298 20.1 Global politics and particular religions: convergence and divergence 336 ix TABLES 23.1 Women’s volunteering (%) 372 23.2 Comparing women volunteers (%) 373 23.3 Determinants of women’s religious volunteering 374 23.4 Women’s volunteering activities (%) 377 23.5 Women’s volunteer skills development (self-reported) (%) 377 23.6 Women’s reasons for volunteering (self-reported) (%) 378 23.7 Comparing religious denominations (%) 379 23.8 Political participation 379 23.9 Determinants of women’s voting at the federal level 380 x Contributors John Anderson, University of St Andrews, UK Michael D. Barr, University of Queensland,Australia Steve Bruce, University of Aberdeen, UK James Chiriyankandath, London Metropolitan University, UK Gerard Clarke, Swansea University, UK Adam Dolnik, Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, Singapore Jonathan Fox, Bar-Ilan University, Israel Paul Freston, Calvin College, USA Peter Friedlander, La Trobe University,Australia Rohan Gunaratna, Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, Singapore Jeffrey Haynes, London Metropolitan University, UK David Herbert, Open University, UK Allen D. Hertzke, University of Oklahoma, USA Atsuhiro Katano, Rakuno Gakuen University, Japan John Madeley, London School of Economics, UK xi CONTRIBUTORS Payam Mohseni, Georgetown University, USA Andrea Mura, Loughborough University, UK Mohammad Nafissi, London Metropolitan University,
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