Il Diritto Ebraico Nello Stato Di Israele

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Il Diritto Ebraico Nello Stato Di Israele UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI FIRENZE DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN DIRITTO COMPARATO (IUS/02) XXI ciclo IL DIRITTO EBRAICO NELLO STATO DI ISRAELE Coordinatore del dottorato: Tutore: Chiar.mo Prof. Vincenzo Varano Chiar.mo Prof. Alessandro Simoni Candidata: Dott.ssa Giorgia Sara Mandirola INDICE INTRODUZIONE . p. 7 CAPITOLO I DIRITTO RELIGIOSO E DIRITTO EBRAICO 1. Il diritto religioso. Osservazioni introduttive . » 9 a) Le tassonomie . » 10 b) Tradizione e scrittura . » 11 2. I caratteri della norma religiosa: a) La rivelazione divina . » 16 b) Diritto e religione: analogie . » 18 c) L’essenza del diritto religioso . » 23 d) Stato e religioni . » 25 3. Il diritto ebraico: l’evoluzione e le fonti . » 28 4. Pluralismo nel mondo ebraico nell’età moderna e nell’antichità . » 41 5. Le caratteristiche del diritto ebraico . » 45 CAPITOLO II IL DIRITTO RELIGIOSO NELLO STATO DI ISRAELE LA NASCITA DELLO STATUS QUO 1. Il diritto religioso in Israele . » 51 2. La nascita del movimento sionista . » 54 3. L’epoca del Mandato britannico sulla Palestina . » 57 4. La lettera dello status quo . » 67 5. La Dichiarazione d'Indipendenza e la Costituzione . » 69 CAPITOLO III LA LEGGE DEL RITORNO 1. Simbologia di una legge . p. 75 2. La Legge del Ritorno e la Legge sulla Nazionalità . » 77 3. Chi è ebreo? . » 82 4. Il problema delle conversioni . » 90 5. Legge del Ritorno e politiche di immigrazione . » 97 6. Conclusioni . » 102 CAPITOLO IV STATUS, CORTI RELIGIOSE E DIRITTO DI FAMIGLIA 1. Lo status delle persone in Israele . » 109 2. Le corti religiose . » 112 3. Il matrimonio nel diritto ebraico e nel diritto israeliano . » 119 a) Gli impedimenti matrimoniali . » 121 b) Le conseguenze dell’aver contratto un matrimonio proibito . » 125 4. Il divorzio nel diritto ebraico e nel diritto israeliano . » 127 a) Il divorzio congiunto . » 127 b) Il divorzio su iniziativa di una delle parti . » 128 c) La coercizione a rilasciare il get e il problema delle agunot . » 131 5. Diritto a sposarsi, matrimonio all’estero, matrimonio privato, matrimonio civile e convivenza . » 138 6. Le altre materie comprese nello statuto personale . » 148 7. Ancora in tema di corti religiose. Problemi relativi all’applicazione del diritto religioso e alla giurisdizione delle corti rabbiniche: a) Una questione preliminare: l’incertezza nella valutazione dell’affiliazione religiosa . » 152 b) L’intervento normativo del Rabbinato e la promulgazione delle takkanot » 157 c) I vincoli legislativi applicabili alle corti religiose . » 162 d) L’esecuzione delle sentenze delle corti rabbiniche . » 165 e) Il ruolo della rappresentanza processuale avanti alle corti rabbiniche . » 168 f) La scelta del forum conveniens nella giurisdizione concorrente . » 170 g) Il consenso dei minori d’età nella giurisdizione concorrente . » 176 h) Le corti rabbiniche non ufficiali . » 177 i) La giurisdizione delle corti rabbiniche sui non ebrei . » 179 l) A mo’ di conclusione: le sepolture in Israele . » 182 CAPITOLO V ISTITUZIONI RELIGIOSE E LEGISLAZIONE RELIGIOSA 1. Le altre funzioni del Rabbinato d’Israele . » 185 2. Il sistema educativo religioso: a) Evoluzione storica . p.194 b) Le scuole statali religiose . » 198 c) Le scuole private “riconosciute” e “non riconosciute” . » 203 d) L’insegnamento della religione nelle scuole pubbliche . » 209 e) Influenze religiose nelle scuole pubbliche laiche . » 212 f) Sistema scolastico e popolazione araba . » 214 g) La scuola superiore . » 216 3. Commercio, produzione e consumo della carne di maiale. » 216 4. Il rispetto dello shabbat . » 225 5. Il diritto ebraico nella legislazione . » 231 CAPITOLO VI DEMOCRAZIA E RELIGIONE 1. Uno Stato ebraico e democratico . » 243 2. Valori ebraici e democrazia . » 247 3. Religione e lesione del principio di uguaglianza . » 250 a) Le correnti all’interno dell’ebraismo: ortodossia v. eterodossia . » 251 b) La dicotomia laici/religiosi . » 252 c) La discriminazione di genere . » 256 d) Le comunità non ebraiche . » 258 4. L’evoluzione costituzionale . » 262 5. Il tramonto dello status quo ? . » 270 a) Negazione del principio di separazione tra Stato e religione . » 271 b) Uno Stato ebraico e democratico tra maggioranza e minoranze . » 273 c) Segregazione e collasso dello status quo . » 274 CONCLUSIONI . » 281 BIBLIOGRAFIA . » 283 INTRODUZIONE Molti studi sono stati dedicati alle comparazione tra diritto e religione, al rapporto Stato/confessioni, ai sistemi giuridici religiosi. Fra tutti gli ordinamenti in cui queste due componenti, quella giuridica e quella religiosa, coesistono, il sistema israeliano si configura come uno dei più interessanti. Israele è l’unico sistema dove la religione nel senso più assolutistico, come norma, come aspirazione, come questione pubblica, si scontri in modo così netto con i principi democratici e con il problema della tutela dei diritti umani e delle libertà fondamentali. Israele non è un sistema che nato religioso, o con un retaggio religioso, abbia affrontato un lento cammino di democratizzazione o statalizzazione, né è un sistema dove la democrazia sia stata importata o imposta dall’alto. E’ invece un Paese concepito e fondato nel volgere di pochi decenni, che ha riunito persone provenienti dai contesti sociali e culturali più disparati e dunque caratterizzato da un pluralismo irrisolvibile di visioni ed aspirazioni che non hanno mai cessato di scontrarsi e tentare di sopravanzare la parte avversa. Non vi è dunque un passato comune da cui allontanarsi, una tradizione da contrapporre alla modernità: naturalmente in molti rievocano la lunga storia del popolo ebraico, in cui vedono il riferimento e la continuità con il presente. Ma è evidente che la vita condotta nei secoli della Diaspora, nelle numerose comunità sparse per l’Europa, per l’Africa e l’Asia fino all’emancipazione abbia poco a che fare con la realtà di uno Stato indipendente, con le moderne dottrine democratiche, con la cultura giuridica del XX secolo. La creazione di uno Stato ebraico ha rappresentato indubbiamente una cesura rispetto al passato. La sua fondazione ha coinciso con il periodo post-bellico del riconoscimento della centralità del rispetto dei diritti fondamentali, della democrazia, delle libertà individuali, principi che se pur privi di compiuta attuazione, sono definitivamente entrati a far parte del background culturale dello Stato. La tradizione religiosa ha però svolto un ruolo fondamentale sia come elemento costitutivo dell’identità nazionale, sia come fonte di legittimazione, ed ha perciò assunto una veste pubblica ed istituzionale che viene difesa tenacemente dai gruppi più religiosi della società isrealiana. 7 Introduzione Dove non sia stata stabilita una netta priorità tra l’aspirazione a costruire un sistema democratico e l’influenza della religione, si assiste ad un aspro dibattito, ad un’aperta contesa, un confronto dal punto di vista non solo culturale, ma anche giuridico. Si esamineranno dunque, dopo le opportune premesse concettuali e storiche, i vari settori dell’ordinamento israeliano in cui emergono contraddizioni o conflittualità, dove l’equilibrio istituzionale è mantenuto a fatica. Il tema del rapporto tra diritto e religione affiora in molte aree dell’ordinamento. Si affronteranno dunque problematiche di diritto privato e diritto di famiglia, ma anche problematiche di diritto pubblico, come la cittadinanza, le istituzioni religiose, il diritto costituzionale, la tutela dei diritti umani. E’ doveroso però fare una precisazione: in questa sede ci si occuperà soltanto dell’ordinamento isrealiano in senso stretto, senza fare riferimento al regime giuridico e alle questioni relative ai Territori Occupati. Non perché di poco conto o di scarsa rilevanza. Anzi la letteratura giuridica sul tema, in particolare riguardo alle violazioni dei diritti fondamentali a danno dei residenti dei Territori, è vastissima. Si può però dire che in quella sede non venga tanto in rilievo il rapporto tra diritto e religione, quanto in effetti il problema della tutela dei diritti fondamentali da parte del Paese occupante, del rispetto del diritto internazionale, oltre all’aspetto ideologico-culturale che sostiene la colonizzazione della Cisgiordania. 8 CAPITOLO PRIMO DIRITTO RELIGIOSO E DIRITTO EBRAICO SOMMARIO : 1. Il diritto religioso. Osservazioni introduttive: a) Le tassonomie, b) Tradizione e scrittura. - 2. I caratteri della norma religiosa: a) La rivelazione divina, b) Diritto e religione: analogie, c) L’essenza del diritto religioso, d) Stato e religioni. - 3. Il diritto ebraico: l’evoluzione e le fonti. - 4. Pluralismo nel mondo ebraico nell’età moderna e nell’antichità. - 5. Le caratteristiche del diritto ebraico. 1. Il diritto religioso. Osservazioni introduttive. In occasione del W. G. Hart Legal Workshop svoltosi a Londra nel 2000, in commemorazione del centenario del Congresso Internazionale di Diritto Comparato di Parigi del 1900 , una specifica sessione veniva dedicata alle problematiche relative alla comparazione dei diritti religiosi1. Tre quesiti furono sottoposti agli esperti invitati a questo confronto: 1. E’ utile classificare i fenomeni giuridici del mondo in famiglie? 2. Se sì, dovrebbe una di queste famiglie essere etichettata come comprensiva di sistemi religiosi? 3. Se sì, quale delle tradizioni scritte dell’Eurasia dovrebbe essere inclusa nella famiglia che riunisce i diversi sistemi religiosi? 2 Per un’analisi del diritto religioso (ebraico) nello Stato di Israele, tali questioni potrebbero forse essere messe da parte: pochi negherebbero infatti che il diritto ebraico, l’ halachah, sia un diritto religioso.
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