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Mubeen ARA Thesis Pdf.Pdf ACKNOWLEGMENT…………………………………………………………… i LIST OF TABLE……………………………………………………………..…….ii-iii LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………….…..iv-x THESIS ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………xi-xii CHAPTER # 1 INTRODUCTION OF DISSERTATION…………………………………………1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDY………………………………………...6 STRUCTURE OF THESIS……...........................................................................6-7 REFERENCES......................................................................................................9-14 CHAPTER # 2 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON ZOOPLANKTONS COMMUNITY DYNAMICS AND ABUNDANCE IN COASTAL WATERS, MANORA, PAKISTAN..................................................................................................................8 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................9 1. INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................10-12 2. MATERIALS & METHODS.........................................................................13-18 3. RESULTS.......................................................................................................19-47 3.1. VARIATIONS IN ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS 3.2 MESOZOOPLANKTON DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE 3.3. EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES ON MZ 3.4. MESOZOOPLANKTONS AND CHLOROPHYLL RELATION 4. DISCUSSION .......................................................................................................48-51 5. CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………..…52 CHAPTER 3 COPEPODS COMMMUNITY STRUCTURE IN SHALLOW, MANGROVE WATERS IN NORTHERN ARABIAN SEA .....................................................53 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................54 1. INTRODUCTION ……………………………………..................................55-57 2. MATERIALS & METHODS.......................................................................58-60 3. RESULTS.....................................................................................................61-108 3.1 SPECIES DISTRIBUTION AND DENSITY 3.2 SEASONAL VARIATION IN ABUNDANCE OF COPRPODS 3.3 GENUS ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE STATIONS 4. DISCUSSION ............................................................................................109-113 5. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………...114 CHAPTER 4 ANNUAL AND TIDAL INDUCED CHANGES IN NUTRIENT ENERGY AND ITS EFFECT ON ZOOPLANKTON ABUNDANCE AND PHYTOPLANKTON BIOMASS......................................................................................................…….115 ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................116 1. INTRODUCTION…..................................................................................118-119 2. MATERIALS & METHODS.....................................................................120-123 3. RESULTS.....................................................................................................124-148 3.1. ANNUAL NUTRIENT DISTRIBUTION 3.2. COMPOSITION OF ZOOPLANKTON FEEDING GUILDS IN MANGROVE FOREST 3.3. AUTOTROPHIC AND HETEROTROPHIC BIOMASS COUPLING 3.4. EFFECT OF NUTRIENTS ON PLANKTON 3.5. MAGROVE TIDAL CYCLE 4. DISCUSSION.............................................................................................149-153 5. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………...154 CHAPTER 5 DISSERTATION DISCUSSION AND FUTURE RECOMMENDATION…155 GENERAL DISCUSSION ………………………………………………………156-160 FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS……………………………………………...161 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................162-195 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Without the acknowledgments this dissertation would not be encourage. First and foremost especial thanks to ALLAH who made me to achieve this goal. Best regards I would like to pay my mentor and research supervisor, Dr. Sumera Farooq, Who was a sign of inspiration for me. Without her encouragement the dissertation would not be completed as it is. People who supported me guided me throughout the journey of this research, who contributed their efforts morally and professionally are appreciable, I would like to give special thanks to them for their generous sharing. I would like to pay attribute to the Centre of Excellence in Marine Biology for financial support and for their encouragement. All the respected teachers of the CEMB. I would pay best wishes to the lab attendants for their hard work during and after sampling. Thanks to all of my research colleagues who supported me during the course of my research, who appreciated me to reach the goal. I really pay especial gratitude to the director of CEMB for her kindness and support. I extremely express thanks to my research co supervisor Dr. P.J.A Siddiqui who was very supportive to me till the completion of dissertation. The most recognizable support, love, care and sacrifices from my family who provided me good environment and financial support to complete my task. Whatever the matter was the whole family, my child and husband supported me for being a scientist. To sum up I would like to pay heartily thanks to all the people who raise my spirits from day till the completion of dissertation. MUBEEN ARA i Chapter 2. Table 1 Physical and biological parameters ranges and annual mean values from mangrove and coastal stations……………………………………….…20 Table 2 Relative abundance (%) of different studied groups of MZ (excluding Copepods) in surface and 5m waters (in parenthesis). *Marine planktonic worms include all identified worms…………….………………………28 Table 3 Comparison of Total mean abundance (Ind.m-3) and % Occurrence of mesozooplankton at four stations……….………………………………29 Table 4 Comparison of total copepods mean density at surface and 5m waters (Ind. m-3) from four stations……………………………………………30 Table 5 Linear regression analysis and one-way ANOVA (P < 0.05) for zooplankton groups with four predictor variables at all four stations………………..41 Chapter 3. Table 1 Comparison of copepods diversity index, evenness and richness at all stations……………………………………………………………..……62 Table 2 Group mean abundance and vertical distribution of the copepods at all stations during September 12 to September 13………….……………..66 Table 3 Total abundance of species Ind.m-3 at all stations with their occurrence frequency (OF %) and relative frequency (RA %)……………………...99 Table 4a Species wise seasonal fluctuation of order calanoida during PRE (pre- monsoon), SWM (southwest monsoon), POM (post monsoon) and NEM (northeast monsoon)………………………………….……………102-103 Table 4b Species wise seasonal fluctuation of order cyclopoida and harpacticoida during all four seasons……………………………………………….....104 ii Table 5. Linear regression analysis and one-way ANOVA (P < 0.05) between stations for copepods species……………...……………………...…....105 Chapter 4. Table 1. Regression analysis and one way one way ANOVA (P < 0.05) among stations with respect to the nutrient concentration…………..…………125 Table 2. Regression analysis and one way ANOVA (P < 0.05) for the nutrient concentration with respect to phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass. And total zooplankton abundance with Phytoplankton biomass………………………………………………….…………….135 Table 3. Regression analysis and ANOVA (P < 0.05) between tidal heights and different hydro biological factors…………….………………………139 Table 4. Regression analysis and ANOVA (P < 0.05) for nutrient concentration with respect to phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass during a complete tidal cycle..…………………………………………………………...139 iii Chapter 1 Figure 1 World Ocean data base 2009, geographical distribution of (a) Phytoplankton (37,461 casts). (b) Zooplanktons (44,303 casts) White Point representing the northern Arabian Sea clutches of planktons. (Baranova et al 2009)………….………………………………....…......4 Chapter 2 Figure 1 Study site map showing collection sites in side Manora channel and outside Manora channel……………………..……………………........14 Figure 2 Sampling sites. HS (Harbor station), OC (Open Ocean) and mangrove forest stations HBM (Himalaya backwater mangrove) and SBM (Sandspit backwater mangrove)……………….………...………….……….……15 Figure 3 Annual fluctuation of physicochemical parameters (Temperature and Salinity) at all studied sites, HS and OC and two Mangrove sites HBM and SBM…………………………………………………….…………21 Figure 4. Annual variation in pH and dissolved oxygen (DO, mg-L-1) at HS, OC, HBM and SBM……………………………..……………………….….22 Figure 5. Annual variation between transparency (m) and TSS (mg-L-1) at HS, OC and mangrove sites HBM and SBM……………………………..……..23 Figure 6 Comparison of Annual variation in phytoplankton biomass (Chl a) between HS and OC and mangrove forests, HBM and SBM……….....24 Figure 7 Seasonal Shannon-Wiener Div ersity Index (Hˈ) and species richness (d) at HS, OC, HBM and SBM……………………………………………….31 Figure 8. Mean density (Ind. m-3) of the MZ community groups at studied stations during September and October (2012) at surface and 5m depth......…..32 iv Figure 9. Mean density (Ind. m-3) of the MZ community groups at studied stations during November and December (2012) at surface and 5m depth…….33 Figure 10. Mean density (Ind. m-3) of the MZ community groups at studied stations during January and February (2013) at surface and 5m depth………...34 Figure 11. Mean density (Ind. m-3) of the MZ community groups at studied stations during March and April (2013) at surface and 5m depth………………35 Figure 12. Mean density
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