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Národný Život Slovákov V Pešťbudíne V Rokoch 1850 – 1875

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Národný Život Slovákov V Pešťbudíne V Rokoch 1850 – 1875 ĽUBOŠ KAČÍREK Národný život Slovákov v Pešťbudíne v rokoch 1850 – 1875 narodny zivot Slovakov.indd 1 22. 6. 2016 16:19:06 Názov: Národný život Slovákov v Pešťbudíne v rokoch 1850 – 1875 Autor: © Mgr. Ľuboš Kačírek, PhD. Recenzenti: Doc. PhDr. Róbert Kiss Szemán, Ph.D. Doc. PaedDr. Miroslav Kmeť, PhD. Monografia vyšla s podporou nasledovných inštitúcií: Projekt Filozofickej fakulty UK v Bratislave FG14/2015, ŠPP prvok: O-15-105/0014-00 APVV-0199-12 „Historický atlas obyvateľstva Slovenska (18. – 1. pol. 20. storočia)“ Magyarországi Szlovákok Kutatóintézete Békescsaba / Výskumný ústav Slovákov v Maďarsku Békešská Čaba Kor/ridor Könyvek – Kor/ridor Knihy redaktor József Demmel grafická sadzba Pavol Tišliar anglické resumé Slavomír Čéplö maďarské resumé Judit Dobry Tlač: Croatica Budapest, 2016 ISBN 978-615-5330-06-3 narodny zivot Slovakov.indd 2 22. 6. 2016 16:19:06 Obsah Úvod ................................................................................................................ 5 1. Budín, Pešť a Pešťbudín Obraz dnešnej Budapešti v slovenskom vedomí v 19. storočí ....... 11 1.1 Rozmach mesta ....................................................................................... 13 1.2 Slováci v Pešťbudíne .............................................................................. 23 1.3 Sociálna štruktúra Slovákov v Pešťbudíne .......................................... 26 1.4 Pešťbudín ako „kotol národov“ ........................................................... 37 1.5 Pešťbudín ako sídlo neresti ................................................................... 46 1.6 Pešťbudín ako kultúrne centrum Slovákov ........................................ 51 2. Národný život Slovákov v Pešťbudíne v 1. polovici 19. storočia ....................................................................... 59 2.1 Slováci v Pešťbudíne .............................................................................. 60 2.2 Cirkevný život Slovákov ........................................................................ 65 2.2.1 Založenie slovenského evanjelického zboru v Pešti .................... 66 2.2.2 Postavenie katolíckych Slovákov .................................................... 84 2.3 Organizovanie národného života Slovákov v Pešťbudíne ................ 87 2.4 Koniec 40. rokov .................................................................................. 102 3. Slovenský život v Pešťbudíne v 50. rokoch ................................... 107 3.1 Slováci v Pešťbudíne ............................................................................ 109 3.2 Náboženské postavenie Slovákov v Pešťbudíne .............................. 125 3.2.1 Slovenský evanjelický zbor v 50. rokoch ..................................... 125 3.2.2 Postavenie slovenských katolíkov ................................................ 130 3.3 Národné aktivity pešťbudínskych Slovákov ..................................... 137 narodny zivot Slovakov.indd 3 22. 6. 2016 16:19:06 4. Obdobie po politickom uvoľnení (1859 – 1867) ........................... 154 4.1 Slováci v Pešťbudíne ............................................................................ 159 4.2 Náboženské postavenie Slovákov v Pešťbudíne .............................. 169 4.2.1 Slovenský evanjelický zbor v rokoch 1859 – 1867 ..................... 169 4.2.2 Postavenie slovenských katolíkov ................................................. 190 4.3 Slovenské periodiká v Pešťbudíne ..................................................... 193 4.4 Spoločenský život Slovákov v Pešťbudíne ....................................... 202 5. Národný život Slovákov v Pešťbudíne po vyrovnaní (1868 – 1875) ................................................................ 219 5.1 Slováci v Pešťbudíne ............................................................................ 221 5.2 Pešťbudín ako sídlo Novej školy slovenskej ..................................... 229 5.3 Náboženské postavenie Slovákov v Pešťbudíne .............................. 237 5.3.1 Slovenský evanjelický zbor po vyrovnaní .................................... 237 5.3.2 Postavenie slovenských katolíkov ................................................ 241 5.4 Slovenské periodiká v Pešťbudíne ..................................................... 246 5.5 Národná činnosť Slovákov v hlavnom meste v rokoch 1868 – 1875 ........................................................................... 262 5.5.1 Spoločenské podujatia ................................................................... 262 5.5.2 Spolková činnosť Slovákov .......................................................... 268 5.6 Útlm národných aktivít Slovákov v Budapešti (1874 – 1875) ......... 308 Záver ............................................................................................................ 314 Anglické rezumé ...................................................................................... 324 Maďarské rezumé ................................................................................... 338 Zoznam prameňov a literatúry ............................................................. 351 Zoznam obrazovej prílohy ..................................................................... 369 Slovenské názvy ulíc ................................................................................ 377 Menný register .......................................................................................... 378 4 narodny zivot Slovakov.indd 4 22. 6. 2016 16:19:06 Úvod Dnešná Budapešť – hlavné mesto Uhorska a Maďarska – oficiálne vznikla v roku 1873 spojením Budína, Starého Budína a Pešti. Pre toto súmestie spred vzniku Budapešti sa v slovenčine ustálil výraz Pešťbudín či Pešť-Budín, hoci s pomenovaním Budapešť sa môžeme ojedinele stretnúť v dobovej tlači aj skôr. Až do zániku Uhorska sa pomenovania Budapešť a Pešťbudín používali v slovenskej tlači ako synonymá. Ako synonymá ich viackrát používame aj tejto monografii, aby sme sa vyhli viacnásobnému opakovaniu rovnakého výrazu, aj keď striktne z odborného hľadiska je pomenovanie Budapešť vhodnejšie používať až od roku 1873. V nami sledovanom období bolo síce súmestie Budína a Pešti najväčšou mestskou aglomeráciou Uhorska, Pešťbudín však ešte nebol považovaný za európske veľkomesto. Tento proces nastal až po zjednotení Budína, konkrétne od 80. rokov 19. storočia, hoci veľký rozmach súmestia nastáva už od konca 18. storočia. V práci sa sústreďujeme na priblíženie slovenskej komunity v hlavnom meste v tretej štvrtine 19. storočia, od ukončenia revolúcie 1848/1849 a sociálnych a politických zmenách, ktoré priniesla revolúcia, po útlm národných aktivít Slovákov v roku 1875, zánik slovenských gymnázií a Matice slovenskej i Novej školy, politického 5 narodny zivot Slovakov.indd 5 22. 6. 2016 16:19:06 prúdu, ktorý sa pokúšal spolupracovať s uhorskou vládou. V slovenskom vedomí bol Pešťbudín, resp. Budapešť, považovaný za cudzie, pre Slovákov až neprajné mesto, čo v sledovanom období vrcholí práve v rokoch 1874 – 1875. V prvej kapitole približujeme vývoj mesta v 19. storočí a jeho vnímanie v slovenskej spoločnosti, resp. pohľad, ako ho vnímala a slovenskej verejnosti prezentovala slovenská inteligencia. Preto uvádzame aj viacero dobových úryvkov z dobovej tlače, publikovanej umeleckej literatúry a korešpondencie, aby si samotný čitateľ vytvoril obraz, ako bolo v tomto období vnímané hlavné mesto Uhorska a šírka verejne i privátne vyslovených názorov. Aby sme mohli komplexnejšie vnímať pôsobenie slovenskej komunity v hlavnom meste v rokoch 1850 – 1875, v druhej kapitole uvádzame počiatky formovania slovenskej komunity v meste, hlavne prínos Jána Kollára, zakladateľa miestneho slovenského evanjelického zboru, ktorý bol centrom a pilierom slovenskej komunity ešte v prvej polovici 20. storočia. Okrem Jána Kollára je toto obdobie pomerne dobre známe a spracované, aj keď parciálne a nie komplexne, vďaka pôsobeniu druhej generácie slovenských obrodencov, tzv. kollárovsko-hamuljakovskej generácie a činnosti Spolku milovníkov reči a literatúry slovenskej založenom v roku 1834. Samotné tretie štvrťstoročie 19. storočia, roky 1850 – 1875, rozdeľujú politické medzníky, resp. vojenské udalosti na tri obdobia. Obdobie po revolúcii 1848/1849, zjednodušene vymedzené 50. rokmi, kedy sa po prijatí marcových zákonov zásadným spôsobom mení uhorská spoločnosť, bolo deformované nástupom neoabsolutizmu (1852 – 1859). Ďalšie obdobie vymedzuje pád neoabsolutizmu a hľadanie transformácie habsburskej monarchie, zavŕšenej rakúsko-uhorským vyrovnaním (1859 – 1867). Podľa Cs. Gy. Kissa bol Pešťbudín práve v rokoch 1859 – 1868 najvýznamnejším centrom slovenského politického a duchovného života. Tretie obdobie vymedzujeme rokmi 1868 – 1875, kedy 6 narodny zivot Slovakov.indd 6 22. 6. 2016 16:19:06 sa po vyrovnaní hľadala v slovenskej spoločnosti politická cesta na spoluprácu s uhorskou vládou. Ako sa nakoniec ukázalo, bola to slepá cesta a na jej konci bol zánik slovenských gymnázií a Matice slovenskej ako najvýznamnejších celonárodných inštitúcií, ktoré si Slováci založili v 60. rokoch. Práve v tomto čase však zažíva slovenské hnutie, a zvlášť slovenská komunita v Pešťbudíne, obdobie rozmachu. Motív hlavného mesta po prvýkrát slovenskej verejnosti v literárnej podobe predstavil Ján Palárik v dráme Drotár (1860). V poézii a próze tento motív najvýraznejšie rozvíjal od roku 1873 Daniel Bachát. O živote Slovákov v Pešťbudíne od konca 50. do polovice 70. rokov 19. storočia sa nám zachovali dve memoárové spomienky, ktoré vyšli na začiatku 20. rokov 20. storočia
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