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Afrikas Weißes Gold. Ein Moderner Dreieckhandel Afrikanischer Rohstoff – Chinesische Verarbeitung – Europäischer Konsum

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Afrikas Weißes Gold. Ein Moderner Dreieckhandel Afrikanischer Rohstoff – Chinesische Verarbeitung – Europäischer Konsum Afrikas weißes Gold. Ein moderner Dreieckhandel Afrikanischer Rohstoff – chinesische Verarbeitung – europäischer Konsum Sabine Ferenschild > Inhalt Impressum Inhalt Siegburg, Mai 2014 1 Einführung 4 Herausgeber: SÜDWIND e.V. – 1.1 Die globale Baumwollproduktion 4 Institut für Ökonomie und Ökumene 1.2 Der Welthandel mit Baumwolle 5 Lindenstr. 58-60 53721 Siegburg 1.3 Baumwollpreise und Wettbewerbsfähigkeit 6 Tel.: +49 (0)2241-266090 1.4 Eine ‚Mauer aus Subventionen‘? 6 Fax: +49 (0)2241-2660922 1.5 Die Handelsunternehmen 8 [email protected] www.suedwind-institut.de 2 Vom Baumwollfeld zum Weltmarkt 8 Kampagne für Saubere Kleidung 2.1 Anbauregionen 8 c/o VEM 2.2 Anbau auf kleinen Farmen 9 Rudolfstraße 135 2.3 Ökologische Aspekte 11 42285 Wuppertal Tel.: +49 (0)202-89004316 2.4 Vom Feld in die Fabrik 12 Fax: +49 (0)202-89004-79 2.5 Von der Fabrik auf den Weltmarkt 13 [email protected] 2.6 Länderbeispiel Mali 15 www.saubere-kleidung.de 2.7 Zusammenfassung 16 INKOTA-netzwerk e.V. 3 Chinesisches Engagement in Afrika: Eine Win-Win-Situation? 17 Chrysanthemenstr. 1-3 10407 Berlin 3.1 Chinas Afrikapolitik – ein kurzer Überblick 17 Tel.: +49 (0)30-420 820 20 3.2 Die chinesische Baumwollpolitik und Afrika 18 Fax: +49 (0)30-420 820 210 3.2.1 Baumwolle und Textilien im sino-afrikanischen Handel 18 [email protected] www.inkota.de 3.2.2 Mindestpreise, Reserven und Quoten 20 3.3 Shenzhen in Afrika? 22 Autorin: Dr. Sabine Ferenschild 3.4 Zusammenfassung 23 Redaktion und Korrektur: Julia Ferenschild, Ricarda Stienhans, 4 Europa im textilen Dreieckhandel 23 Vera Schumacher V.i.S.d.P.: Martina Schaub Exkurs: Baumwolle aus Zwangsarbeit – Anbau in Usbekistan 24 4.1 Die europäische Baumwollproduktion – ein geschütztes System 26 Gestaltung und Satz: 4.2 Baumwollpartnerschaft zwischen EU und Afrika 27 www.pinger-eden.de 4.3 Cotton Made in Africa, Fairtrade und Better Cotton 28 4.4 Zusammenfassung 29 Titelfoto: Baumwollernte in Zorro Village, Burkina Faso, Foto: Ollivier 5 Ausblick 29 Girard for Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)/Flickr.com 6 Literaturverzeichnis 31 ISBN: 978-3-929704-85-3 Gefördert von ENGAGEMENT GLOBAL im Auftrag des Gefördert durch den Evangelischen Kirchenverband Köln und Region und die Evangelische Kirche im Rheinland. Der Herausgeber ist für den Inhalt allein verantwortlich. 2 Afrikas weißes Gold. Ein moderner Dreieckhandel > Abkürzungsverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis 1 Einführung 4 ACTIF African Cotton & Textile Industries Federation / Afrikanischer Verband der FOCAC Forum on China-Africa-Cooperation / 1.1 Die globale Baumwollproduktion 4 Baumwoll- und Textilindustrie Kooperationsforum China-Afrika 1.2 Der Welthandel mit Baumwolle 5 AECF Africa Enterprise Challenge Fund / gv gentechnisch veränderte 1.3 Baumwollpreise und Wettbewerbsfähigkeit 6 Afrikanischer Fonds zur Verbesserung ICAC International Cotton Advisory Commit- 1.4 Eine ‚Mauer aus Subventionen‘? 6 des Marktzugangs der Armen tee/ Internationaler Baumwollausschuss 1.5 Die Handelsunternehmen 8 BCI Better Cotton Initiative / Initiative zur ILO International Labor Organization / Förderung der nachhaltigen Produktion Internationale Arbeitsorganisation 2 Vom Baumwollfeld zum Weltmarkt 8 von Baumwolle ITC International Trade Centre / Internatio- CA Cotton China-Africa Cotton Development nale Zentralstelle für Handel 2.1 Anbauregionen 8 Limited / Chinesisch-Afrikanisches kbA kontrolliert biologischer Anbau 2.2 Anbau auf kleinen Farmen 9 Baumwollentwicklungsunternehmen lb libra / amerikanisches Pfund 2.3 Ökologische Aspekte 11 CADFund China Africa Development Fund / China- Mio. Millionen 2.4 Vom Feld in die Fabrik 12 Afrika-Entwicklungsfonds Mrd. Milliarden 2.5 Von der Fabrik auf den Weltmarkt 13 CIA Central Intelligence Agency / Amerikani- OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation 2.6 Länderbeispiel Mali 15 scher Geheimdienst and Development / Organisation für wirt- 2.7 Zusammenfassung 16 CFDT Compagnie francaise pour le développe- schaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Ent- ment des fibres textiles / Französische wicklung 3 Chinesisches Engagement in Afrika: Eine Win-Win-Situation? 17 Baumwollgesellschaft o. J. ohne Jahresangabe CMDT Compagnie malienne pour le dévelop- o. p. ohne Paginierung 3.1 Chinas Afrikapolitik – ein kurzer Überblick 17 pement des fibres textiles / Malische PAN Pestizid-Aktions-Netzwerk 3.2 Die chinesische Baumwollpolitik und Afrika 18 Baumwollgesellschaft SSA Sub-Sahara-Afrika 3.2.1 Baumwolle und Textilien im sino-afrikanischen Handel 18 CmiA Cotton Made in Africa SSI State of Sustainable Initiatives / Projekt 3.2.2 Mindestpreise, Reserven und Quoten 20 EC European Commission / Europäische zur Verbesserung des globalen Verständ- 3.3 Shenzhen in Afrika? 22 Kommission nisses von freiwilligen Nachhaltigkeits- 3.4 Zusammenfassung 23 EC DG European Commission Directorate initiativen General for Trade / Europäische Kommis- SYCOV Syndicat des Producteurs du Coton et 4 Europa im textilen Dreieckhandel 23 sion, Generaldirektion Handel du Vivrier /Nationale Vereinigung der Eurostat Statistisches Amt der Europäischen Baumwoll- und Nahrungsmittel- Exkurs: Baumwolle aus Zwangsarbeit – Anbau in Usbekistan 24 Union ProduzentInnen Malis 4.1 Die europäische Baumwollproduktion – ein geschütztes System 26 ECOWAS Economic Community of West African TaGAF Tanzania Gender and Agriculture Forum 4.2 Baumwollpartnerschaft zwischen EU und Afrika 27 States / Westafrikanische Wirtschafts- / Projekt in Tansania zur Unterstützung 4.3 Cotton Made in Africa, Fairtrade und Better Cotton 28 gemeinschaft der Genderpraxis in der Landwirtschaft 4.4 Zusammenfassung 29 FAMAB Fabrique Malienne d‘Aliment Bétail / UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Malisches Tierfutterunternehmen Development / Konferenz der Vereinten 5 Ausblick 29 FAO Food and Agriculture Organization / Nationen für Handel und Entwicklung Ernährungs- und Landwirtschaftsorga- UN United Nations / Vereinte Nationen 6 Literaturverzeichnis 31 nisation der Vereinten Nationen VR China Volksrepublik China FCFA Franc des Colonies françaises d‘Afrique / WTO World Trade Organization / Welt- Westafrikanischer Franc (Währung) handelsorganisation 3 Afrikanischer Rohstoff – chinesische Verarbeitung – europäischer Konsum > 1 Einführung 1 Einführung Wie kein anderer Kontinent dient Afrika einerseits als na? Diesen Fragen soll im Folgenden am Beispiel des Sinnbild für großen Reichtum an natürlichen Ressour- afrikanischen Baumwollsektors nachgegangen wer- cen und Land, andererseits für anhaltende Armut und den. Mit der Baumwollproduktion in Sub-Sahara-Af- fehlende Perspektiven. Kein Wunder also, dass Afrika rika nimmt SÜDWIND einen der Schlüsselsektoren im im Fokus sowohl ökonomischer (Rohstoffsicherung) als Bereich der Armutsbekämpfung in den Blick. Da afri- auch entwicklungspolitischer (Armutsbekämpfung) kanische Baumwolle außerdem zu großen Teilen in die Interessen der klassischen Industrieländer steht. In den Zentren der globalen Textil- und Bekleidungsprodukti- letzten Jahren rückte mit der Volksrepublik China in on exportiert wird, ist sie für diese chinesische Schlüs- beiden Bereichen ein neuer Akteur auf das afrikanische selindustrie von großer Bedeutung. Und schließlich ‚Spielfeld‘, der von europäischer Seite sehr kritisch be- hat die Europäische Union nicht nur als Konsumentin äugt wird: Der Volksrepublik China käme es mit Blick der verarbeiteten afrikanischen Baumwolle eine Rolle auf Afrika vor allem auf Rohstoffsicherung an, men- in diesem Dreieckhandel zwischen Afrika, China und schenrechtliche oder entwicklungspolitische Kriterien Europa, sondern auch als Partnerin Afrikas im Rahmen spielten keine Rolle im chinesischen Afrikaengage- der seit dem Jahr 2004 bestehenden ‚Baumwollpartner- ment, dementsprechend kooperiere China auch ohne schaft EU-Afrika‘. Vorbehalte mit Diktatoren, so häufig geäußerte Ein- schätzungen (vgl. u.a. Detsch 2013: 1f.). Bevor diese Dreiecksbeziehung aber genauer betrach- tet wird, soll zunächst ein kurzer Überblick zum inter- Wie weit trägt diese Kritik? Welche belastbaren Fakten nationalen Baumwollsektor gegeben werden, um die liegen ihr zugrunde? Verhält sich die Europäische Uni- Rolle der afrikanischen Staaten in diesem Sektor besser on im Blick auf Afrika qualitativ anders als die VR Chi- verstehen zu können. > 1.1 Die globale Baumwollproduktion Baumwolle macht nur 0,1 % des gesamten Welthandels Tabelle 1: Die größten Anbauländer von aus, aber viele Länder tragen zur Baumwollproduktion Baumwolle im Jahr 2013 (in 1.000 Tonnen) bei: In 72 Ländern weltweit wurde laut Internationalem Baumwollausschuss (ICAC - International Cotton Ad- Land Produktion visory Committee) im Jahr 2013 Baumwolle angebaut. Insgesamt produzierten diese Länder auf einer Fläche China 6.700 von knapp 33 Mio. Hektar Baumwolle. Die Gesamtpro- Indien 6.468 duktion von knapp 25,7 Mio. Tonnen konzentrierte USA 2.853 sich weitgehend auf fünf große Produzentenländer: Pakistan 2.026 China, Indien, die USA, Pakistan und Brasilien bauten Brasilien 1.590 zusammen fast 73 % der Weltproduktion an. Australien 995 Usbekistan 920 28 Anbauländer von Baumwolle liegen in Afrika. Außer Türkei 880 Ägypten befinden sich alle afrikanischen Baumwoll- Turkmenistan 311 produzenten in Sub-Sahara-Afrika, wo die Baumwoll- Afrika gesamt 1.339 felder knapp 4,2 Mio. Hektar Land belegen (vgl. ICAC 2013). Quelle: ICAC 2013; Zahlen auf volle Tonnen gerundet Im weltweiten Durchschnitt werden 576 Kilogramm Flächenerträge in den letzten Jahren gesteigert haben, pro Hektar Baumwolle geerntet, doch die Erträge sind ist der durchschnittliche
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