Habitats and Biodiversity of Decapod Crustaceans in the SE Gulf of California, México
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Rev. Biol. Trop., 44(2): 603-617,1996 Habitats and biodiversity of decapod crustaceans in the SE Gulf of California, México Michel E. Hendrickx Estación Mazatlán, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, UNAM. Apdo. Postal 811, Mazatlán 82000 Sinaloa, México. (Rec. 24-1-1995. Rev. 24-V-1995. Accep. 2-VI-1995) Abstract: Samples of benthic macro-fauna were obtained in different habitats along and off the coast of Southern Sinaloa, Gulf of California, Mexico, from 1978 to 1991. Qccurrence of species of decapod crnstaceanswas registered for six habitats, fromthe intertidal to depth of 1200 m. A total of 299 species were collected, belonging to 53 farnilies and including 17 species of Penaeoidea, 45 of Caridea, 6 of Thalassinidea, 5 of Palinura, 1 of Astacidea, 63 of Anomura, and 162 of Brachyura. Number of species varied considerably from one habitat to another. Highest biodiver sity was observed in the Bay of Mazatlán, with 121 species, followed by the continental shelf and the rocky intertidal (107 species each), the estuarine/coasta1 lagoons (48 species), the upper slope (18 species) and the sandy beaches (9 species). Qne species was found to be strictly insular-terrestrialand two are primarilyassociated with the flotsam. The results of this survey were compared with distribution data available for decapod crnstaceans fauna from the SE Gulf of California and the Eastern Tropical Pacific zoogeographic region (ETP). The fauna collected represents 82% of the species cited for the area for coastal and shallow subtidal habitats (to ca. 115 m depth) and 57.6% of deep-water (> 200 m) species known to occur in the Gulf of California. Except in two cases, similarity indices (SI) based on number of species common to any pair of habitats were all very low. Continental shelf and the Bay of Mazatlán have 57 species in cornmon (SI = 0.50), while rocky shore habitat and the Bay of Mazatlán share 27 species (SI = 0.24). Comparative studies of decapod crustaceans cornmunities for the ETP arealmost lacking alltogether. Available data,however, indi cate that biodiversity observed in Southern Sinaloa is so far the highest on record for marine and brackish-water habi tats for a given section of this tropical zoogeographic region. Key words: Decapod crustaceans, biodiversity, habitats, Gulf of California. Subtropical and tropical marine inverte are found in the data". The same authors (op. brates communities are largely undescribed. cit.) emphasized the urgent need for an increase This is due fundamentally to the complexity of of comprehensive surveys and inventories species-rich habitats found in tropical seas as which would require, as a basic tool, closer well as to a lack of trained scientists and insti cooperation between major taxonomic institu tutional infrastructure in many countries bor tions and training of a large number of paratax dering them. Consequently, present knowledge onomists to collect and document specimens. of many tropical marine communities is far Taxonomic lists and biodiversity studies in spe from being adequate, and it might never be so cific habitats serve as points of departure for considering their present rate of alteration by (among others) studying the structure of food the increased frequency and intensity of anthro chains, the relative abundance of species, and pogenic damage (Hatcher et al. 1989), As stat number of species or total number of organisms ed by McNeely et al. (1990), "As more taxo of variousphysical sizes (May 1992). Although nomic and survey work is done [ ... ] more new invertebrate groups often include small and discoveries are made ... [and] ... more new gaps obscure species, they must be counted along 604 REVISTA DE BIOLOGIA TROPICAL with other living resources requiring conserva and sorne species penetrate into the Gulf of tion and careful management (Beattie 1994). California, along one or both coast. The This is of paramount importance when one endemic component of the Gulf, which considers that conservation practice in poorly accounts for 15.3% (Gulf of California proper) known areas of the tropics cannot be organized to 17.5% (Cortez Province, extended to or reinforced without r�liable inventory of Magdalena Bay) of the known species of deca resources and human activities (Hatcher et al. pod crustaceans, also represents an important 1989). Two thirds of world population inhabits factor as mai1y endemics have their southern coastal areas, and while most tropical countries most distribution limit elose to or at the Gulf of are still developing or testing their strategies of California southern limito Nevertheless, it is resources exploitation, their rapid development now clearly recognized that the SE Gulf of and population growth has already had a signif California macrofauna is predominantly influ icant effect on resources utilization and a nega enced by the highly diverse tropical fauna of tive impact on natural coastal ecosystems Panamic origin (Brusca 1980, van der Heiden (Birkeland 1987, Hatcher et al. 1989). and Findley 1989,Hendrickx 1992a,1993b). The Gulf of California,is now widely recog Considering the urgent need to develop a nized as a zoogeographic province of the strategy for conservation of shallow tropical Eastern Pacific tropical region (see Brusca and marine ecosystems from anthropogenic dam Wallerstein 1979, Hendrickx 1992a, 1993a). ages, and the necessity to establish a source of Information dealing with its benthic decapod information to be used as a reliable reference of crustaceans fauna has increased dramatically in data in future comparative studies, a long-term the last ten years (see Hendrickx 1993a, sampling program was developed in Southern 1994b). Recent biodiversity studies on this Sinaloa in 1979. Marine and estuarine shallow group of invertebrates indicate that: 1) As water systems were routinely sampled, inelud many as 580 species are found in the Cortes ing the continental shelf and the upper slope to Province (Gulf of California and SW tip of about 1200 m depth. This paper presents the Baja California Peninsula); 2) This is the high results of this survey, and it is believed to be est biodiversity recognized to date for any pre the first to document the repartition of a given viously defined zoogeographic unit in the group of marine invertebrates - the decapod whole eastern tropical region (Mexico to north crustaceans - in a multi-habitats tropical coastal ern Peru), where approximately 930 species of area from the West coast of America. decapod crustaceans are known to occur; 3) Southern Sinaloa appears as one of the richest coastal and marine ecosystems, with 350 DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA species (Hendrickx 1993a, 1993b, 1993c); 4) Deep-water (> 200 m) decapod crustaceans in The area designated herein as "Southern the eastern Pacific Ocean number 183 species Sinaloa" extends from Teacapan (22°30'N) to (Wicksten 1989), of which 100 occur within North of the Altata lagoon complex (24°40'N) the limits of the Eastern Tropical Pacific (Fig. 1) along approximately 280 km of coast (ETP); furthermore, review of Wicksten's data lineo It is located in the southeastern section of and of precise ranges of these deep-water the Gulf of California and ineludes major habi species in the Gulf of California allowed tats such as sandy and rocky shores, coastal Hendrickx (1990) to conclude that only 26 lagoons and estuaries, a large semi-protected species were known to be present off the coast bay (the Bay of Mazatlán) and a gentIy slopping of Sonora-Sinaloa. Seven species were recently soft and mixed bottom continental shelf added to that list (Hendrickx 1995c). (Hendrickx, 1986a, 1992a). The upper slope is From a zoogeographic stand point, the ben found further offshore. The sandy shore habitat thic macrofauna of the southern Gulf of dominates the coastal area,with long and narrow California is under the influence of three major stretches of beaches interrupted by rivers mouth faunistic components. The warm temperate or coastal-lagoons inlets. Of these, most corre Californian fauna partly extends south of the spond to seasonaIly overflowing coastaI lagoons recognized California Province southern or river heads that dry up from December to boundary (Magdalena Bay, Baja California) May-June and accumulate water during the HENDRICKX: Habitats and biodiversity of decapod crustaceans 605 rainy season. Several major rivers connect to the One of the most interesting ecosystem in the sea all year round. Major coastal lagoons also area is the Bay of MazatIán, a semi-enclosed connect permanently to the sea, sometimes body of water extending over approximately 40 tbrough artificially maintained channels. Smaller km2, with tbree major islands and two emerging coastal lagoons are connected permanentIy to rocks. The shore is mostIy sandy with several the sea via an estuary, but most present a closed rocky points and sorne large extension of rocky inlet that open only seasonally, generally during beaches found next to the hills and on the flooding periods, when accumulated rain water, islands. Below about 5 m depth and irnmediate high tides and heavy waves generated by tropi ly in front of the sandy beaches, the bottom is cal depressions off the Pacific coast of Mexico, made of coarse and medium sand which is pro combine to wash away the sand bar. gressively replaced offshore with finer sand mixed with variable amount of silt and clay (Orozco-Romo 1980). Maximum depths of 14- • OFFSHOAE S'.'IONS " ::�: SAMPUNO 15 m are found just beyond the islands, although depthsof up to 20 m occur in the nav igation channel at the harbor entrance. The study area is under direct influence of the warm tropical Mexican Coastal Current in the summer (May to September). Shallow coastal water experience a considerable decrease in temperature during the winter (October to April) due to the infIuence of southwards flowing currents north of Cape Corrientes and local upwelling produced by northerly winds (Alvaréz-Borrego 1983, Hendrickx et al.