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Insect Pests of Fruits, Plantation, Medicinal & Aromatic Crops Class

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Insect Pests of Fruits, Plantation, Medicinal & Aromatic Crops Class Title of the course : Insect pests of Fruits, Plantation, Medicinal & Aromatic Crops Class : 2nd Year 2nd Sem Title of the topic : Insect pests of Citrus & their Management College : College of Horticulture, Rehli Name of Teacher : Dr. S.K.Mishra Citrus occupies third position after mango and banana in fruit production in India. India ranks fifth in production of citrus fruits in world. About 250 insect and mite species have beenSr. reportedCommon causing Name damage to Sciecitrusntific plants. Name Family Order No. Papilio demoleus Diaphorina citri 1 Lemon butterfly Phyllocnistis citrella Papilionidae Lepidoptera 2 Citrus psylla Dialeurodes citri Psyllidae Hemiptera 3 Leaf miner Aleurocanthus woghlumi Phyllocnistidae Lepidoptera 4 Whitefly Eudocima (Othreis) fullonica Aleurodidae Hemiptera Blackfly Eudocima (Othreis) materna 5 Fruit sucking Achoea janata Noctuidae Lepidoptera moth Toxoptera aurantii Aonidiella aurantii 6 Aphid Planococcus citri Aphididae Hemiptera 7 Citrus red scale Scirtothrips dorsalis Coccidae Hemiptera 8 Mealy bugs Indarbela quadrinotata Pseudococcidae Hemiptera 9 Thrips Virachola isocrates Thripidae Thysanoptera 10 Bark borer Tetranychus citri Metarbelidae Lepidoptera 11 Fruit borer Lymantridae Lepidoptera 12 Red mite Lemon butterfly Tetranychidae Acarina (Papilio demoleus) Distribution It causes severe damage to citrus particularly in nurseries. Host range : It is distributed from North Australia to Arabia, including Iran, Pakistan, MarksIndia, Sri of Lanka,identif Bangladesh,ication : Mynmar, China, Taiwan, South-East Asia. : All citrus species and other plants like bael, ber, curry leaves, bawachi etc. Butterfly has yellow and black markings on wings. Larva is green Bioin colour-ecology and: measures 38 mm, when disturbed they protrude two fleshy horns from the neck. A female lays about 70-180 eggs singly on tender leaves. Eggs hatch in 3 -7 days. Larva develops in 2 weeks and Pupates on plant remaining attached by silken threads. Pupal period is 10-15 days, may extend upto 2-3 months in winter. The life cycle is completed in 3-6 weeks in summer and 13-15 weeks in winter. There are 4-6 generations in a year. Pest is active in monsoon season. Nature of damage : Management practicesCaterpillars feed on tender leaves right upto the midrib and defoliate the .plants in case of severe infestation. Bacillus thuringiensis: . Hand picking of caterpillars in early stage of infestation. Spray @ 20 g/10 lit. water. Spray Quinalphos 25 EC @ 30 ml Leafor Thiodicarb miner 75 WP @ 10 g per 10 lit. water. (Phyllocnistis citrella) Most destructive pest, active in monsoon , infestation noticed in seedling stage. The Distributionpest is suspected to be responsible for the spread of bacterial infection causing 'citrus Hostcanker'. plants : Marks of identification: It is found all: over the orient from Africa to Australia. All citrus species. Moths are small, silver white colour, forewings with brown Biostripe-ecology and prominent: black spot near the tip. Caterpillar is yellow in colour with brown mandibles. A single female Lys about 36-76 eggs. Eggs are laid singly on underside of leaves and hatch in 3-6 days. Larval development takes place in 1-2 weeks and pupates inside the larval mines of leaves. Pupal period is 3-4 weeks. Total life cycle is completed in Nature12-55 days. of damage About 9: -13 generations are completed in a year. Pest is active in monsoon season. Population of the pest decreases during hot summer months. On hatching larva feeds on leaf tissues between upper and lower Managementsurfaces of leaves practices making: glistening zigzag tunnels. The leaves turn pale, curl and finally dry.. Besides, mined leaves may get bacterial infection which leads to 'citrus canker'. Removal of infested leaves and their proper disposal. Soil application of Carbofuron 3 G @ 50 Kg or Phorate 10 G @ 15 Kg/ha. Spray Acephate 75 SP @ 15 g or Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 2.5 ml or Thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 1 g/ 10 lit. water as soon as attack is noticed. Citrus psylla (Diaphorina citri) DistributionMost destructive of all pests of citrus, Also transmit "Greening malady", a Hostmicoplasma plants disease: in citrus. Marks of identification: It is found :throughout tropical and subtropical Asia and the Far East. Citrus and other plants belonging to Rutaceae. Bio-ecology : Adults are small, dark brown in colour. Wings are folded like roof over body. About 800 eggs are laid in leaf axis and hatch in 4-6 days in summer and 22 days in winter. Nymph develops in 2 weeks in summer and 3-4 weeks in winter. Adult longevity may extend over 6 months. The developmental period from egg to adult takes 15 Naturedays in summerof damage and: 47 days in winter. There are 9 generations in a year. Pests overwinter in adult stage. Both nymph and adult suck the cell sap from tender leaves, shoot and Managementbuds, which as practices a result :curl, dry up and ultimately drop down. Complete crop failure is reported. in case of servere infestation. Spray Oxydemeton-methyl 25 EC @ 10 ml or Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 1 ml or Thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 1 g/10 lit. water as soon as new sprouts appear in June and January. Whitefly (Dialeurodes citri) Blackfly (Aleurocanthus woglumi) D. citri DistributionWhitefly, is common in occurrence and destructive pest of citrus. It causes Host'Kolshi' range in citrus: and reduces plant vigour. Marks of identification: It is distributed: in Asia, Africa, Central America. Whitefly Citrus, cotton, castor, banana, coffee and some ornamental plants. : Adults are minute insect with yellowish body and red eyes. Wings are white or Blackflygreyish, covered : with mealy secretions. Nymphs and pupae are oval shaped, scale like and Bioblackish-ecology with: marginal bristle like fringes. Smaller in size and black in colour. A female lays about 200 eggs. Eggs are laid on underside of leaves and hatch in 10 days. Nymph develops in 3-10 weeks and forms pseudo pupa (quescent stage) on Natureunderside of ofdamage leaves,:pupal period is 16-22 weeks. The total life cycle is complted in 20-33 weeks. Two generations are complted in a year. Nymphs and adults suck the cell sap from leaves, as a result leaves wither and turn brownish. Nymphs excrete honey dew on which black sooty mould Managementdevelops .The blackishpractices coating: commonly called "Kolshi". Fruit setting is adversely affected in case. of severe infestation. Spray Oxydemeton-methyl 25 EC @ 10 ml or Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 10 ml/10 lit. water. Fruit sucking moth (Eudocima (Othreis) fullonica, E. (Othreis) materna, Achoea janata) Distribution Host rangeMoths: puncture the fruits and cause fruit rot. : These are distributed in Asia, Africa, Australia. Marks of identificationLarva feeds on: leaves of gulvel and vasanvel and moth feeds on fruits of citrus mango, pomegranate, grape, cashewnut etc. E .fullonica Moth is large sized withE. maternaforewings grey or brown, hind wings Bioorange-ecology or yellow: with black spot in the center and marginal dark bands. Kidney shape black spots in and round black spots in A female lays about 300 eggs on leaves of weeds such as Gulvel, Vasanvel etc. The eggs hatch in 3-4 days. Larva is semilooper and 5 cm long. Larval development Kharifcomplete in 20 days and enters in soil for pupation. The adult emerges in 9 days from pupa. NatureThe life cycleof damage is complted: in 4-6 weeks. There are 2-3 generations in a year. Pest is active in season. Management practicesMoths: are nocturnal and seen flying in orchards after dusk. They puncture. ripening fruits & suck the juice. Bacterial infection causes rotting of infested fruit. Eradication of host plants viz. gulvel and vasanvel. Smoke the orchards in evening hours. Poison baiting (20 ml malathion 50 EC + 200 g jaggary + 2 lit. water). Bagging of fruits with paper or cloth bags. Quick removal and disposal of fallen fruits. Collect and destroy moths by usingCitrus light. aphid (Toxoptera aurantii) Distribution Toxoptera aurantii Host range : is found in all the warmer parts of the world. : The black citrus aphids is the chief pest of citrus species but occur Markssporadically of identification on custard apple, jack fruit, tamarind, drumstick, coffee, tea and some ornamental plants. Bio-ecology : Young ones are brown in colour. Two short tube like structures on dorso-lateral side of the latter half of abdomen know as cornicles. : Reproduction is parthenogenetic and viviparous. A female reproduce 1 to 16 nymphs per day and lays more than 100 in a life period of 12 to 33 days. The nymphs moult four times and become adult, the period varying from 4 to 16 days depending upono temperature and food conditions. A generationo normally takes only 6 to 8 days but at 15 C Natureit takes ofas damagelong as 3 weeks and at 25 C only 6 days. There are about 12 generations in a year. : Both nymphs and adults suck cell sap from leaves and tender shoots. This impairs the vitality of the tree and cause severe curling and deformation of young leaves resulting into stunted growth of leaves and twigs.Capnodium Feeding also results premature falling of fruits and reduces their quality, which fetches poor price in the market. Besides, it Managementsecretes honeydew practices that attracts black sooty mould ( sp.) fungus, affecting photosynthesis.. Also these aphids are the principal virus vector of Triesteza virus. Conserve natural enemies. Spray Dimethoate 30 EC or Oxydemeton methyl 25 EC or Monocrotophos 36 SL @ 10 ml / 10 lit. water. Citrus red scale (Aonidiella aurantii) DistributionThe scale is also known as California red scale because it constitutes the chief pest of citrus in California (USA). : The pest is one of the most destructive of all scales and native of India. Now it has spread all over citrus growing countries except West Africa. Host range Acacia Eucalyptus shisham : The scale is reported to attack 86 host plant species. In India, it feeds on , Hibiscus, Fig, grape, rose, , willow, avocado, mulberry, castor, bean, Marksjasmine, ofnight identification shade, banana, coconut, Loquat, mango, olive, pear, pistachio, quince, walnut, carnation, , oleander, scotch broom, aloes, ash asparagus and cotton wood.
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