Title of the course : pests of Fruits, Plantation, Medicinal & Aromatic Crops Class : 2nd Year 2nd Sem Title of the topic : Insect pests of Citrus & their Management College : College of Horticulture, Rehli Name of Teacher : Dr. S.K.Mishra

Citrus occupies third position after mango and banana in fruit production in . India ranks fifth in production of citrus fruits in world. About 250 insect and mite species have beenSr. reportedCommon causing Name damage to Sciecitrusntific plants. Name Family Order No. Papilio demoleus Diaphorina citri 1 Lemon butterfly Phyllocnistis citrella Papilionidae 2 Citrus psylla Dialeurodes citri Psyllidae Hemiptera 3 Leaf miner Aleurocanthus woghlumi Phyllocnistidae Lepidoptera 4 Whitefly Eudocima (Othreis) fullonica Aleurodidae Hemiptera Blackfly Eudocima (Othreis) materna 5 Fruit sucking Achoea janata Noctuidae Lepidoptera Toxoptera aurantii Aonidiella aurantii 6 Aphid Planococcus citri Aphididae Hemiptera 7 Citrus red scale Scirtothrips dorsalis Coccidae Hemiptera 8 Mealy bugs Indarbela quadrinotata Pseudococcidae Hemiptera 9 Thrips Virachola isocrates Thripidae Thysanoptera 10 Bark borer Tetranychus citri Metarbelidae Lepidoptera 11 Fruit borer Lymantridae Lepidoptera 12 Red mite Lemon butterfly Tetranychidae Acarina (Papilio demoleus)

Distribution It causes severe damage to citrus particularly in nurseries. Host range : It is distributed from North Australia to Arabia, including Iran, , MarksIndia, Sri of Lanka,identif ,ication : Mynmar, , Taiwan, South-East Asia. : All citrus species and other plants like bael, ber, curry leaves, bawachi etc. Butterfly has yellow and black markings on wings. Larva is green Bioin colour-ecology and: measures 38 mm, when disturbed they protrude two fleshy horns from the neck. A female lays about 70-180 eggs singly on tender leaves. Eggs hatch in 3 -7 days. Larva develops in 2 weeks and Pupates on plant remaining attached by silken threads. Pupal period is 10-15 days, may extend upto 2-3 months in winter. The life cycle is completed in 3-6 weeks in summer and 13-15 weeks in winter. There are 4-6 generations in a year. Pest is active in monsoon season. Nature of damage :

Management practicesCaterpillars feed on tender leaves right upto the midrib and defoliate the .plants in case of severe infestation. . Bacillus thuringiensis: . Hand picking of caterpillars in early stage of infestation. Spray @ 20 g/10 lit. water. Spray Quinalphos 25 EC @ 30 ml Leafor Thiodicarb miner 75 WP @ 10 g per 10 lit. water. (Phyllocnistis citrella)

Most destructive pest, active in monsoon , infestation noticed in seedling stage. The Distributionpest is suspected to be responsible for the spread of bacterial infection causing 'citrus Hostcanker'. plants : Marks of identification: It is found all: over the orient from Africa to Australia. All citrus species. are small, silver white colour, forewings with brown Biostripe-ecology and prominent: black spot near the tip. Caterpillar is yellow in colour with brown mandibles. A single female Lys about 36-76 eggs. Eggs are laid singly on underside of leaves and hatch in 3-6 days. Larval development takes place in 1-2 weeks and pupates inside the larval mines of leaves. Pupal period is 3-4 weeks. Total life cycle is completed in Nature12-55 days. of damage About 9: -13 generations are completed in a year. Pest is active in monsoon season. Population of the pest decreases during hot summer months. On hatching larva feeds on leaf tissues between upper and lower Managementsurfaces of leaves practices making: glistening zigzag tunnels. The leaves turn pale, curl and finally dry.. Besides, mined leaves may get bacterial infection which leads to 'citrus canker'. . . Removal of infested leaves and their proper disposal. Soil application of Carbofuron 3 G @ 50 Kg or Phorate 10 G @ 15 Kg/ha. Spray Acephate 75 SP @ 15 g or Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 2.5 ml or Thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 1 g/ 10 lit. water as soon as attack is noticed. Citrus psylla (Diaphorina citri)

DistributionMost destructive of all pests of citrus, Also transmit "Greening malady", a Hostmicoplasma plants disease: in citrus. Marks of identification: It is found :throughout tropical and subtropical Asia and the Far East. Citrus and other plants belonging to Rutaceae. Bio-ecology : Adults are small, dark brown in colour. Wings are folded like roof over body. About 800 eggs are laid in leaf axis and hatch in 4-6 days in summer and 22 days in winter. Nymph develops in 2 weeks in summer and 3-4 weeks in winter. Adult longevity may extend over 6 months. The developmental period from egg to adult takes 15 Naturedays in summerof damage and: 47 days in winter. There are 9 generations in a year. Pests overwinter in adult stage. Both nymph and adult suck the cell sap from tender leaves, shoot and Managementbuds, which as practices a result : curl, dry up and ultimately drop down. Complete crop failure is reported. in case of servere infestation.

Spray Oxydemeton-methyl 25 EC @ 10 ml or Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 1 ml or Thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 1 g/10 lit. water as soon as new sprouts appear in June and January. Whitefly (Dialeurodes citri) Blackfly (Aleurocanthus woglumi)

D. citri

DistributionWhitefly, is common in occurrence and destructive pest of citrus. It causes Host'Kolshi' range in citrus: and reduces plant vigour. Marks of identification: It is distributed: in Asia, Africa, Central America. Whitefly Citrus, cotton, castor, banana, coffee and some ornamental plants.

: Adults are minute insect with yellowish body and red eyes. Wings are white or Blackflygreyish, covered : with mealy secretions. Nymphs and pupae are oval shaped, scale like and Bioblackish-ecology with: marginal bristle like fringes. Smaller in size and black in colour. A female lays about 200 eggs. Eggs are laid on underside of leaves and hatch in 10 days. Nymph develops in 3-10 weeks and forms pseudo pupa (quescent stage) on Natureunderside of ofdamage leaves,:pupal period is 16-22 weeks. The total life cycle is complted in 20-33 weeks. Two generations are complted in a year. Nymphs and adults suck the cell sap from leaves, as a result leaves wither and turn brownish. Nymphs excrete honey dew on which black sooty mould Managementdevelops .The blackishpractices coating: commonly called "Kolshi". Fruit setting is adversely affected in case. of severe infestation.

Spray Oxydemeton-methyl 25 EC @ 10 ml or Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 10 ml/10 lit. water. Fruit sucking moth (Eudocima (Othreis) fullonica, E. (Othreis) materna, Achoea janata)

Distribution Host rangeMoths: puncture the fruits and cause fruit rot. : These are distributed in Asia, Africa, Australia. Marks of identificationLarva feeds on: leaves of gulvel and vasanvel and moth feeds on fruits of citrus mango, pomegranate, grape, cashewnut etc. E .fullonica Moth is large sized withE. materna forewings grey or brown, hind wings Bioorange-ecology or yellow: with black spot in the center and marginal dark bands. Kidney shape black spots in and round black spots in A female lays about 300 eggs on leaves of weeds such as Gulvel, Vasanvel etc. The eggs hatch in 3-4 days. Larva is semilooper and 5 cm long. Larval development Kharifcomplete in 20 days and enters in soil for pupation. The adult emerges in 9 days from pupa. NatureThe life cycle of damage is complted: in 4-6 weeks. There are 2-3 generations in a year. Pest is active in season. Management practicesMoths: are nocturnal and seen flying in orchards after dusk. They puncture. ripening fruits & suck the juice. Bacterial infection causes rotting of infested fruit. . . Eradication of host plants viz. gulvel and vasanvel. . Smoke the orchards in evening hours. . Poison baiting (20 ml malathion 50 EC + 200 g jaggary + 2 lit. water). . Bagging of fruits with paper or cloth bags. Quick removal and disposal of fallen fruits. Collect and destroy moths by usingCitrus light. aphid (Toxoptera aurantii)

Distribution Toxoptera aurantii Host range : is found in all the warmer parts of the world. : The black citrus aphids is the chief pest of citrus species but occur Markssporadically of identification on custard apple, jack fruit, tamarind, drumstick, coffee, tea and some ornamental plants. Bio-ecology : Young ones are brown in colour. Two short tube like structures on dorso-lateral side of the latter half of abdomen know as cornicles. : Reproduction is parthenogenetic and viviparous. A female reproduce 1 to 16 nymphs per day and lays more than 100 in a life period of 12 to 33 days. The nymphs moult four times and become adult, the period varying from 4 to 16 days depending upono temperature and food conditions. A generationo normally takes only 6 to 8 days but at 15 C Natureit takes ofas damagelong as 3 weeks and at 25 C only 6 days. There are about 12 generations in a year. : Both nymphs and adults suck cell sap from leaves and tender shoots. This impairs the vitality of the tree and cause severe curling and deformation of young leaves resulting into stunted growth of leaves and twigs.Capnodium Feeding also results premature falling of fruits and reduces their quality, which fetches poor price in the market. Besides, it Managementsecretes honeydew practices that attracts black sooty mould ( sp.) fungus, affecting photosynthesis.. Also these aphids are the principal virus vector of Triesteza virus. . Conserve natural enemies. Spray Dimethoate 30 EC or Oxydemeton methyl 25 EC or Monocrotophos 36 SL @ 10 ml / 10 lit. water. Citrus red scale (Aonidiella aurantii)

DistributionThe scale is also known as California red scale because it constitutes the chief pest of citrus in California (USA). : The pest is one of the most destructive of all scales and native of India. Now it has spread all over citrus growing countries except West Africa. Host range Acacia Eucalyptus shisham : The scale is reported to attack 86 host plant species. In India, it feeds on , Hibiscus, Fig, grape, rose, , willow, avocado, mulberry, castor, bean, Marksjasmine, ofnight identification shade, banana, coconut, Loquat, mango, olive, pear, pistachio, quince, walnut, carnation, , oleander, scotch broom, aloes, ash asparagus and cotton wood. : The female scale is reiniform in shape, red in colour and measures 1.8 x 1.9 or 2 mm in size with distinct centrally located exuviae. The males are Biosimilar-ecology to female except after first moults it becomes elongated and possesses one pair of distinct purplish eyes. : The pest is active throughout the year, but its attack is maximum during autumn. A fertilized female produces more than 100 or 150 young ones, viviparously. The young ones known as “Crawlers” emerge from beneath the female. The female produces 2 to 3 nymphs a day for two months. The female nymphs during development moults two times. The first moult occurs in 7 to 20 days and the second moult occurs after 12 to 20 days. The wingless female becomes mature after a period of 10 to 15 days. The male crawler unlike female develops in a different manner. After first moult its shape elongate with a nipple on one side. In second moult the pre-pupa is observed and in Naturethird moult of damageit changes to pupa. In fourth moult the winged adult male emerges beneath the scale covering. The period from nymphs to adult takes about 1 to 2 months. : The leaves, branches and fruits may be covered with them. The nymphs and adults prefer to settle on the tender and succulent branches of 1 to 2 years in growth and suck cell sap. The feeding results into development of yellow marks on the leaves, twigs and fruits. The branches soon loose chlorophyll, turn scurfy grey and start dying. In case of severe infestation, leaves become pale and if a young tree is attacked death Managemresults. Theseent practices insects also secrete a sugar materials (honey dew), which affects photosynthesis.. . . Cut and destroy infested plant parts. . Restrict movement of ants as they help in movement of pest. . Apply sticky substance on tree trunk. Conserve natural enemies. Spray Dimethoate 30 EC @ 15 ml Mealy+ Kerosene bug 25 ml in 10 lit. water. (Planococcus citri)

Distribution

Host range : It is distributedCitrus in subtropical regions and also found in greenhouses in Markstemperate of identificationcountries. : : Main host is spp. It has been also recorded on fig, pine apple, sapota. The nymphs are amber coloured with a whitish waxy coating with filaments around the margins. The adult female is wingless and flattened with short Biofilaments-ecology around: the margins, whereas the male is winged with long antennae and atrophied mouthparts. The females lay eggs in clusters on citrus plants, which are found in protective cotton-like masses. The eggs hatch in 10-20 days and the nymphs crawl out and start feeding on lower surface of leaves. Soon they envelope themselves with white fluffy material. A female nymph is full-grown in 6-8 weeks after passing through three moults. NatureThe male of undergoes damage : four moults after passing through per-pupal stage emerges as winged adults. The nymphs and adult females attack leaves, tender branches, fruits ( at the base near the fruit stalk) and even the roots. They suck cell sap due to which the plants turn pale, wilt down and consequently dry up. Besides they also secrete large amount of honeydew on which sooty mold fungus grows interfering photosynthesis. Black ants are attracted to the honeydew and they become a nuisance. As a result, the growth of Managementtree is arrested practices and the fruits fall prematurely. In severe infestation, the flowers do not from fruits. : Same as scales. Thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis)

Distribution

: S. dorsalis is widespread between India, Pakistan, Japan, the Solomon HostIslands range and Australia, but it is now established in South Africa, Israel, the Caribbean and MarFloridaks (USA). of identification : : Polyphagous. Bio-ecology : Adults are minute, delicate insect less than 1 mm. long and yellow in colour. Wings are fringed with hairs. Nymphs are more minute and wingless. Both sexual and parthenogenetic reproduction occur. Female lays 50-60 fertilized or unfertilized eggs inside the leaf tissues generally on lower side of the leaf. Eggs hatch in 8-9 days. Nymphs develop in 4-6 days. Pre pupal and pupal periods are generally Naturefound in of soil damage at a depth: of 2.5 -5 cm. There are several overlapping generations in a year. The pest is more active during later part of monsoon season especially during dry days. Both nymphs and adults suck the oozing cell sap from leaves, flowers and young fruits. Leaves become cup shaped and curled. Damage in nursery causes stunted Managementgrowth of seedlings. practices On fruit, the scapping by thrips leads to scabby, grayish or silvery scars on the. rind. : Spray Dimethoate 30 EC @ 10 ml or Monocrotophos 36 SL @ 10 ml / 10 lit. water. Title of the course : Insect pests of Fruits, Plantation, Medicinal & Aromatic Crops Class : 2nd Year 2nd Sem Title of the topic : Insect pests of Mango & their Management College : College of Horticulture, Rehli Name of Teacher : Dr. S.K.Mishra

Mangifera indica

Mango, L. is one of the most important fruit crops grown in India. It is recognized as ‘King of fruits’ and is one of the ancient fruits of Indian origin. India is largest producer and exporter of mangoes. India produces 80 % of world’s mango production. Mango fruits are sweet and succulent, rich in Vitamin A and C. In Maharashtra, Konkan region is major producer. In Maharashtra, recently mango cultivation is on large scale in Marathwada. More than 300 species of insect-pest attacked on vegetative and reproductive phases of the mango crop in the world level. Of which 188 species have been reported from India.Sr. Common Name Scientific Name Family Order No. Amritodus atkinsoni, Idioscopus clypealis 1 Mango hoppers Idioscopus nitidulus Cicadellidae Hemiptera (=niveosparus) , Batocera rufomaculata, B. rubus 2 Mango stem borer Sternochetus mangiferae Cerambycidae Coleoptera

3 Mango stone Bactrocera (=Dacus) dorsalis Curculionidae Coleoptera weevil Drosicha mangiferae 4 Oriental fruit fly transversa Tephritidae Diptera 5 Mealy bugs Procystiphora mangiferae, Margarodidae Hemiptera 6 Shoot borer Erosomyia indica, Dasineura Noctuidae Lepidoptera 7 Flower / amaramanjarae Cecidomyiidae Diptera Inflorescence Procontarinia matteiana midge Parasa lepida 8 Leaf gall midge Caliothrips indicus, Cecidomyiidae Diptera 9 Slug caterpillar Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus, Limacodidae Lepidoptera 10 Thrips Scirtothrips dorsalis Thripidae Thysanoptera Orthaga exvinacea

11 Mango leaf Noctuidae Lepidoptera webber Mango hoppers (Amritodus atkinsoni, Idioscopus clypealis, Idioscopus nitidulus)

Amritodus atkinsoni Idioscopus clypealis Idioscopus Mango hoppers are major, serious and wide-spread throughout the year in mango ecosystem. Hoppers species viz., , and nitidulus

Distributionremains active and damage each crop stage of mango from emergence of new flush to flowering cum fruit setting stages and causes up to 100 per cent losses. A. atkinsoni : Mango hoppers have been reported fromI. clypealis India, , Pakistan, Bangladesh, Mynmar, Philippines, , , Vietnam I. and niveosparus Taiwan. In India, is comparatively more common in North India. is found all over India, Hostpredominent range in South Gujarat, Maharashtra and Karnataka. has been Marksobserved of inidentification Penninsular India. A. atkinsoni : These hoppersI. clypealis have been reported on mango and sapota. I. clypealis : The nymphs of are pale yellow, elongated and more active, whereas those of are dull yellowA. atkinsoni or dust yellow. Adults of are large, 6.3 mm I.length clypealis and greyish. There are three dark brown spots on the head, a median band and twoI. nitidulus black spots on the pronotum. adult is about 5.1 mm long. It differs from by the absence of a central longitudinal dark streak on the Bioscutellum.-ecology are medium sized and has prominent white bar crossing its dusk wings and three spots on the scutellum. : Egg laying starts around end of January or early February and continues till March. The females make tiny slits in the tissues of flowering shoots, flower buds or tender leaves with their ovipositor and lay the eggs singly therein. A singly female lays about 100 to 200 eggs. The eggs hatch in 4 to 7 days. The nymphs undergo 4 to 5 moultings and the total nymphal period ranges from 10 to 20 days. In north India there are two distinct generations in year; spring generation in February to April and summer generation during June to August. The spring generation is definitely more destructive than summer generation, as during that period the hoppers feed on inflorescences. The hoppers are active throughout the summer and spring. The activity declines with the onset of monsoons Natureand the ofadult damage hoppers remain inactive0 from August to January. A spell of cold weather with temperature dropping to 10-15 C results in increase in egg laying. : The injury is caused due to heavy egg laying on the inflorescence stalk and florets which withers and drops. The nymphs and adults suck the sap from the tender leaves, inflorescence causing withering and shedding of flowers.Capnodium On attaining mangiferum maturity, the Meliolahoppers mangiferae leave the blossoms and move on leaves and trunks of the trees. The hoppers also secrete honeydew which encourages the development of fungi and resulting in growth of sooty mould on dorsal surface of leaves, branches Managementand even on fruits. practices This interferes with photosynthesis of the plant, ultimately resulting in non.-setting of flowers and dropping of immature fruits. : . Avoid dense planting, maintain open canopy; prune overcrowded overlapping . branches after rainy season. . Keep orchards clean by regular ploughing and removal of weeds. . Avoid excess use of nitrogenous fertilizers. Mallada boninensis, Chrysopa lacciperdaSmoking of orchards by burningPolynema of crop Gonatocerusresidues/cow dungTetrastichus cake at evening hours. VerticilliumConservation lecanii of bio control agents like predator, . , egg parasite, Metarhiziumspp. anisopliae sp. Beauveriasp. andbassiana fungus, . Application of bio-agents, @ 40 g or @ 40 g /10lit. water on tree trunk once during off season and twice at 7 days interval during flowering season. .

First spray before flowering on bark of branches and two more sprays when buds begin to sprout with Thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 1 ml or Clothianidin 50 WP @ 1.2 g or Buprofezin 25 SC @ 10 ml or Deltamethrin 2.8 EC @ 3 ml or Lamda cyhalothrin 5 EC . @ 10 ml or Dimethoate 30 EC @ 15 ml or Oxydemeton-methyl 25 EC @ 10 ml or Monocrotophos 36 SL @ 30 ml or Malathion 50 EC @ 15 ml per 10 lit. water. Spraying should be avoided at full bloom stage, because that will hinder the activity of pollinators and natural enemies.Mango stem borer (B. rufomaculata, Batocera rubus) Distribution B. rufomaculata : It is also an importantB. rubus pest of mango and reported from most of the tropical Hostcountries range of the world. These are widely distributed in India and Bangaladesh. In India Marks of identificationis more common. isB. more rufomaculata prominent in Maharashtra. : It is a peat of mango, fig, rubber, jack fruit, mulberry, papaya, etc. : The adults of are stout, dark brown longicorn beetles, 50 to 55 mm long (females larger than males) with yellowish green pubescence;B. rubus prothorax with two large kidney shaped orange spots and short thick spine-like projection on either side. Elytra is irrorated with small light orange spots. The beetles of are 30 to 45 mm long, brownish-grey with elytra having shining granulations at base and 4 or more dirty yellowish spots of variable size, on each elytron. Full grown grubs are 85 to 95 Biomm- ecologylong, fleshy, stout, yellowish-ivory in colour with well defined segmentation and dark brown head having strong jaws. Eggs are white, shining oval in shape. : The female beetles mate after 1 to 2 days of emergence and oviposit for 22 to 25 days laying on an average one egg per day. Eggs are laid singly either in the slits of tree trunks or in the cavities in main branches and stems which are then covered with a viscous fluid. Incubation period is 7 to 13 days; grubs remain active for 140 to 160 days while pupal period lasts for 20 to 25 days. Pupation takes place within the affected trunks or stems. Total life cycle is completed in 170 to 190 days and adult longevity is 60 to 200 days. NatureAdults emerge of damage with the onset of monsoon (May- June) and the emergence continues during the monsoon season. : On hatching, the grubs make zig zag burrows beneath the bark and tunnel upwards feeding on the internal tissues. When the grubs reach sapwood, the attacked stems die and wither away. Normally the attack by this pest goes unnoticed till a branch or two starts shedding leaves and drying up. Sometimes however, sap and masses Managementof frass may be practices seen exuding from the bored holes. In severe cases branches my collapse and. tree may die. Adult beetles feed on the bark of young twigs and petioles. . . Keep orchard clean and healthy. Cut and destroy the affected branches along with grubs and pupae. . Clean hole andMetarhizium insert cotton anisopliae wool soakedBeauveria in emulsion bassianna of dichlorvos (7 ml in 10 lit.) . or kerosene or petrol in each hole and plug them with mud. Use of fungi, or @ 40 g/10 lit. water. 2 2 . Inject borer solution (2 part CS +1 part chloroform + 1 part creosote oil or CS or EDCT mixture or petrol in live holes with syringe and seal with mud. Application of Monocrotophos 36 SL @ 30 ml/10 lit. water. Oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorslis)

Distribution :

It is widely distributed in India and SouthCeratitis East Asia. capitata It has been also Hostrecorded range in : Malaysia, Indonesia, Formosa, Philippines, Australia and Hawaii island. In many countries, it has displaced the Mediterranean fruit fly, . It is recorded on 300 species of commercial/edible and wild hosts. The major Markshosts are of identificationmango, guava, :peach, pear, apple, banana, fig, pomegranate , citrus and several vegetable crops. The adult is stout, a little larger than the ordinary house fly and measures 14 mm across the wings and 7 mm in body length. It is brown and has almost Biotransparent-ecology wings: with yellow legs and dark rust – red and black patterns on the thorax. The maggot is legless, 8-9 mm long and is yellow and opaque. The female fruit fly deposits eggs in the rind of fruits with the help of conical ovipositor. Eggs are laid singly or in clusters (2 to 15). On an average 50 eggs are laid but under favorable conditions a single female can lay as many as 150 to 200 eggs in a period of one month. Incubation period 2-3 days during March and April but it is prolonged to 10 days in winter. The larval period lasts for 6-29 days. Pupation takes place 8 – 16 cm below Naturethe soil surface.of damage The : pupal period lasts for 8 to 10 days. Several generations are completed in a year in Maharashtra. The female flies lay eggs just below the epidermis (1 to 4 mm deep). On hatching, the maggots feed on pulp of fruits. As a result a brown patch appears around Managementthe place of ovipositon practices and the infested fruits start rotting. These affected fruits drop down prematurely. and the maggots come out from these fallen fruits to pupate in the soil.

. Ploughing of orchard during November-December to expose pupae to sun’s heat or for predatory birds which kills them. . Prior to harvest (30-40 days) collect and dispose off infested and fallen fruits to prevent further multiplication and carryover of population. Male annihilation technique: Set up fly trap using methyl eugenol. Prepare methyl eugenol 1 ml/l of water + 1 ml of malathion solution. Take 10 ml of this mixture per . trap and keep them at 25 different places in one ha between 6 and 8 am. Collect and destroy the adult flies. To control adult flies during severe infestation placing poison bait viz Protein hydrolysate +malathion 50 ml +200 ml molasses in 20 litres of water be sprayed adding an additional 18 liters of water to bait poison. Commencing at pre . oviposition period and repeat at 15 days interval. Addition of 10 ml methyl eugenol . in place of molasses is also recommended.0 . Hot water treatment of fruit at 48 + 10 C for 60 min. Irradiation of fruits 400 G- rays using cobalt 60 to control fruit fly. Managing fruit flies also reduces anthracnose disease and prevents late fruit fall. Mango stone weevil (Sternochetus mangiferae)

Alphanso, Bangalora , Neelum

It is specific pest of mango preferring varieties. It is Distributionmore common in South India where late varieties suffer the most. The export of mango fruits from India to the USA has been banned to prevent the entry of this weevil. Host range : It is widely distributed in tropics like India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, MarksMyanmar, of Malaysia, identification Vietnam, Philippines, Australia, Africa, Hawaii. : It is a pest of mango only. Bio-ecology : Adult weevils are 5 to 8 mm long, stout and dark brown in colour. Grubs are white in colour and legless. : Adults live from 1 to 2 years and diapauses most of the time except during fruiting season. Adults lay eggs on developing fruit by cutting a small boat-shaped incision. The exudate from the wound covers the egg and provides a protective opaque coating. One female lays about 15 eggs per day and a total of 300 eggs. Eggs hatch in 5 to 7 days, and larvae have 5 to 7 instars. The larva develops inside the stone and pupates. The larval period ranges from 22 days to 10 weeks, and the pupal stage lasts about 1 week. The adult cuts its way through the stone and the pulp comes out. Time required from egg to adult is Nature35 to 54 ofdays, damag and ethere is only one generation per year. Adults diapause in crevices in the bark or under stones. : Eggs are laid singly on the epicarp of partially developed fruits or under the rind of ripening fruits. The tiny grubs on hatching bore through the pulp, feed on seed coat and later damage the cotyledons. The weevil cuts its way through the stone and the pulp comes out. Since the grub passes its entire life inside the seed, there are no Managemeexternal symptomsnt practices of injury on the fruits. On cutting open the fruits, the pulp adjacent to the .affected stone is seen discoloured due to excretion of the grub.

. Ploughing of orchard after harvest to expose hibernating adults, reduce infestation levels. . Collection and destruction of infested and fallen fruits at weekly interval till harvest fruit. Destroy all left over seeds in the orchardMealybug and also in the processing industries. (Drosicha mangiferae)

Distribution

Host range : It has been reported from India, Bangladesh, China and Pakistan. It is widely distributed in the Indo-Gangetic plain in India. Marks of identification: Besides mango, it also attacks 62 other plants such as apple, apricot, ber, cherry, litchi, mulberry, papaya, peach, plum, pomegranate, etc. : The nymphs and adult females are flat, oval, waxy-whitish insects, sometimes mistaken for fungal growth. Adult females are wingless while males are Biocrimson-ecology coloured bugs with two dark brownish black wings and cause no damage, except fertilizing the females. : The gravid females crawl down the trees during April-May and enter the soil (80 to 150 mm deep) wherein they excrete whitish foam. This forms a pouch in which the female goes on depositing the eggs for 7 to 16 days and soon after completing oviposition, the female dies. Each female gives 400 to 500 eggs and these remain in the soil in a state of diapauses. Winter chilling terminates this diapause. There are three nymphal stages. The total life cycle occupies 67 to 119 days in case of males and 77 to 135 days in case of Naturefemales. of This damage pest is active from December to May and spends rest of the year in the egg stage. : Soon after hatching, the majority of nymphs start crawling up the tree trunks and clusters of these may be seen on young shoots and panicles. Only these nymphs are destructive and suck plant juice, causing tender shoots and flowers to dry up. The Managementyoung fruits also practices become juiceless and drop off. These are more active on bright sunny days.. . . Plough orchards duringClerodendron summer to infortunatam expose eggs to natural enemies and sun. Flooding of orchard with water in the month of October kill the eggs. . Remove weeds like which are additional hosts of mealy bugs. . Use of sticky bands to prevent the climbing on trees (Sticky substance or greasy . band) half meter above ground in second week ofPhygadeuon December. GetonidesSpray NSKE perspicax 4 % or crude garlic oil 1 % on treeBrinckochry trunk at an sainterval scelestes of 15 days. Conserve naturalRodolia enemies; fumida parasitoids like sp. (Ichneumonidae), . ; predators like larvae of (Chrysopidae) and grubs of (Coccinellidae). Spray with Monocrotophos 36 SL @ 30 ml or Dimethoate 30 EC @ 15 ml/10 lit. water. Shoot borer ()

Chlumetia transversa

DistributionShoot Borer ( ) is a serious pest of mango especially seedlings and young trees. : It is distributed in Indo-Australian tropical countries of India, Pakistan, HostSrilanka, range Bangaladesh towards China, Korea and Indonesia, Malaysia, Thialand, Andaman MarksIslands, of Nicobar identification islands and . : It is a pests of mango and litchi. : Adult moths are stout grayish brown in colour with wings having wavy lines and measure about 17.5 mm with expanded wings. Hind wings are light in Biocolour.-ecology Caterpillar has dull violaceous dorsum and greenish ventrum. Head is brownish, which becomes testaceous in late instars. Final instar is dark pink. : Female moths lay egg on tender leaves. After hatching, young larvae enter the midrib of leaves and then enter into young shoots through the growing points by tunneling downwards. The mature larva leaves the shoot and pupates on the bark of the Naturetree or in of the damage soil. The entire life cycle takes about 22 to 27 days. The pest overwinters from October to March in pupal stage and there are four overlapping generations in a year. : Larvae bore into young tender leaves during August and freshly hatched caterpillar bore into mid rib. After a couple of days, they bore into tender shoots Managementnear the growing practices point tunneling downward, throwing their excreta resulting in dropping of leaves. and wilting of terminal shoots. . Attacked shoots should be clipped off and destroyed. Clean hole and pour kerosene/petrol/crude oil or formalin into the stem borer hole . and subsequently close entrance of the tunnel by plugging with cotton wool and . paste the mud. Use light trap@1/acre. Spray Monocrotophos 36Flower SL @ /1 0Inflorescenceml/10 lit. at the midge commencement of new flush. (Procystiphora mangiferae, Erosomyia indica, Dasineura amaramanjarae)

Distribution Host range Marks of identification: It is found all over India. : Mango Bio-ecology : Adults are small midges with a wing length of 1.0-1.5 mm. Adult fly is orange or yellow in colour. Pupae are yellowish-brown and 1-2 mm long. : Eggs are single on floral parts like tender inflorescence axis newly set fruit or tender leaves encircling the inflorescence. The eggs hatch within 2-3 days. The mature Naturelarvae drop of damage down into the soil for pupation. The larval period varies from 7-10 days, while pupal periodE. variesindica from 5-7 days. : The larvae tunnel the axis of inflorescence and destroy it completely. Damage by causes bending and drying of the inflorescences. Second attack starts at fruit setting as young maggots bore into these tender fruits which slowly turn yellow and finally drop. Third attack is on tender, new leaves encircling inflorescence. The most Managementdamaging one practices is first attack in which the entire inflorescence is destroyed. The inflorescence. shows stunted growth and its axis bends at the entrance point of larva.

. Deep ploughing of orchard in October- November to expose pupae and diapausing larvae to sun’s heat which kills them. Collection and disposal of infestedLeaf panicles gall midge leaves and twigs. (Procontarinia matteiana)

Distribution

Host range : It is found in India, Pakistan, Kenya, Sudan, Mauritius, Brazil, South Africa, MarksOman, Indonesiaof identification and Iran. : Mango : The egg is an oval and watery yellowish in color and is seen after Biosometime-ecology within galls under microscope. Maggots are dull yellow to clear yellow. The abdomen of male was brown and female seems to be light green. : Eggs are laid on the underside or rarely on the upper site of mango new leaves. The oviposition sites are marked with a reddish small spots. Eggs hatch in 4 to 9 days. The maggots develop in 12 to 36 days. The pupation takes place in galls on leaves and pupal period is 4 to 60 days. The total life cycle is completed in 25 to 120 days. Nature of damage

: On hatching, maggots enter leaves and start forming galls. At the beginning of gall development, it seems light green and gradually became hard and Managementconcaved. The practicesattacked leaves finally curled and dried. It forms solitary or grouped galls on both. surfaces of the leaves.

Galls with nymphs should be collectedSlug caterpillar and destroyed. (Parasa lepida)

Distribution

Host range : It is found in the Indo-Malayan region, including India, Sri MarksLanka, Vietnamof identification, Malaysia and Indonesia. : Polyphagous. : Adult moth has green wings with prominent dark patch at the base of each forewing. Eggs are flat shiny yellowish in colour on the under surface of leaves. Larvae have greenish body with white lines and four rows of spiny scoli tipped red or black, which cause irritation and pain. Pupa is a compact elliptical chocolate brown shell Biolike- ecologycocoon, which is convex above and flat ventrally as stems. Cocoons are covered with irritating spines and hairs. : The female lay about 10 to 50 eggs in masses on the lower surface of mature leaf. The eggs hatch in 2 to 4 days. The larvae pass through seven instars. The larval period ranged from 30 to 40 days. Larva forms round oval shaped cocoon and found in the field Natureattached of todamage the stem or on the leaf. The pupal period lasts for 28 to 32 days. The longevity of male and female are 2 to 4 days and 5 to 8 days, respectively. : The young larvae feed on the lower epidermis of the leaf. As they Managementmature, the whole practices leaf blade is eaten leaving the midribs. In heavy infestation, the larvae may. defoliate the plant.

Collect and destroy the immature stagesThrips of the insects. (Caliothrips indicus, Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus, Scirtothrips dorsalis)

Marks Thrips of identification are widely distributed: and polyphagous. Generally of minor importance but occasionally become serious. Nature of damage : Adults are minute (1 mm), slender, soft bodied insects withC. indusheavily fringedR. cruentatus wings. S. dorsalis Nymphs and adults lacerate the tissues and suck the oozing cell sap. and feed on leaves and on inflorescence and young fruits. Leaf feeding species feed on mesophyll near fruits. Affected leaves show silvery sheen and bear small spots of faecal matter. In case of severe infestation young leaves remain small, leaf Managementtips turn brown practices and get: curled. Inflorescence and young fruits when infested show discoloured tissues at the feeding site, which subsequently turn brown. Spray with Spinosad 45 SC @ 2.5 ml or Thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 2 g/10 lit. water. Mango leaf webber (Orthaga exvinacea)

Distribution Host range Marks of identification: It is found in south India. : Mango and cashew. : Moth is grayish with brownish wings and has wavy lines on fore wings. Eggs are yellowish green in colour. Caterpillar is pale greenish with brown head and Bioprothoracic-ecology shield. Pupae are long brown in white silken cocoons remain attached to leaves. : Adult lays upto 30-50 eggs singly near the leaf veins. Egg period is 4 days. There are five larval instars. Larval development takes place in 15 to 33 days. Pupation Naturetakes place of damage on leaves and pupal period is 4-16 days. After November the larvae hibernate in tough, silken, waterproof cocoons in the soil. : The larvae web the leaves and terminal shoots into clusters. A webbed cluster of leaves may harbour several larvae in the initial stage. The larvae are initially gregarious and feed by scraping the leaf surface. Late-instar larvae feed individually on the whole leaf lamina leaving only the midrib. As a consequence of severe feeding, clusters of webbed leaves become dry and brown in colour. With severe infestation, the shoots become dry and photosynthesis is severely hampered. Trees which bear clusters of affected Managementleaves present practicesa sickly appearance and can be seen from a distance due to the brown, dried, clustered. leaves. . . Pruning of overcrowded and overlapping branches. . Remove and destroy the webbed leaves alongParena with larvae lacticincta and pupae. Oecama sp Ploughing ofHormiusa orchard done earliePaecilomycesr for mealy bug farinosus control checks its population. Conserve predators like carabid beetle , reduvid , parasitoid and fungus .