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LES HYBRIDES INTERSPÉCIFIQUES DE FÉLIDÉS Alexandra ÉCOLE NATIONALE VÉTÉRINAIRE D’ALFORT Année 2018 LES HYBRIDES INTERSPÉCIFIQUES DE FÉLIDÉS THÈSE Pour le DOCTORAT VÉTÉRINAIRE Présentée et soutenue publiquement devant LA FACULTÉ DE MÉDECINE DE CRÉTEIL le 20 décembre 2018 par Alexandra CHAMBRELENT Née le 13 juillet 1993 au Havre (Seine-Maritime) JURY Président : Pr. DEUX Professeur à la Faculté de Médecine de CRÉTEIL Membres Directeur : Dr Alain FONTBONNE, Maître de conférences à l'ENVA Assesseur : Dr Lucie CHEVALLIER, Maître de conférences à l'ENVA Septembre 2018 Liste des membres du corps enseignant Directeur : Pr Christophe Degueurce Directeur des formations : Pr Henry Chateau Directrice de la scolarité et de la vie étudiante : Dr Catherine Colmin Directeurs honoraires : MM. les Professeurs C. Pilet, B. Toma, A.-L. Parodi, R. Moraillon, J.-P. Cotard, J.-P. Mialot & M. Gogny Département d’Elevage et de Pathologie des Équidés et des Carnivores (DEPEC) Chef du département : Pr Grandjean Dominique - Adjoint : Pr Blot Stéphane Unité pédagogique d’anesthésie, réanimation, urgences, soins intensifs Unité pédagogique de médecine de l’élevage et du sport - Dr Fernandez Parra Rocio, Maître de conférences associée - Dr Cléro Delphine, Maître de conférences - Dr Verwaerde Patrick, Maître de conférences (convention EnvT) - Dr Fontbonne Alain, Maître de conférences - Pr Grandjean Dominique* Unité pédagogique de clinique équine - Dr Maenhoudt Cindy, Praticien hospitalier - Pr Audigié Fabrice - Dr Nudelmann Nicolas, Maître de conférences - Dr Bertoni Lélia, Maître de conférences - Dr Bourzac Céline, Chargée d’enseignement contractuelle Unité pédagogique de pathologie chirurgicale - Dr Coudry Virginie, Praticien hospitalier - Pr Fayolle Pascal - Pr Denoix Jean-Marie - Dr Manassero Mathieu, Maître de conférences - Dr Giraudet Aude, Praticien hospitalier - Pr Viateau-Duval Véronique* - Dr Herout Valentin, Chargé d’enseignement contractuel - Dr Jacquet Sandrine, Praticien hospitalier Discipline : cardiologie - Dr Mespoulhès-Rivière Céline, Praticien hospitalier* - Pr Chetboul Valérie - Dr Moiroud Claire, Praticien hospitalier Discipline : ophtalmologie Unité pédagogique de médecine et imagerie médicale - Dr Chahory Sabine, Maître de conférences - Dr Benchekroun Ghita, Maître de conférences - Pr Blot Stéphane* Discipline : nouveaux animaux de compagnie - Dr Canonne-Guibert Morgane, Chargée d’enseignement contractuelle - Dr Pignon Charly, Praticien hospitalier - Dr Freiche-Legros Valérie, Praticien hospitalier - Dr Maurey-Guénec Christelle, Maître de conférences Département des Productions Animales et de Santé Publique (DPASP) Chef du département : Pr Millemann Yves - Adjoint : Pr Dufour Barbara Unité pédagogique d’hygiène, qualité et sécurité des aliments Unité pédagogique de reproduction animale - Pr Augustin Jean-Christophe* - Dr Constant Fabienne, Maître de conférences* - Dr Bolnot François, Maître de conférences - Dr Desbois Christophe, Maître de conférences (rattaché au DEPEC) - Pr Carlier Vincent - Dr Mauffré Vincent, Maître de conférences Unité pédagogique de maladies règlementées, zoonoses et épidémiologie Unité pédagogique de zootechnie, économie rurale - Dr Crozet Guillaume, Chargé d’enseignement contractuel - Dr Arné Pascal, Maître de conférences - Pr Dufour Barbara* - Pr Bossé Philippe* - Pr Haddad/Hoang-Xuan Nadia - Dr De Paula Reis Alline, Maître de conférences - Dr Rivière Julie, Maître de conférences - Pr Grimard-Ballif Bénédicte - Dr Leroy-Barassin Isabelle, Maître de conférences Unité pédagogique de pathologie des animaux de production - Pr Ponter Andrew - Pr Adjou Karim - Dr Wolgust Valérie, Praticien hospitalier - Dr Belbis Guillaume, Maître de conférences* - Dr Delsart Maxime, Maître de conférences associé - Dr Denis Marine, Chargée d’enseignement contractuelle - Pr Millemann Yves - Dr Plassard Vincent, Praticien hospitalier - Dr Ravary-Plumioën Bérangère, Maître de conférences Département des Sciences Biologiques et Pharmaceutiques (DSBP) Chef du département : Pr Desquilbet Loïc - Adjoint : Pr Pilot-Storck Fanny Unité pédagogique d’anatomie des animaux domestiques Unité de parasitologie, maladies parasitaires, dermatologie - Dr Boissady Emilie, Chargée d’enseignement contractuelle - Dr Blaga Radu, Maître de conférences (rattaché au DPASP) - Pr Chateau Henry - Dr Briand Amaury, Assistant d’Enseignement et de Recherche - Pr Crevier-Denoix Nathalie Contractuel (rattaché au DEPEC) - Pr Robert Céline* - Dr Cochet-Faivre Noëlle, Praticien hospitalier (rattachée au DEPEC) - Pr Guillot Jacques* Unité pédagogique de bactériologie, immunologie, virologie - Dr Polack Bruno, Maître de conférences - Pr Boulouis Henri-Jean - Dr Risco-Castillo Véronica, Maître de conférences - Pr Eloit Marc - Dr Lagree Anne-Claire, Maître de conférences Unité pédagogique de pharmacie et toxicologie - Pr Le Poder Sophie - Dr Kohlhauer Matthias, Maître de conférences - Dr Le Roux Delphine, Maître de conférences * - Dr Perrot Sébastien, Maître de conférences* - Pr Tissier Renaud Unité pédagogique de biochimie, biologie clinique - Pr Bellier Sylvain* Unité pédagogique de physiologie, éthologie, génétique - Dr Lagrange Isabelle, Praticien hospitalier - Dr Chevallier Lucie, Maître de conférences (Génétique) - Dr Michaux Jean-Michel, Maître de conférences - Dr Crépeaux Guillemette, Maître de conférences (Physiologie, Pharmacologie) Unité pédagogique d’histologie, anatomie pathologique - Pr Gilbert Caroline (Ethologie) - Dr Cordonnier-Lefort Nathalie, Maître de conférences - Pr Pilot-Storck Fanny (Physiologie, Pharmacologie) - Pr Fontaine Jean-Jacques - Pr Tiret Laurent (Physiologie, Pharmacologie)* - Dr Laloy Eve, Maître de conférences - Dr Reyes-Gomez Edouard, Maître de conférences* Discipline : éducation physique et sportive - M. Philips Pascal, Professeur certifié Unité pédagogique de management, communication, outils scientifiques - Mme Conan Muriel, Professeur certifié (Anglais) - Pr Desquilbet Loïc, (Biostatistique, Epidémiologie) - Dr Marignac Geneviève, Maître de conférences * responsable d’unité pédagogique Professeurs émérites :Mmes et MM. : Bénet Jean-Jacques, Chermette René, Combrisson Hélène, Enriquez Brigitte, Niebauer Gert, Panthier Jean-Jacques, Paragon Bernard. REMERCIEMENTS Au président du jury, Professeur à la Faculté de Médecine de Créteil, Qui nous fait l’honneur de présider notre jury de thèse. Avec l’expression de nos sentiments les plus respectueux. A notre jury de thèse, Au docteur FONTBONNE Maître de conférences à l’Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Pour sa participation dans l’élaboration de ce travail, Qu’il accepte l’expression de notre respectueuse gratitude. Au docteur CHEVALLIER Maître de conférences à l’Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Qui a aimablement accepté de participer à notre jury de thèse, Qu’elle trouve ici l’expression de notre reconnaissance. A maman, Merci pour tout. Pour le soutien sans faille tout au long des études, la patience pendant les longs appels du soir, l'expertise logistique et les encouragements incessants sans lesquels je ne serais pas allée si loin. Aujourd'hui je touche enfin au but, mon rêve d'enfant se réalise et c'est à toi que je le dois. Ca y'est, fini les déménagements incessants et les longs trajets ... les prochains sont à réserver pour nos futurs voyages ! A papa, Pour avoir toujours cru en moi, et m'avoir donné ma force de caractère, merci. A papy et mamy Chambrelent, Merci de m'avoir soutenue tout au long des études, pour les nombreux allers-retour Paris-Le Havre, pour le soutien sans faille. Vous êtes un vrai modèle de vie pour moi et je ne pourrai être plus fière d'avoir des grands-parents tels que vous. A papy et mamy Drouet, Je vous remercie d'avoir été à mes côtés pour mes études, et de m'avoir donné le goût du voyage ... et des crêpes ! A OOCL, Il est rare qu'une entreprise participe autant aux études des enfants d'employés, et je remercie vivement OOCL de m'avoir accordé par trois fois la Tung Scholar Ship. Ces bourses m'auront permis de partir en stage auprès de grands félins aux Etats-Unis, mais également de financer en grande partie ce travail. Merci encore. Aux amis, Cette page est bien trop courte pour pouvoir tous vous remercier et vous dire à quel point vous comptez pour moi : Marc, les amis d'enfance, les BJiens, les Alforiens, les 6 louches, le groupe des 5, la famille... Je pense fort à vous et vous remercie encore d'avoir été là pour moi ... et d'être vous. TABLE DES MATIERES LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS ET GLOSSAIRE ..................................................................4 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................9 I) PRÉSENTATION DE LA FAMILLE DES FÉLIDÉS......................................................11 A) Histoire et phylogénie de la famille des félidés ........................................................11 1) Apparition des premiers félidés et divergence entre les 8 lignées ..........................11 2) Grandes migrations et divergences phyogénétiques au sein même des lignées......17 3) Le rôle de l'hybridation dans l'évolution des félidés ...............................................20 B) Présentation des 8 lignées de félidés ..........................................................................27 1) Lignée des Panthères ...............................................................................................28 2) Lignée du chat Bai....................................................................................................30 3) Lignée du caracal......................................................................................................32
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