DOCSLIB.ORG

1 Predicting the Viability of Archaic Human Hybrids Using a Mitochondrial Proxy 2 3 Supplementary Figure Legends 4 5 Figure S1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

1 Predicting the viability of archaic human hybrids using a mitochondrial proxy 2 3 Supplementary Figure Legends 4 5 Figure S1. This figure is identical to Figure 1 in the main text but includes the numbers 6 associated with each pairwise comparison that are listed in Table S1. The association 7 between the numbers and the pairs (with percent divergence listed in parentheses) are as 8 follows: 9 10 1. Papio_hamadryas-Macaca_mulatta (14.2) 11 2. Sus_scrofa_domesticus-Babyrousa_celebensis (12.9) 12 3. Peromyscus_truei_comanche-Peromyscus_nasutus (11.8) 13 4. Panthera_tigris-Panthera_leo (10.1) 14 5. Papio_hamadryas-Theropithecus_gelada (9.5) 15 6. Mus_musculus_musculus-Mus_spretus (8.8) 16 7. Cavia_fulgida-Cavia_porcellus (8.0) 17 8. Equus_caballus-Equus_asinus (7.7) 18 9. Pongo_pygmaeus-Pongo_abelii (7.6) 19 10. Myodes_rutilus-Myodes_glareolus (7.5) 20 11. Canis_latrans-Canis_aureus (6.5) 21 12. Canis_latrans-Canis_lupus (6.4) 22 13. Papio_cynocephalus-Papio_anubis (6.0) 23 14. Papio_hamadryas-Papio_anubis (5.3) 24 15. Peromyscus_polionotus-Peromyscus_maniculatus (4.6) 25 16. Ursus_arctos-Ursus_maritimus (2.4) 26 17. Mus_musculus_musculus-Mus_musculus_domesticus (2.3) 27 28 Hominini hybrid comparisons: 29 18. Pan_troglodytes-Homo_sapiens_sapiens_modern 11.1 30 19. Pan_paniscus-Homo_sapiens_sapiens_modern 10.8 31 20. Homo_sapiens_spp._Denisova-Homo_sapiens_neanderthalensis 2.7 32 21. Homo_sapiens_spp._Denisova-Homo_sapiens_sapiens_modern 2.5 1 33 22. Homo_sapiens_spp._Denisova-Homo_sapiens_sapiens_ancient 2.4 34 23. Homo_sapiens_neanderthalensis-Homo_sapiens_spp._Sima-de-los-Huesos 2.0 35 24. Homo_sapiens_spp._Sima-de-los-Huesos-Homo_sapiens_sapiens_modern 1.9 36 25. Homo_sapiens_spp._Sima-de-los-Huesos-Homo_sapiens_sapiens_ancient 1.8 37 26. Homo_sapiens_neanderthalensis-Homo_sapiens_sapiens_modern 1.6 38 27. Homo_sapiens_neanderthalensis-Homo_sapiens_sapiens_ancient 1.6 39 28. Homo_sapiens_spp._Denisova-Homo_sapiens_spp._Sima-de-los-Huesos 1.3 40 41 Felidae hybrid comparisons: 42 Serval x Cat. Leptailurus_serval-Felis_catus (11.3) 43 Leopard_Cat x Cat. Prionailurus_bengalensis-Felis_catus (10.9) 44 Jungle_Cat x Cat. Felis_chaus-Felis_catus (7.5) 45 46 Figure S2. A comparison of the relative CYTB divergence values between those hybrid 47 offspring with known degrees of fertility (green and brown circles, see Figure 1) and those 48 pairs who were able to produce live offspring, but for whom the fertility of their offspring is 49 unknown (white circles). Divergence values are listed on the y-axis as a percentage. Numbers 50 alongside each circle represent specific species pairs and their divergence values are listed in 51 parentheses: 52 53 1. Castor_canadensis-Castor_fiber (11.7) 54 2. Ursus_arctos-Ursus_americanus (11.5) 55 3. Macaca_nemestrina-Macaca_fascicularis (11.2) 56 4. Macaca_nemestrina-Macaca_mulatta (10.4) 57 5. Papio_anubis-Theropithecus_gelada (10.2) 58 6. Lepus_europaeus-Lepus_timidus (9.8) 59 7. Macaca_thibetana-Macaca_fascicularis (8.9) 60 8. Mus_musculus_domesticus-Mus_spretus (8.7) 61 9. Mustela erminea-Mustela_putorius (8.3) 62 10. Diceros_bicornis-Ceratotherium_simum_simum (8.2) 63 11. Macaca_mulatta-Macaca_fascicularis (8.2) 64 12. Acomys_dimidiatus-Acomys_minous (8.0) 2 65 13. Cavia_aperea-Cavia_porcellus (7.9) 66 14. Loxodonta_africana-Elephas_maximus (7.0) 67 15. Loxodonta_cyclotis-Loxodonta_africana (4.6) 68 16. Pan_paniscus-Pan_troglodytes (4.6) 69 17. Gorilla_beringei_graueri-Gorilla_gorilla_gorilla (4.4) 70 18. Connochaetes_gnou-Connochaetes_taurinus (2.8) 71 19. Ceratotherium_simum_cottoni-Ceratotherium_simum_simum (0.9) 72 73 The establishment of the framework and the threshold values can be used to predict the 74 relative fertility of the hybrid offspring in cases where there is insufficient experimental 75 information. 76 77 Figure S3. A comparison of the relative divergence values and pattern between those 78 calculated using CYTB and those using full mitogenomes, and four nuclear genes: ZFY, 79 ZFX, GHR, and CHRNA1. Divergence values are listed on the y-axis for each locus as a 80 percentage. Numbers alongside each circle represent a species pair: 81 82 1. Papio_hamadryas-Macaca_mulatta 83 2. Macaca_nemestrina-Macaca_fascicularis 84 3. Pan_troglodytes-Homo_sapiens_sapiens 85 4. Pan_paniscus-Homo_sapiens_sapiens 86 5. Macaca_nemestrina-Macaca_mulatta 87 6. Papio_anubis-Theropithecus_gelada 88 7. Papio_hamadryas-Theropithecus_gelada 89 8. Macaca_mulatta-Macaca_fascicularis 90 9. Papio_anubis-Papio_hamadryas 91 10. Pan_paniscus-Pan_troglodytes 92 93 In each case, the distance values of the nuclear genes are smaller relative to those obtained 94 using CYTB as a result of the slower pace of nuclear evolution. Despite this, a clear threshold 95 between the two categories of fertility amongst the hybrid offspring remains. 96 3 97 Figure S4. Images of H&E stained testes of an adult male liger (Panthera leo x Panthera 98 tigris) in panels a and b, and of an adult male tiliger (male tiger x female liger) in panels c 99 and d. The testes show clear seminiferous tubule degeneration, lined only with Sertoli cells in 100 the liger, and tubule degeneration with germ cell arrest in the tiliger. 101 102 Source code for a custom Python version 2.7 terminal program to calculate pair-wise 103 Hamming distances between the sequences contained within a Fasta file. 104 105 106 #!/usr/bin/python 107 108 #import all python 2.7 native modules 109 import operator, StringIO, itertools, sys, math, os 110 111 #import all non-native modules 112 import distance, Bio 113 114 #import various classes from modules 115 from Bio import SeqIO 116 from Bio import AlignIO 117 from Bio.Align import AlignInfo 118 from itertools import izip, imap 119 from os import path 120 121 #disable screen blanking and the terminal cursor 122 os.system('setterm -cursor off') 123 124 #calculate hamming distance between two strings 125 def hamming(str1, str2): 126 assert len(str1) == len(str2) 127 ne = str.__ne__ 128 ne = operator.ne 129 return sum(imap(ne, str1, str2)) 130 131 #count gaps in the consensus sequence 132 def count_gaps(consensus): 133 b = 0 134 for a in range(0,len(consensus)): 135 if consensus[a] == '-': 136 b +=1 4 137 return b 138 139 #build a consensus sequence from two sequences 140 def consensus_seq(str1,str2): 141 consensus_string = [] 142 for a, b in zip(range(0,len(str1)),range(0,len(str2))): 143 if str1[a] != str2[b]: 144 if str1[a]== '-' or str2[b] == '-': 145 consensus_string.append('-') 146 else: 147 consensus_string.append('N') 148 else: 149 consensus_string.append(str1[a]) 150 return ''.join(consensus_string) 151 152 #compare the gaps locations between pairwise sequences 153 def compare_gaps(str1,str2): 154 gaps1 = 0 155 gaps2 = 0 156 gaps3 = 0 157 for bp1, bp2 in zip(str1,str2): 158 if bp1 == "-" and bp1 == bp2: 159 gaps1 +=1 160 if bp1 == "-" and bp1 != bp2: 161 gaps2 +=1 162 if bp2 == "-" and bp2 != bp1: 163 gaps3 +=1 164 return [gaps1,gaps2,gaps3] 165 166 #clearout the command line so the progress counter remains in the same 167 location on the screen 168 def restart_line(): 169 sys.stdout.write('\r') 170 sys.stdout.flush() 171 172 #grab user defined input file from terminal 173 fasta_file = sys.argv[1] 174 175 #create a file to output raw distances to 176 raw_distance_file = open(sys.argv[2],'w') 177 5 178 #parse the fasta file using biopython to create iterable fasta object 179 sequences = SeqIO.parse(open(fasta_file),"fasta") 180 181 #define a list to append sequence data to 182 sequence_list = [] 183 184 #iterate over fasta sequence objects and add their id and sequence to a 185 line separated by a comma 186 for record in sequences: 187 sequence_list.append(record.id + ',' + record.seq) 188 189 #create an array containing all the possible pairwise combinations of all 190 the sequences in the sequence list 191 pairwise_sequences = itertools.combinations(sequence_list,2) 192 193 #print a spacing line in the terminal output 194 print"" 195 196 #count the number of pairwise comparisons and put into a variable 197 for i, item in enumerate(itertools.combinations(sequence_list,2)): 198 no_pairwise_seqs = i 199 200 #for each pair_wise comparison between sequences 201 for i, item in enumerate(pairwise_sequences): 202 203 #create an output file like class that can be written to and read from 204 output = StringIO.StringIO() 205 206 #format the two strings for comparison into fasta format in two string 207 variables 208 str1 = ">"+item[0].split(',')[0]+"\n"+item[0].split(',')[1]+"\n" 209 str2 = ">"+item[1].split(',')[0]+"\n"+item[1].split(',')[1]+"\n" 210 211 #create a temporary fasta file on the hard drive 212 temp_fasta = open("/home/richard/Documents/temp_fasta.fasta","w") 213 214 #write the fasta formatted sequences to the output class 215 output.write(str1+'\n') 216 output.write(str2+'\n') 217 218 #store the value of the output class to a variable 6 219 contents = output.getvalue() 220 221 #close the output class removing it from memory 222 output.close() 223 224 #write the contents of the variable to the temporary fasta file 225 temp_fasta.write(contents) 226 227 #close the fasta file removing it from memory and saving the changes 228 temp_fasta.close() 229 230 #grab temp file name and put into a variable 231 temp_fasta = "/home/richard/Documents/temp_fasta.fasta" 232 233 #create an alignment using the sequences in the temp file 234 alignment = AlignIO.read(open(temp_fasta),"fasta") 235 236 #summary_align = AlignInfo.SummaryInfo(alignment) 237 238 #grab the consensus sequence from the pairwise aligment 239 consensus
Recommended publications
  • Classification & Variation Student Pack

    Classification & Variation Student Pack

    Classification & Variation Student Pack This pack is aimed for students who require in depth information for course work and also for teachers to aid in their visit to Colchester Zoo. Contents Contents Page Classification 1 Classification Hierarchy 3 Classification Hierarchy Example 4 The Domains 5 The Kingdoms 6 Phylum 7 Invertebrate Phyla 8 Chordata 10 Chordata Sub-phyla 11 Classes 12 Mammals 14 Mammalian Orders 15 Species 16 Naming Species 17 Hybrids 18 Primate Classification Example 19 Variation 22 Classification There are around 8.7 million known organisms on earth; 7.7 million are animals, 611,000 are fungi, 63,000 are protoctists, 300,000 are plants and the number of bacteria is unknown. With all of these forms of life, a way to deal with this vast array of life in a logical and useful manner is important. By having a way to group and categorise life, it allows scientists to discover where life has come from and how one species fits in with another in an attempt to encode the evolutionary history of life. This is what is called binomial classification. There are a number of ways life can be classified and a variety of methods to classify it. Biological classification is used to group living organisms, but even with this system only 1 million of the 7.7 million animals and only 43,000 of the 611,000 fungi have been classified. Methods of Classification Classical taxonomy: Looks at descent from a common ancestor, i.e. fossil evidence. It also looks at embryonic development, as well as physical characteristics.
  • Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Chiricahua National Monument

    Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Chiricahua National Monument

    In Cooperation with the University of Arizona, School of Natural Resources Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Chiricahua National Monument Open-File Report 2008-1023 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey National Park Service This page left intentionally blank. In cooperation with the University of Arizona, School of Natural Resources Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Chiricahua National Monument By Brian F. Powell, Cecilia A. Schmidt, William L. Halvorson, and Pamela Anning Open-File Report 2008-1023 U.S. Geological Survey Southwest Biological Science Center Sonoran Desert Research Station University of Arizona U.S. Department of the Interior School of Natural Resources U.S. Geological Survey 125 Biological Sciences East National Park Service Tucson, Arizona 85721 U.S. Department of the Interior DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Mark Myers, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2008 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS-the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web:http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Suggested Citation Powell, B.F., Schmidt, C.A., Halvorson, W.L., and Anning, Pamela, 2008, Vascular plant and vertebrate inventory of Chiricahua National Monument: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1023, 104 p. [http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1023/]. Cover photo: Chiricahua National Monument. Photograph by National Park Service. Note: This report supersedes Schmidt et al. (2005). Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S.
  • A DISTRIBUTIONAL ANALYSIS of RURAL COLORADO ENGLISH By

    A DISTRIBUTIONAL ANALYSIS of RURAL COLORADO ENGLISH By

    A DISTRIBUTIONAL ANALYSIS OF RURAL COLORADO ENGLISH by LAMONT D. ANTIEAU (Under the Direction of William A. Kretzschmar, Jr.) ABSTRACT This dissertation describes a study in linguistic geography conducted in Colorado using the methodology of the Linguistic Atlas of the Western States. As such, the goals of this dissertation are threefold: 1) to provide a description of Colorado English with respect to select lexical, phonetic, and syntactic features; 2) to compare the results of work in Colorado with previous work conducted in the eastern states as well as in Colorado and other western states; and 3) to use inferential statistics to show correlation between the distribution of specific linguistic variants and the social characteristics of those informants who use these variants. The major findings of this study include the observation that linguistic variants are distributed according to a power law, that numerous variants have statistically significant social correlates at all levels of the grammar, and that the relative effect of social variables differ at each linguistic level. INDEX WORDS: Linguistic Geography, Dialectology, Sociolinguistics, Language Variation, American English, Western American English, Colorado English, Rural Speech, Kruskal-Wallis A DISTRIBUTIONAL ANALYSIS OF RURAL COLORADO ENGLISH by LAMONT D. ANTIEAU BA, Eastern Michigan University, 1996 MA, Eastern Michigan University, 1998 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ATHENS, GEORGIA 2006 © 2006 Lamont D. Antieau All Rights Reserved A DISTRIBUTIONAL ANALYSIS OF RURAL COLORADO ENGLISH by LAMONT D. ANTIEAU Major Professor: William A. Kretzschmar, Jr. Committee: Marlyse Baptista Lee Pederson Diane Ranson Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia August 2006 DEDICATION This work is dedicated to the good people of Colorado who welcomed me into their homes and into their lives.
  • Mules and Hinnies Factsheet

    Mules and Hinnies Factsheet

    FACTSHEET: OWNERS MULES AND HINNIES Mules and hinnies are similar. They are both a cross between a horse and a donkey, with unique characteristics that make them special. Because they are so similar, the terms ‘mule’ and ‘hinny’ are used interchangeably, with hinnies often being referred to as mules. KEY FACTS ABOUT MULES AND HINNIES: Mule: The result of a donkey stallion mating with a female horse. Mules tend to have the head of a donkey and extremities of a horse. Hinny: The result of a horse stallion mating with a female donkey. Hinnies are less common than mules and there might be subtle differences in appearance. Size: Varies greatly depending on the stallion and mare. Ranging from 91-172 cm. Health: Hardy and tough. They often have good immune systems. Strength: Extremely strong. They pull heavy loads and carry much heavier weights than donkeys or horses of a similar size. Behaviour: Intelligent and sensitive. They can have unpredictable reactions. Appearance: Ears smaller than a donkey’s, the same shape as a horse’s. The mane and tail of a hinny is usually similar to a horse. Vocalisation: A mixture of a donkey’s ‘bray’ and a horse’s ‘whinny’. Sex: Male is a ‘horse mule’ (also known as a ‘john’ or ‘jack’). Female is a ‘mare mule’ (also known as a ‘molly’). Young: A ‘colt’ (male) or ‘filly’ (female). What is hybrid vigour? Hybrid = a crossbreed Vigour = hardiness or resilience • ‘Interbreeding’ (crossbreeding) can remove weaker characteristics and instead pass on desirable inherited traits. This is ‘hybrid vigour’, a term often associated with mules and hinnies.
  • The Perdum-Mule, a Mount for Distinguished Persons in Mesopotamia During the fi Rst Half of the Second Millennium BC By

    The Perdum-Mule, a Mount for Distinguished Persons in Mesopotamia During the fi Rst Half of the Second Millennium BC By

    190 The perdum-mule, a mount for distinguished persons in Mesopotamia during the fi rst half of the second millennium BC by Cécile Michel Fig. 7. Map of the area. [First. Unnumbered note: (*) Bibliography and sigla of Traditionally Mesopotamia defi nes the region bounded the Old Assyrian texts cited in this article are detailed by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, but in a more conven- in C. Michel, Old Assyrian Bibliography, Old Assyrian tional way, it covers the whole area where people used Archives. Studies 1, Leiden, 2003.] cuneiform script on clay tablets, from Iran to Anatolia, from the Zagros mountains to the Persian Gulf. The area Abstract: concerned by this study is limited mainly to Anatolia Among the many equids used at the beginning of the second millen- nium B. C. in Northern Mesopotamia, the perdum, an hybrid, is at- and Syria. tested only in few corpuses: the Old Assyrian merchant archives found Equids in the Ancient Near East are divided into in Central Anatolia in the ancient town Kaniš and dated to the 19th and three different groups: asses (equus asinus), half-asses 18th centuries B. C., the royal archives of Mari, Northern Syria, from (equus hemionus) and horses (equus caballus), and their the 18th century B. C., the tablets from Ugarit, half a millennium later, or even in the Bible. The aim of this article is to analyse the use and hybrids. The studies on this subject are already numer- the value of the perdum, compared to the picture given by the other ous, especially for the written documentation of the third equids documented in texts, iconography and by the archaeozoology.
  • Section IV – Guideline for the Texas Priority Species List

    Section IV – Guideline for the Texas Priority Species List

    Section IV – Guideline for the Texas Priority Species List Associated Tables The Texas Priority Species List……………..733 Introduction For many years the management and conservation of wildlife species has focused on the individual animal or population of interest. Many times, directing research and conservation plans toward individual species also benefits incidental species; sometimes entire ecosystems. Unfortunately, there are times when highly focused research and conservation of particular species can also harm peripheral species and their habitats. Management that is focused on entire habitats or communities would decrease the possibility of harming those incidental species or their habitats. A holistic management approach would potentially allow species within a community to take care of themselves (Savory 1988); however, the study of particular species of concern is still necessary due to the smaller scale at which individuals are studied. Until we understand all of the parts that make up the whole can we then focus more on the habitat management approach to conservation. Species Conservation In terms of species diversity, Texas is considered the second most diverse state in the Union. Texas has the highest number of bird and reptile taxon and is second in number of plants and mammals in the United States (NatureServe 2002). There have been over 600 species of bird that have been identified within the borders of Texas and 184 known species of mammal, including marine species that inhabit Texas’ coastal waters (Schmidly 2004). It is estimated that approximately 29,000 species of insect in Texas take up residence in every conceivable habitat, including rocky outcroppings, pitcher plant bogs, and on individual species of plants (Riley in publication).
  • Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetic Importance of a Gamete Recognition Gene Zan Reveals a Unique Contribution to Mammalian Speciation

    Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetic Importance of a Gamete Recognition Gene Zan Reveals a Unique Contribution to Mammalian Speciation

    Molecular evolution and phylogenetic importance of a gamete recognition gene Zan reveals a unique contribution to mammalian speciation. by Emma K. Roberts A Dissertation In Biological Sciences Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Approved Robert D. Bradley Chair of Committee Daniel M. Hardy Llewellyn D. Densmore Caleb D. Phillips David A. Ray Mark Sheridan Dean of the Graduate School May, 2020 Copyright 2020, Emma K. Roberts Texas Tech University, Emma K. Roberts, May 2020 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank numerous people for support, both personally and professionally, throughout the course of my degree. First, I thank Dr. Robert D. Bradley for his mentorship, knowledge, and guidance throughout my tenure in in PhD program. His ‘open door policy’ helped me flourish and grow as a scientist. In addition, I thank Dr. Daniel M. Hardy for providing continued support, knowledge, and exciting collaborative efforts. I would also like to thank the remaining members of my advisory committee, Drs. Llewellyn D. Densmore III, Caleb D. Phillips, and David A. Ray for their patience, guidance, and support. The above advisors each helped mold me into a biologist and I am incredibly gracious for this gift. Additionally, I would like to thank numerous mentors, friends and colleagues for their advice, discussions, experience, and friendship. For these reasons, among others, I thank Dr. Faisal Ali Anwarali Khan, Dr. Sergio Balaguera-Reina, Dr. Ashish Bashyal, Joanna Bateman, Karishma Bisht, Kayla Bounds, Sarah Candler, Dr. Juan P. Carrera-Estupiñán, Dr. Megan Keith, Christopher Dunn, Moamen Elmassry, Dr.
  • Txmammalscamn2017

    Txmammalscamn2017

    CAMN Mammalogy Training 2017 Mammals of Texas – Taxonomic Diversity Review (excluding marine mammals) Species in bold range in at least part of Travis County. TES = Listed as Threatened or Endangered Species, state (TX) or federal (US) DIDELPHIMORPHA (American marsupials) DIDELPHIDAE (American opossums) North and South America. Plantigrade with opposable hallux (big toe); prehensile tail; most (including Didelphis) with marsupium; arboreal; nocturnal/crepuscular; solitary; omnivorous. Didelphis virginiana, Virginia opossum XENARTHRA (armadillos, sloths, and anteaters) DASYPODIDAE (armadillos) Western hemisphere. Numerous simple peg-like teeth (Dasypus typically has 28- 32 total) lacking enamel, open-rooted; dermal armor with epidermal scales; terrestrial, burrowing, solitary, and omnivorous. Dasypus novemcinctus, Nine-banded armadillo LIPOTYPHLA (shrews, moles, solenodons, hedgehogs) SORICIDAE (shrews) Nearly worldwide, absent from Australia and most of South America. Small terrestrial insectivores, some semiaquatic. Active year-round. Teeth are often pigmented. Some are venomous. Plantigrade. Blarina and Sorex exhibit rudimentary echolation (high-pitched laryngeal pulses) to find prey. Blarina carolinensis, Southern short-tailed shrew Blarina hylophaga, Elliot’s short-tailed shrew Cryptotis parva, Least shrew Notiosorex crawfordi, Desert shrew TALPIDAE (moles) Northern Hemisphere. Fossorial insectivores, some semiaquatic. Active year- round. Postcranial skeleton, especially pectoral girdle, highly modified for digging. Dig permanent tunnel systems for foraging. Touch receptors in snout. Scalopus aquaticus, Eastern mole Pamela R. Owen, Texas Memorial Museum 1 CAMN Mammalogy Training 2017 CHIROPTERA (bats) MORMOOPIDAE (mustached or leaf-chinned bats) SW US, West Indies to Brazil. Flap of skin on lower lip; insectivorous; mouth emitters; tropical in distribution. Mormoops megalophylla, Ghost-faced bat PHYLLOSTOMIDAE (New World leaf-nosed bats) SW US, West Indies, south to northern Argentina.
  • Mammals of Colorado, Second Edition

    Mammals of Colorado, Second Edition

    1 Environments of Colorado Mammals are a familiar and important component of understand the distribution and abundance of mammals Earth’s biodiversity. Biodiversity is the kinds of organisms and the details of their daily lives we must fi rst understand and their genetic and ecological relationships—an evolu- the resource base, the mosaic of Colorado’s environments tionary and ecological phenomenon in space and time (E. in space and time. Wilson 1992). The mammalian fauna of Colorado is a fas- cinating piece of that whole. To understand the diversity of mammals we need to have a perspective of the ecosphere more generally. Such a perspective is the purpose of this Geography chapter, with a focus on environments of Colorado. Colorado is known for its scenic beauty—from majes- From the standpoint of political geography, Colorado is tic mountain peaks and rushing white rivers tumbling simple: it is roughly rectangular (if we neglect some minor down dark canyons, to red-rock deserts and ceaselessly old surveyors’ errors and the fact that Earth is spherical), shifting sand dunes, to the expansive sweep of the short- measuring approximately 607 km by 444 km (377 by 276 grass prairie. Grandeur is wherever we stop to appreciate mi.) and encompassing some 270,000 km2 (104,000 sq. mi.). it, at every scale, from canyons carved in crystalline rocks Colorado lies between approximately 102° and 109° west 2 billion years old, to bold peaks sculpted by the glaciers longitude and 37° and 41° north latitude, and is subdi- of the last Ice Age, to last night’s furtive trail of a mouse vided into 64 counties (Map 1-1).
  • Cibola National Forest and Grasslands

    Cibola National Forest and Grasslands

    Chapter 1: Introduction In Ecological and Biological Diversity of National Forests in Region 3 Bruce Vander Lee, Ruth Smith, and Joanna Bate The Nature Conservancy EXECUTIVE SUMMARY We summarized existing regional-scale biological and ecological assessment information from Arizona and New Mexico for use in the development of Forest Plans for the eleven National Forests in USDA Forest Service Region 3 (Region 3). Under the current Planning Rule, Forest Plans are to be strategic documents focusing on ecological, economic, and social sustainability. In addition, Region 3 has identified restoration of the functionality of fire-adapted systems as a central priority to address forest health issues. Assessments were selected for inclusion in this report based on (1) relevance to Forest Planning needs with emphasis on the need to address ecosystem diversity and ecological sustainability, (2) suitability to address restoration of Region 3’s major vegetation systems, and (3) suitability to address ecological conditions at regional scales. We identified five assessments that addressed the distribution and current condition of ecological and biological diversity within Region 3. We summarized each of these assessments to highlight important ecological resources that exist on National Forests in Arizona and New Mexico: • Extent and distribution of potential natural vegetation types in Arizona and New Mexico • Distribution and condition of low-elevation grasslands in Arizona • Distribution of stream reaches with native fish occurrences in Arizona • Species richness and conservation status attributes for all species on National Forests in Arizona and New Mexico • Identification of priority areas for biodiversity conservation from Ecoregional Assessments from Arizona and New Mexico Analyses of available assessments were completed across all management jurisdictions for Arizona and New Mexico, providing a regional context to illustrate the biological and ecological importance of National Forests in Region 3.
  • RECENT LITERATURE on LEPIDOPTERA (Cnder the Supervision of PETER F

    RECENT LITERATURE on LEPIDOPTERA (Cnder the Supervision of PETER F

    1957 TIll' LepidopteristJ' News 63 RECENT LITERATURE ON LEPIDOPTERA (Cnder the supervision of PETER F. BELLINGER) Under this heading are included abstracts of papers anel books of interest to lepi­ dopterists. The world's literature is searched systematically, and it is intended that eve ry work on Lepidoptera published after 1946 will be floticed here; omissions of papers more than 3 or 4 years old should he called to Dr. BELLINGER'S attention. New genera and higher categories a re shown in CAPITALS, with types in parentheses; new species and subspecies are noted, with type localities if given in print. Larval foodplants are usually listed. Critical comments by abstractors may he made. Papers of only local interest and papers from The Lepidopterists' News are listed without abstract. Readers, particularly outside of Nortb America, interested in assisting with this very large task, are invited to write Dr. BELLI NGE R (Osborn Zoological Lah., Yale University, New Haven 11, Coon., U.S.A.) Abstractors' initia ls are as follows: [P.B.] - P. F. BELLINGER; [I. C.] I. F. B. COMMON ; [W. C.] - W. C. COOK; [A. D.] - A. DIAKONOFF; [W. H.] - W. HACKMAN; [J. M.] - J. MOUCHA; [E. M.l - E. G. MUNROE; [N.O.] - N. S. OBRAZTSOV; [C. R] - C. L. REMINGTON; [J.1'.] - J. W. TILnEN; [Po V.] - P. E. L. VIETTE. B. SYSTEMATICS AND NOMENCLATURE Adamczewski, Stanislaw, "Notes all the plume-moths, II. Capperia trirhodactyla (Dennis ct Schiffermiiller) 1775, in Poland (Lep., Alucitida:)" [in Polish; English summary]. Bull. E1I1. Pologlle, vol. 18: pp. 142-155. 1948. Gives the :>ynonymy of C.
  • Rules Amending Title 4

    Rules Amending Title 4

    Rules Amending Title 4 Hawaii Administrative Rules September 26, 2017 1. Chapter 71 of Title 4, Hawaii Administrative Rules, entitled “Plant and Non-Domestic Animal Quarantine Non-Domestic Animal Import Rules” is amended and compiled to read as follows: “HAWAII ADMINISTRATIVE RULES” TITLE 4 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SUBTITLE 6 DIVISION OF PLANT INDUSTRY CHAPTER 71 PLANT AND NON-DOMESTIC ANIMAL QUARANTINE NON-DOMESTIC ANIMAL IMPORT RULES Subchapter 1 General Provisions §4-71-1 Objective §4-71-2 Definitions §4-71-3 Permits §4-71-3.1 User permit fees 71-1 §4-71-4 Submission of permit application to the board §4-71-4.1 Maximum time period for permit approvals, disapprovals, extensions, or automatic approvals §4-71-4.2 Public input and notification for listing §4-71-4.3 Violations Subchapter 2 Non-Domestic Animal Introductions §4-71-5 Notice of quarantine §4-71-6 Prohibited introductions §4-71-6.1 Ad hoc panel for identification of prohibited hybrid animal §4-71-6.5 Permitted introductions §4-71-7 Bond for certain animals §4-71-8 Bonding procedure §4-71-9 Conditions for bonding §4-71-10 Failure to comply with bond conditions Historical note: Chapter 71 is based substantially upon Regulation 2 entitled "Concerning the Introduction of Feral and Other Non-Domestic Animals into Hawaii," of the Division of Entomology and Marketing, Department of Agriculture and Conservation [Eff. 12/12/41; am and ren. Regulation 2 8/30/47; am 9/16/60; R 7/13/81]; and Regulation 3 entitled "Concerning the Introduction of Bacteria, Fungi and Viruses into Hawaii," of the Division of Entomology, Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry [Eff.