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Iván Arbelo Mesa ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIERÍA AGRARIA SECCIÓN DE INGENIERÍA AGRARIA GRADO EN INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA Y DEL MEDIO RURAL EVALUACIÓN AGRONÓMICA DE TRES VARIEDADES DE OKRA (ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS L. MOENCH) EN INVERNADERO Y EN DOS ÉPOCAS DE PLANTACIÓN DIFERENTES Iván Arbelo Mesa Iván Arbelo Mesa La Laguna, septiembre de 2017 Iván Arbelo Mesa AUTORIZACIÓN DEL TRABAJO FIN DE GRADO POR SUS DIRECTORES CURSO 2016/2017 DIRECTOR – COORDINADOR: D. Isidoro Jesús Rodríguez Hernández DIRECTOR: Dra. Mª Teresa Ramos Domínguez como Director/es/ del alumno Iván Arbelo Mesa en el TFG titulado: EVALUACIÓN AGRONÓMICA DE TRES VARIEDADES DE OKRA (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) EN INVERNADERO Y EN DOS ÉPOCAS DE PLANTACIÓN DIFERENTES. nº de Ref doy/damos mi/nuestra autorización para la presentación y defensa de dicho TFG, a la vez que confirmo/confirmamos que el alumno ha cumplido con los objetivos generales y particulares que lleva consigo la elaboración del mismo y las normas del Reglamento de Trabajo Fin de Grado de la Escuela Politécnica Superior de Ingeniería. La Laguna, a 1 de Septiembre de 2017 Fdo: D. Isidoro JesúsIván Rodríguez Hernández Arbelo Fdo: Dra. Mesa Mª Teresa Ramos Domínguez SR. PRESIDENTE DE LA COMISIÓN DE TRABAJO FIN DE GRADO Agradecimientos En primer lugar quería agradecer a mi Director-Coordinador del trabajo, D. Isidoro Jesús Rodríguez Hernández, por darme la oportunidad de realizar este trabajo, por todas las horas dedicadas y por su entera disposición cuando se le requería. Igualmente agradecer a la Directora Dña. María Teresa Ramos Domínguez, por su disposición en la parte estadística y sus conocimientos que me sirvieron de gran ayuda. En tercer lugar mi enorme agradecimiento a los laborales, en concreto a Fernando, que estuvo ahí en todo momento siempre trabajando duro a mi lado para que este proyecto se pudiera llevar a cabo y adquiriendo más conocimientos profesionales en campo. Finalmente darle las gracias a mi familia por todos estos años de esfuerzo y su apoyo incondicional en cada momento, que me han servido de gran ayuda para llegar a donde he llegado. Y también a Paola, por toda la paciencia que ha tenido y las palabras positivas que siempre ha tenido para sacar todo adelante. A todos los que han estado a mi lado durante este duro recorrido. GRACIAS Iván Arbelo Mesa RESUMEN Iván Arbelo Mesa Título: Evaluación agronómica de tres variedades de okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) en invernadero y en dos épocas de plantación diferentes. Autores: Arbelo-Mesa I., Rodríguez Hernández, I. J. Ramos Domínguez, Mª. T. Palabras claves: quimbombó, Dwarf Green, Red Burgundy, Silver Queen, caracterización y producción. Resumen La realización de este ensayo consistió en analizar la producción de tres variedades de okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) Red Burgundy, Silver Queen y Dwarf Green en dos fechas diferentes de plantación, junio y julio. Esta experiencia se hizo en una parcela de 67 m2 bajo un invernadero cubierto con polietileno térmico, en la Escuela Politécnica Superior de Ingeniería Sección Ingeniería Agraria de la ULL. Las semillas se sembraron en semilleros, en bandejas de poliestireno expandido usando como sustrato turba. Cuando se consiguió el crecimiento adecuado, después de tres semanas en semillero para cada época, se trasplantó a invernadero siguiendo un diseño de bloques al azar con un marco de plantación entre las variedades y plantas bordes de 0,5 x 1,20 m. El cultivo se desarrolló con normalidad, realizándose las labores correspondientes y recolectando los frutos en los meses de Junio y Julio, procediendo posteriormente a la toma de datos. Los parámetros a evaluar fueron el peso, longitud y rendimiento. Una vez analizados, se observó que el cultivo se comporta correctamente en las condiciones establecidas, siempre que las temperaturas sean elevadas asemejándose a las de un clima tropical. La mejor época fue la segunda plantación con la variedad Dwarf Green, obteniéndose unos mejores resultados tanto en el pesoIván como en los rendimientos.Arbelo Mesa Title: Agronomic evaluation of three varieties of okra (Abelmoschus esculentum L. Moench) in greenhouse and in two different planting seasons. Authors: Arbelo-Mesa I., Rodríguez Hernández, I. J. Ramos Domínguez, Mª. T. Key words: quimbombó, Dwarf Green, Red Burgundy, Silver Queen, characterization and production. Abstract The performance of this test consists of analysis the production of three okra´s varieties (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) Red Burgundy, Silver Queen y Dwarf Green in two different time of plantacion, june and july. This experience was made in a piece of land of 67 m2 under a greenhouse covered with a thermal polystyrene, in the Polytechnic School of Agricultural Engineering in the ULL. Seeds were planted in seedbeds, tray of expanded polystyrene and using substrate peat. When the adequate grown was achieved, later then three weeks in the seedbeds for every season, they were transplanted in the greenhouse, following a random block design with a plantacion frame between the okra´s varieties and otherplants 0,5 x 1,20 m. The crops developed normally, perfoming the corrisponding tasks and collecting the fruits in the months of June and July, and after recollecting the plants information. The parameters of evaluater were weight, length and performance. Once analyzed, it was observed that the crop behaves correctly in the established conditions, provided that the temperatures are elevated like a tropical climate. The best time was the second planting with the Dwarf Green variety, obtaining better result in weight and yields. Iván Arbelo Mesa ÍNDICE Iván Arbelo Mesa Página 1. Introducción ............................................................................. 1 2. Objetivos ................................................................................... 3 3. Revisión bibliográfica .............................................................. 5 3.1. Generalidades .................................................................. 6 3.1.1. Origen e historia ......................................................... 7 3.1.2. Usos ............................................................................ 8 3.1.3. Composición nutricional ........................................... 12 3.1.4. Importancia económica ............................................. 13 3.2. Taxonomía y descripción botánica ...................................... 18 3.2.1 Taxonomía ....................................................................... 19 3.2.2. Especies distribuidas a nivel mundial ......................... 21 3.2.3. Genética de la especie .................................................. 22 3.2.4. Descripción botánica .................................................... 25 3.3. Fisiología ............................................................................... 31 3.3.1. Crecimiento vegetativo ................................................ 32 3.3.2. Fisiología floral ............................................................. 32 3.3.3. Polinización y fecundación ......................................... 33 3.4. Cultivares .............................................................................. 35 3.5. Exigencias climáticas y edafológicas ............................... 41 3.6. Ciclo del Iváncultivo, siembra Arbelo y trasplante............................... Mesa 43 3.7. Labores del cultivo .............................................................. 46 3.7.1. Otras labores ............................................................... 49 3.8. Mejora genética ................................................................... 50 3.9. Plagas y enfermedades ...................................................... 52 3.9.1. Plagas ......................................................................... 53 3.9.2. Enfermedades ............................................................ 60 3.10. Sistema de recolección, postcosecha y comercialización ................................................................... 63 4. Parte experimental ............................................................ 68 4.1. Material y métodos ..................................................... 69 4.1.1. Localización de la experiencia ....................... 70 4.1.2. Siembra en los semilleros .............................. 71 4.1.3. Diseño de plantación ...................................... 78 4.1.4. Análisis de tierra ............................................. 78 4.1.5. Análisis de agua .............................................. 79 4.1.6. Preparación del terreno .................................. 80 4.1.7. Instalación y sistema de riego ....................... 81 4.1.8. El trasplante ..................................................... 82 4.1.9. Labores del cultivo ......................................... 83 4.1.10. Recolección ................................................... 93 4.1.11. Análisis estadístico ....................................... 93 5. Resultados y discusión ................................................... 94 5.1. Resultados de la germinación ................................. 95 5.2. Influencia de la variedad en el peso ....................... 96 5.3. Influencia de la variedad en la longitud ................. 98 5.4. Influencia de la época en el peso ........................... 101 5.5. InfluenciaIván de la época Arbelo en la longitud ..................... Mesa 102 5.6. Estudio del parámetro rendimiento ....................... 103 6. Conclusiones ...................................................................
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