BULL. BOT. SURV. INDIA ------Vol. 29, Nos. 1-4 pp. 226-252. 1987

A SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE SURVEY OF SEED SURFACE MORPHOLOGY OF SOME TAXA OF

T.K. PAUL AND M.P. NAYAR 80tanka/ Survey of Jndie. Calcutta

ABSTRACT

Seeds of 54 taxa under I7 genera of the fam~lyMalvaceae were exam~nedwith scanning electron Wroscope (SEMI and compared. The varrat~onrn peed coatmttern drffers from specla to species even in infraspecrfic level.Melva. the type genus of th~sfamily shows rectangular spermodefm cellsand weseare arranged In scalanform pattern but rn M. maurithna, the epdwmal ceNs cancidentallv have developed Irregular surface.The drfference between the gemAha and Althem, the seperat~onof D~cellmtylesjujubrfok from the genus Kydia, placing of Urenastnlretaas subspec~esof U. lobeta and establrsh~ngof tubercuhtus var, dettotdefolrus have been supported.

INTRODUCTION In order to examine the characters of spermoderm and to help the taxonomic The family Malvaceae comprises of 88 disposition of different taxa in certain cases, genera and c. 2300 species distributed in SEM studies of spermoderm of the seeds tropics, subtropics and temperate regions of some taxa of the family Malvaceae in of the World. In lndia this family is represen- lndia have been undertaken. ted by 24 genera and c. 104 species. This study of seed morphology in Malvaceae was made in conjunction with the revisio- MATERIALS AND METHODS nary, work now completed for Flora of lndia. The seeds of 54 taxa of Malvaceae have Several studies on the anatomy of the been examined by scanning electron micro- seed and seed coat of Malvaceae based scope (SEM). Seeds for this study were on light microscopic study have been obtained from herbarium specimens at reported <(Winter, 1960; Singh, 1967; CAL. They were taken directly from fruit. Mohan Rao, 1978; Kumar et 8f.1985, Dry cleaned mature seeds were directly 1'986).But the seed surface morphology mounted on the adhesive tapes placed on of Malvaceae based on scanning electron the stubs and subsequently they were microscope (SEM) have not previously Palladium gold coated. Surface pattern of been studied in detail. A recent review on the seeds were studied in different magnifi- spermoderm patterns by Brisson & Peter- cations and wherever possible minimum dn( 1976) amply justify that investigations of three seeds were examined and photo- using SEM may be useful in the under- graphs taken. Scanning of all the materials standihg of systematics, ecology, genetics were done in Philips, SEM 500 scanning and evolution of . s)ectron microscope. 19871 PAUL AND NAYAR S.E.M. SURVEY OF SOME MALVACEAE SEEDS

Voucher information for the taxa of Malvaceae studied here. Taxa are arranged alphabetically. All collections are deposited in CAL

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Ta xon Collect~ondata Taxon Collect~ondata

Abelmoschus angulosus Kerala. Palghat Dt. 2 1.10. H. lunariifolrus Karnataka, Su~a.N. Kana- 1963, Joseph 178 13 ra. 20.11 1887. Talbot1585 H.macropn ylhs Assam, 189 1, King 3 coll- A. crinitus Uttar Pradesh, w~thout ector. s.n. precise locality, Annon y- ti. ,oanduraeformls Madhya Pradesh, Amar- mous s. n. patan, B~ladllla, 8 2 63. A. ficulneus Rajasthan. Govatadam. Panrgrahr 67 36 Bhllwara, 2.10.78, Srngh H, West Bengal, without we- 5711 radratus crse locality, Nov 15. A. manihot ssp. tetraphyllusWest Bengal. Blratl, 24- 1 898. Pram s. n. Roy- Perganas, 4.1 1.65, H. sabdarrffa West Bengal, Kardapara. chowdhury 30 Bankura, 24 12 1958. A. tuberculatus var. Uttar Pradesh. Shaharan- Sengupta 2020 tuberculetus pur. Annon ymous s. n. H. surattensis Tam11 Nadu. Malnfalls, A. tuberculetus var. Rajasthan, Jhalawar. 2 1 9. Courtallam. 453 m. !6 12 deltoidefdlios 64. Wadhwa & Verma 1957, Subramanyam 4947 7524. H. tilaceous North Ncobar. 20.8 74 Abutilon bidentatum Rajasthan. Jodhpur, March Chakraborty 2 1 14 1868, King s. n. K ydie calycina Madhya Pradesh, Band A. hirtum Bthar. Palamau. Chotanag- R.F. Saugor dt. 30.10 pur Dee. 1880, Gamble s.n. 1960. Balakrishnan 1 1369 A. indicum Tam11Nadu, Bunds of Ved- K glabrescens Arunachal Pradesh, Shoe- anthangal (ChlngleputDt.), lingoreyi. Loh~fF.D.. 30.1 1 25.1.76, A. N. Henry 47026 1957, Panrgrahl 10858 Tam11 Nadu. Colmbatore. Lavqtera cachem~riana Kashm~r.Sonamarg, 2.3.78. Hore 598 Clarke s. n. A. ramosum Kerala, Kavalay Cochln. Malachra capita ta West Bengal, Dum Dum Nov. 19 10. Meebold 12383 Cantt.. 8.1 1.59, Chatter- A. theophrastr Kashmlr. Meebold 3662 jee 7 Malva mauritlana Madhya Pradesh. Sadar- Alcea rosea Uttar Pradesh. Dehra Dun, 23.2.1870, K~ngs. n. pur. Indore, 10 9.64, Arora 5845 Althaea offic~nab Kashmlr. Falconer 28 I M. neglecta Kashmlr, Sonamarg. 1876. Decaschrstia croton~folia Tam11 Nadu, Mudumalai Clarke 3088 1 R.F. Nllglr~. 18.1 1.1958, M. parviflore Rajasthan, Ghatlvill, Tonk Sebasttne 7339 dt. 17.2.1973 Shettv 5Rn Karnataka. Gessappa falls. M. s ylvestris Uttar Pradesh. Lal~tpur. Oct 1908, Meebold 9645 9, 12. 19 10, Kalkaprasad Oicellostylesjujubifol~a Meghalaya. Khasla. Griffith 34853 1270 M, vertrcillata Nagaland, Naga Hills, 1899, Floria vitrf~lra Andhra Pradesh. Balewalle, Prarn 's collector 7 1 4 July 1885. Gamble 16560 Pa vonra grewiordes Gujarat. Jamnagar - Roz- Hibiscus caesrus Arunachal Pradesh, Shoe- lbuder Rd. 25.9. 1964. Ilngorey~.Lohit F.D..30.1 1 S. R. Rolh 102979 1957, Pan~grahi10898 P. odorata Tam11Nadu. ma rut ha ma la^, H. cannabinus West Bengal. Sahlbgung, Colmbatore. Dt 653 m. Kurz s,n. 7 8 1956, Sebastine 500 228 BULLETIN OF THE BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA [Vol. 29

- Seeds 3-5 mm in diameter, reniform to Taxon Collection data subglobular, rusty tomentose, verrucate. Spermoderm cell boundaries obliterated Pavonh repanda West Bengal, Darjeellng due to irregular deposition of the wall 2.12.1857, Thomson sen. materials, surface rugose and sometimes k? zeylenk8 Rajasthan, Jodhpur. forming irregular reticulation (PI. 1 C-D). 14.1Q.1976. A.N Singh ,A: ficulneus (Linn.) Wt. & Arn. ex Wt. Cat. 3255 ~ncana Gujarat, Dwarka, Saura- 14. 1833et in Prod. FI. Pen. Ind.Or.l: shtra, 26.3. 1964, Mukh- 53. 1834. erfee 2 267. Seeds c. 3 mm in diameter, tomentose S~daacuta Kerala, Tr~ven~Pamba, by sellate hairs, striated. Spermoderrn cells 2.9.1977, Narr 508 1 1 inconspicuous, surface rugose, stellate hairs S. cordate B~har, Ladaburu. 28 12 1960, G. V.S. Rao 2277 1 from elevated tubercular structures. (PI. S. cordifolt8 Uttar Pradesh, Mtrzapur, 1 E-F). 12.10.69, Pangrab 12473 A. manihot (Linn.) Medic. ssp. tetraphyllus Maharashtra, Tokavada (Roxb. ex Hornem) Borss. in Blumeal4 : Range, 19.11 .1968.Billore 97. 1966. 115931 Seeds 3-4 mm in diameter, globular to S. ovata Rajasthan, Jodhput, 9. 10 76. A. N Singh 3177 reniform, minute warts and stellate hairs S.' rhombifolia ssp. Maharashtra, Dolkhamb, in concentric rings. Spermoderm cell rhombtfol&~var 14.10.1967,Billore 11823 boundaries conspicuous, uniformly thick- rhombirOIm ened, smooth or striated, cell surface S. rtnnnbifdia ssp. Tam11 Nadu, Nilglr~,Oota- smooth. (PI. 2 A-C). rhomb~fo/.var. camund, 6.12. 1878, A. moschatus Medic., Malv. 46. 1787. , Sc@br& K~ngs. n. S. .rhombifolia ssp retusa Andhra Pradesh. Seeds 3-4 mm in diameter, reniform, Biscm hill (Gadamri agemy). c~ncentricallyribbed, glabrous. Spermo- 4.12.1902, Barber 5 104 derm cells conspicuous forming a reticu- Rajasthan, Bhilwara, 27.9. lum, cells angular, boundary walls irregular- 78. A. N. Slngh 6027 ly thickened, surface rugose. (PI. 2 D-F). Maharashtra, Khandala. A. tuberculatus Pal et Singh in. Bot. Gaz. 113.458.1952. Seeds c. 3 mm. in diameter, globose- Clarke 251546 reniform, tubercles in concentric rings, W-dub rostrate West Bengat Bhedta, glabrous. Spermoderm cells conspicuous, 15.3.65,A.K. Outt 653 boundary walls thick forming reticulation, DESCRIPTION thickening not uniform, sometimes exten- Abelmoschus angulosus Wall. ex Wt. & sion of the boundary walls traverse the Arn., Prod. FI.Pen. Ind. Or. 1 :53.1834. surface, cell surface rugose. (PI. 3 A-B). Seeds 34mm in diameter, more or less A. tuberculatur var. deltoidefdliue'faul et globular to reniform, stellate hairy, hairs Nayar in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 24 ( 1-4): in concentric rings. Spermoderm cells 215. 1982. conspicuous, elongated, most1y hexagonal Seeds 4-6 mm in diameter, more or less forming a reticulum, boundaries uniform, globose, stellate hairy, hairs in concentric 6iurface rugose (PI. 1 A-6). rings. Spermoderm cells conspicuous arr- A. crinihrr ~slf.'PI.As. Rar. 1 : 89, t. 44. anged in rows, boundary walls more or 1830. less uniformly thickened and each cell with 1987) PAUL AND NAYAR S.E.M.SURVEY OF SOME MALVACEAE SEEDS a projection from the boundary wall towa- brescent; hilum hairy. Spermoderm cells rds the surface, surface rugose (P1.3 C-0). more or less conspicuous, boundaries not Abutilon bidentaturn A. Rich. Tent. FI. uniform, surface undulate, striated (PI. 5 Abyss. 68. 1847. E-F.). Seeds c. 1.5 mm in diameter, reniform, Alcea rosea Linn., Sp. PI. 687. 1753. glabrous, hilum with few stellate hairs. Seeds 3-4 mrn in diameter, reniform, Spermoderm cells inconspicuous due to surface with scattered glandular structures, irregular thickening of the cell boundaries hilum with some appressed hairs. Sper- and with some alveoli on the ridges, surface, moderm cells obliterated due to irregular undulate (PI. 3 E-F). thickening of the boundaries forming a A. hirtum (Lamk.) Sweet, Hort. Brit. ed. reticulum, qieticufa roundish to angular, 1 : 63. 1826. glandular structures are angular and raised Seeds c. 2.5 mm in diameter, reniform, (PI. 6 A-B). stellate hairy, hairs more or less in reticulate mw officinalis Linn., Sp. PI. 686. 1753. pattern, hilum with stellate hairs, hairs thick Seeds 1.5-2.5 mm in diameter, reniform, with tuberculate base, extension of the glabrous, hilum glabrous. Spermoderm tuberculum traverse the surface. Spermo- celk inconspicuous, surface with irregular derm cells more or less obliterate due to ridges and furrows (PI. 6 E-F). more thickened boundary walk forming Decaaehistia crotonifolia Wt. & Arn., f rod. ablarstructure, boundary walls irregularly FI. Pen. lnd. Or. 1 : 52. 1834. thickened, striated (PI. 4 A-C ). Seeds c. 4 mm long and c. 2.5 mm A, indicum (Linn.) Sweet, Hort. Brit, ed. across, reniform, glabrous. Spermoderm 1 : 54. 1826. qll boundaries obliterated due to irregular Seeds 2-3 mm in diameter, reniform, thickening forming alveoles (PI. 6 C4). glabrescent, hilum with stellate hairs, surface ' D. tribbata Wt. Ic. v. I. t. 88. 1840. with erect tubercles, apex of the tubercles Seeds c. 5 mm long and c. 3 mm acim$, depressed, extension of the tubercles tra- reniform, glabrous. Spermoderm dlIxwn- verse the surface. Spermoderm cells con- daries obliterated due to irregular thicken- spicuous, boundary walls more or less uniformly thickened, striate, surface rugose ing forming alveoles (PI. 7 A-6). (PI. 4 D-F). Dillostyles juju bifolia (Griff .) Benth. in A. persjcum (Burm. f.) Merr. in Philip, J.Sc. Benth. & Hook. f .,Gen .PI. 1 : 207.1 862. 19 : 364. 1921. Seeds c. 4 mm long and c. 3 mm in Seeds c. 2 mm diameter, reniform, sur- diameter, reniform, glabrous. Spermodemr face with scattered tubercles, glabrous. cells conspicuous, angular, forming a Spermoderm cells conspicuous, more or reticulum, surface with some elevated less uniformly thickened forming a rows of structures (PI. 7 C-0). alveoles like appearance (PI. 5 A-8). Fioria vitifolia (Linn.) Mattei, Bol. R. Orto. A. ramosum (Cev.) Guill et Perr. in Guill. et Bot. Palermo 2 : 71. 1916. a/., FI. Senegamb. 1 : 68.1830. Seeds 2-3 mm in diameter, reniform, Seeds c. 2 mm in diameter, reniform, glabrous, surface with scattered tubercles. glabrescent. Spermoderm cells not cons- Spermoderrn cells inconspicuous, surface picuous, surface with some elevated amor- irregularly reticulate, tubercles sometimes phous structures with some pits encircled connected with each other by the extension by elevated boundaries (PI. 5 C-D). from'each other (PI. 7 E-F). A* theophrasti Medic ., Malv. 28. 1 787. Hibkcwr csssius Garcke, Bot. bit. 7 : Seeds c. 34rnm across, reniform, gla- 860.1849. BULLETIN OF THE BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA

Seeds c. 3 mm in diameter, reniform, surface with scattered scales, scales pa'lma - hairy, hairs simple, appressed . Spermoderm tely lobed and each part bending downwar- cells conspicuous, cells angular forming a ds. Spermoderm cells more or less conspi- reticulum, surface undulate, hairs thick cuous, angular, boundary walls irregularly with blunt apex (PI. 8 AiB). thickened forming reticulum, surface rugose H, cannabinus Linn.,Syst. Nat. ed. 10,2 : (PI. 10C-D). 1149. 1759. H. tilisceus Linn., Sp. PI. 694. 1753. Seeds 'c. 7 mm long and ,c. 4 mm in Seeds 4-5 mm long, reniform, glabrous, diameter, triangular reniform, surface with surface with tubercles. Spermoderm cells minute scales. Spermoderm cells incons- inconspicuous, surface undulate (PI. 10 pic,uous, surface undulate, scales flat, E-F). ribbed, apical portion dissected (PI. 8 C- Kydia calycina Roxb.,Hort. Beng. 50. 18 14 D). nom. nud. et in PI.Corom. 3 :11, t.215. H. lunariifolius Willd., Sp. PI. 3 : 8 1 1. 1819. 1800. Seeds c. 3 mm long and c. 2 mm in Seeds 2.0-2.5 mm in diameter, reniforrn, diameter, reniform, surface with concentric surface sparsely stellate hairy . Spermoderm ribs. Spermoderm cells conspicuous, angu- cells more or less conspicuous, angular, lar, forming reticulum, ribs formed by forming a reticulum, surface rugose or elevated angular cells, boundary walls undulate, stetlate hairs 2-4 armed, thick irregularly thickened (PI. 1 1 A€). (PI. 8 E-F). K, glabrescens Mast. in Hook. f., FI. Brit. H. macrophyllus Roxb. ex Hornem. Hort. Ind. 1 : 348. 1874. Hafn., Suppl. 149. 1819. Seeds c. 3 mm long and c. 2 mm in Seeds c. 5 mm long, reniform with long diameter, reniform, surface with concentric fulvous hairp along the edge. Spermoderm ribs. Spermoderm cell boundaries not so cells conspicuous, cells mostly square conspicuous as in K. calycins, surface shaped arranged in vertical rows (PI. 9 A- irregularly reticulate, ribs formed by eleva- 0 )* ted angular cells, boundary walls uniformly H. panduraeformis 0urm.f ., FI. Ind. 15 l.t. thickened, cell surface with some elevated 47. f. 2. 1768. structures (PI. 11 D-F). Seeds c. 2.0-2.5 mm in diameter, reni- Lavatera cachemiriana Camb. in Jacq. Voy. form, angular, densely stellate hairy. Sper- d. I'lnde 4 : 29. t. 32. 1844. moderm cells conspicuous, angular, form- Seeds c. 2.5 mm across, reniform, ing a reticulum (PI. 9 C-D). glabrous. Spermoderm cells not so conspi- H. radiatus Cav., Diss. 3 : 150. t. 54. f. 2. cuous, elongated, arranged in parallel rows, 1787. boundary walls irregularly thickened, sur- Seeds c. 4 mm in diameter, reniform, face rugose (PI. 12 A-B). scabrous. Spermoderm cells irregular, not Malachra capitata (Linn.) Linn ., Syst. Nat. conspicuous, surface irregularly reticulate ed. 12,2 : 458. 1767. (PI. 9E-F) . Seeds c. 2.6 mm long, oblong-reniform H. sabdariffa Linn., Sp. Pi. 695. 1753. to sub-reftiform, glabrous. Spermoderm Seeds 2-3 mm long, reniform, stellate cells ~spicu~us,angular, boundaries hairy. Spermodem cells conspicuous, cells uniformly thickened forming a reticulum, angular forming reticulum (PI. 10 A-B). surface smooth (PI. 12 C9). H. mrattenuia Linn., Sp. PI. 696. 1763. Mahra mauritisna Linn., Sp. PI. 689, 1763. Seeds 34 mm in diameter, renifom, Seeds 1.a 1.5 mm in diameter, mniform, 1987 1 PAUL AND NAYAR S E M SURVEY OF SOME MALVACEAE SEEDS

glabrous. Spermoderm cells inconspicuous, Seeds c. 3 mm long and c. 2 mm in undulate, surface rugose (PI. 12 E-F). diameter, oblong-ovoid, glabrous. Sper- Mahra negbcta Wallr., Syll.PI. Nov. Ratisbon moderm cells lconspicuouS angular, 1 : 140.1824. boundary walls irregularly thickened. Sur- Seeds c. 1.5 mm in diameter, reniform, face rugose (PI. 15 A-8). glabrous, rugose. Spermoderm cells cons- p. zeyhnica (Linn.) Cav.,Diss. 3 : 134, t. picuous, 3-5 times longer than broad, 48.f. 2. 1787. quadrangular, arranged in 'scalariform Seeds c. 3 mm long and c. 1.5 mm in pattern, intercellular boundaries raised and diameter, reniform, hairs in concentric thickened, surface smooth (PI. 13 A-B). rings, hairs coiled, extension of the hair M. parviflora Linn. in Hojer. Demonstr. PI. bases travei'se the surface. Surfaca reticu- Hort. Ups. 18. 1753. late, spermoderm cellsconspicuous, angukr Seeds c. 1 mm in diameter, reniform, (PI. 15 C-D). glabrous, rugose. Spermoderm cells cons- Senra incana Cav.,Diss, 2 : 83, t. 35.f. 3. picuous, shorter than the epidermal cells 1786. of M. neglecta Wallr. (PI. 13 C-0). Seeds c. 2 mrn long and c. 1 mm in M. sylvestris Linn., Sp. PI. 689. 1753. diameter, hairy, hairs anastornosing with Seeds 1.5-2.0 mm in diameter, reniform, each other (PI. 15 €-I?). rugose. Spermoderm cells conspicuous, Sidr acuta Burm. f ., FI. Ind. 147. 1768. about two times as long as broad forming Seeds c. 2 mm long, reniform, glabrous, a reticulum, boundaries not uniformly hiturn with few stellate hairs. Spermoderm thickened, surface rugose (PI. 13 E-F). conspicuous, boundary walls irregular- M. verticillata Linn., Sp. PI. 689. 1753. ly thickened and sometimes overlapping Seeds c. 1.5 mm in diameter, reniform, forming irregular reticuium, Cell suiface' rugose. Spermoderm cells conspicuous, smooth (PI. 16 A-6). elongated, quadrangular, 3-4 times longer S. cordata (Burm. f ) Borss. in Blumgcr haii broad, arranged in longitudinal rows, 14 : 182. 1966. intercellular walls mare thickened, surface Seeds c. 2 mm long and c. 1 mm In with some traversing fibres from the wall diameter, reniform, glabrous. Spermoderm (PI. 14 A-8). cells conspicuous, angular, forming uniform Pavonia grewioides Hochst. ex Boiss. FI. reticulum, surface smooth (PI. 16 C-D). Or. 1 : 837. 1867. S. cordifolia Linn..Sp. PI: 684. 1753. Seeds c. 1.5 mm in diameter, ovoid- Seeds c. 2 mm in diameter, reniform, reniform, hairy. Spermoderm cells incons- glabrous, hilum with few stellate hairs. picuous forming an irregular reticulation, Spetmoderm cells inconspicuous, boundary surface undulate, hairs simple with bulbous walls striate and more thickened than S. base (PI. 14 C-D). cordeta (PI. 16 E-F). , P. odorata Willd.,Sp. PI. 3 : 837. 1800. S. mysorenrris Wt. & h.,Prod: FI. Pen. Seeds c. 2 mm long, reniform, hairs Ind. Or. 59. 1834. with tuberculed bases arranged in concen- Seeds c. 2 mm long, ovoid to obtriangu- tric rings. Spermoderm cells incOnspicuous, tar, glabrous. Spermoderm cells conspi- surface with irregular reticulation, rugOSe, cuous, elongated forming a reticulum, extension of the hair traverse the cell boundary walls raised forming ridges and surface (PI. 14 E-F). furrows (PI. 17 A-0). Pa repanda (J.E. Sm.) Spreng. SWt. iii. S. ovata Forssk., FI. Aegypt.-Amb. 124. Q8.1828. 1775. 232 BULLETIN OF THE BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA IVol. 29

Seeds c. 2 mm long, reniform, glabrous, Seeds c. 2.5-3.0mm in diameter, obconic hilum with few stellate hairs. Spermoderm to globoid, surface with simple and short cells incon~kuousforming irregular reticu- stellate hairs. Spermoderm cells more or lum (Pi.17 C-D). less conspicuous, angular, surface rugose Sida rhombifolia Linn . ssp. rhombiiolia var . (PI. 19 E-F). rhombifolia-S. rhombifolia Linn., Sp. PI. DISCUSSION 684. 1753. Seeds c. 2 mm in diameter, flattened The basic seed shape in Malvaceae is reniform, glabrous, hitum with few stellate obovoid to reniform or globular to obconic, hairs. Spermoderm cells conspicuous, smooth or rough, rugose or hairy and angular to roundish forming a reticulum, exarillate, usually brownish in colour, size surface smooth (PI. 17 E-F). ranges from 1 to 5 mm in diameter. The S. rhombifolia ssp. rhombifdia var. 8C8brida ultrastructure of the spermoderm {testa) (Wt. & Am.) Mast. in Ho0k.f .,FI.Brit.Ind. of the seeds of different species are variable t : 324. 1874. even at infraspecific level. Spermoderrn Seeds c. 2 mm in diameter, renifo~m, cells are arranged in reticulate pattern, glabrous. Spermoderm cells conspicuous, sometimes the cell boundaries are in full undulate (PI. 18 A-B). view hut are not conspicuous. S. rhombifolia ssp. retusa (Linn.) Borss. iri In the tribe the ultrastructure Blumea 14 : 198. 1966. of spermoderm of species enumerated Seeds c. 2 mm in diameter, reniform. above of the genera Hibiscus, Abelmosch- Sperrnodem cells like that of var. rhpmbifo- us, Fioria, K ydia and Dicellostyles have /.but the boundary walls of the outer been studied. It is seen that the spermoderm spermoderm cells are more thickened and cells of the species of Abelmoschus are broad (PI. 18C-0). large hexagonal to quadrangular and the boundaries of the epidermal cells are more S. spinosa Linn., Sp. PI, 683. 1753. or less uniformly thickened except in A. Seeds 1 .O- 1.5 mm long, reniform, glabr- moschetus but in A. crinitus, A. ficulneus ous. Spermoderm cells mmor (ess conspi- the epidermal cells are not conspicuous. cuous, boundaries more or less uniformly Paul and Na yar (1 984) described A.tuber- thickened and sometimes overlapping (PI. cutatus var . deltoidefolius. The sper- 18 E-F). moderm cell boundaries of this variety Urena lobata Linn., Sp. PI. 692. 1753. are more or less uniform and each cell is Seeds 2-3 mm across, reniform, minutely with a ,projection from the boundary wall hairy, hairs with bulbous base and pointed towards the centre of the cell surface but apex. Spermoderm cells ccmspicuous, more in A. tuberculatus var. tuberculatus the or less roundish forming a reticulum, cell boundaries are not uniformly thickened. boundary walls raised (PI. 19 A-8). In the genus Hibiscus, the epidermal cells U. lobata ssp. sinuata (Linn.) Borss. in are smaller in comparison to the Abelmos- Blumea 14 : 142. 1966, chus and they are angular to undulate (H. Seeds 2-3 mm across, reniform, hairy, cannabinus, H. tiiiaceusj. The spermoderm hairs thick with blunt apex. Spermoderm of Fioria vitifolis is having some elevated cells like that of ssp. lobats but the boun- beads and the cells are irregular. The drywalls less thickened even reduced to spermoderm cdls of Dicel/ostylesjujubifolia, ~*QS (PI. 19 C-0). a species previously assigned to the genus ra*ata (Linn.) Pmsl. ex Thw. Kbdd are W~S~~CUOUS.boundaries uniform- En*91. byt. 27. 1868. ly thickened and surface with some eleverted PAUL AND NAYAR . S.E.M. SURVEY OF SOME MALVACEAE SEEDS

structures but in Kydia calycina (Type scattered alveoles encircled by raised thick species of Kydia) the spermoderm cell boundaries. In A. indicum cell boundaries boundaries are more thickened and not are uniformly thickened with prominent always uniform. striations. In the genus Sda. the wr- The spermoderm of Dmschistia crotoni- moderm cells are arranged in reticulate folia and 0. trilobata of the tribe Decaschi- pattern but sometimes it is irregularly, steae have shown that in the former species thickened (S. acuta, S. cordifolia, S. ovata, the epidermal cells are sclerenchymatous S. rhombifolia ssp. rhombifolia var . with uniform boundaries whereas in the scabrida). In S. spinosa the cell boundaries latter species the cells are inconspicuous are overlapping. and surface with alveoles. In the thbe Ureneae the spermoderm In the tribe Malveae, the spermodecm cqlls of the subspecies of the genus Urena cells of the genus Malva shows conspi - is more or less similar but in U. lobata cuous rectangular epidermal cells arranged spp. lobata the cell boundaries are uniform- in scalarif orm pattern, (M. neglecta. M.par- ly thickened but in U. lobata ssp. sinuata* viflora, M. verticillata) an unique feature the boundaries are not uniformly thickened of this genus but in M. msuritiana the even reduced to fibres. spermoderm with irregular ridges and From the relatively small samples of 54 furrows. The genus Alcea is frequently taxa examined here, it appears that the combined with the genus Altheea (De outer spermoderm cells in most cases are Candolle, 1824;Bentham & Hooker, 1862) conspicuous and arranged in reticulate but they differ in spermoderm pattern. In pattern with uniform to irregularly thicken- both the cases the. spermoderm cells are ed boundaries. The variation in seed c-t irregular, arranged in reticulate pattern but pattern differs from species to in Alcea rosea (Type species ofAlcee), the even in infraspecific level. spermoderm with some angular beads which is absent in Althaea officinalis (Type ACKNOWLEDGEMENT species of Altheea). In the genus Abutiton, Authors are thankful to the Offb-in- the spermoderm of A. bidentaturn is irregu- Charge of the Regional Sophigticclted larly thickened with alveoles on the ridges Instrumentation Centre, Bose Institute, but inA. ramosum the surface with elevated Calcutta for permitting us to us4 tb amorphous structures and with some Scanning Electron Microscope.

REFERENCES BENTHAM, G. AND J.D. HOOKER. Genera Planurrum 1 : 200. 1862. BRISSON, J.D. AND R.L. PETERSON. A critica! review of the use of Scanning Elwtron Miomscopy (mMI), vol. 11, Proceedings of the workshop on science Applications of SEM, 111, Research Inrtitutre, C)rkago, llliriois, U.S.A. DECANDOLLE. Prodromus Systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 1 : 436. Paris. 1824. KUMAR, P., R.C. BHATIA AND D. SINGH. Development and sttucture of seed coat in Md- l.mwm A. Gray; Malachra L., and Kydia Roxb. -new Reports 4 : 7-13. 1985. -, - AND - Development end structure of seed coat in Malvaceae 111-Malveviscus arboreus Cev, Gmbbmw Reports 5 : 143- 146. 1986. MOHANA RAO, R. R. Seed and Fruit anatomical studies in Malvaceee. 1. Thespesm populnee. Ph~tomorpho/~~~ 28 : 239-249. 1978. PAUL, T.K. AND M.P. NAYAR. A new Variety of Abelmwc~ustubercuhtus Pel & Singh (Malvaceee) from Rajasthan, India. Bull. Bot. Surv. lndie 24 : 2 15-217 ( 1982) 1984. SINGH, 8. The structure and development of Abelmoschus m~~chatusMedic. seed. Phytomorphology 17 : 282- 290. 1967. WINTER, D.M. The development of seed of Abutilon theophrasti I. ovule and embryo 11. seed coat,Am. journ. a*?. 47 : 8-14, 157- 162. 1960. 234 8WtLETIN OF THE BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA (Vol. 29

PLAT€ I.A-B Abehmxhvssngwlasus A. ~ssdx 125.B. Surfses % 6000. C-0 A. ennitus C. Seed X 135. 0.Surface X 1600.

€9F A. f~ulnaus: E. Seed x 125. F. Surface X 3600. 19871 PAUL AND NAYAR S.E M. SURVEY OF SOME MALVACEAE SEEM 235

PLATE 2 A-C Abelmarchus men~hofssp tetrephvllus A Seed x 1 16 B Surface X 900 C Surface x 7206 D-F A maschetus D Seed X 125. E. Surface X 950 F. Surface X 7600 238 BULLETIN OF THE BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA lv~r29

. ~ .*:d ,. '"" 'b' , ,',-ti, id

PIATE 3 A- B Abe/moschus tuberculatus var tsrbeeuilatus A Seed X 125. B Surface X 7800 C-Q A rubercuhtus var delt~foltusC. Sad x 150. D. Surface X 3800. E- F Abuttlon brdentatum E Seed x 250. F. Surface x 8000. 19871 PAULAND NAYAR S.E.M. SURVEY OF SOME MALVACmE SEEDS 237

PLATE 4 A-C Abut~lw,h~rtum A % X 135. 0. Surface X 1900. C Surface X 8000 0-F A mndeum D Seed X 135. E. Surface X MOO. F. Surface X 8000 2% BULLETIN OF THE BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA IVOI. 29

PlATE 5 A- 0 Abutdm persstm A. Seed X t 25, B Surface X 3800. C-0 A rammum C.Seed X 235, 0.Surface X 3800. E-F A. fheophmsr~:E Seed x 125. F. Surface X 7800. 19871 PAUL AND NAYAR S E M SURVEY OF SOME MALVACEAE SEEDS 239

PLATE6 A-B Ahroses.A.SeedX 118.0.SvrfbeoXf~. C-ODecash~t~cmfon~fdSC. Seed X 100. D. Surt.~x (BM), E-F AIthesboff~~mIisE. Ssed X 135. F. Surface X 7600. 240 BWLLETlN OF f HE BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA [Vot 29 19871 PAUL AND NAYAR S.E.M. SURVEY OF SOME MALVACEAE SEEDS 241

PUT€ 0. A-0 Hrb,scus muus A. Seal X 125.0. Surf- X 1800. C-0 H. cannatunus. C. Swd x 110. D. Surface x 1700. E-F H. Iumni'folius : E. Sad X 225; F. Surface X 1800. 242 0Utt~NOF THE BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA [Vd. ?B

PUTE 9 A- B H,btscus mecrophyflus A Saed X 100. B Surface X 1 EbCXI C- 0 H pandureeform,~ C. Sited X 125. D. Surface X 2aKl E-FH remrus E Ssed~f35;F.Surfacex 1900 fg811 PAUL AND NAYAR : S.E.M. SURVEY OF SOME MALVACEAE SEEDS 243

PIATE 10 A-0 H~brscuss~bdmrilfs' A. !3Ud X 115. 8. Surface X 1400 C-D H surnttands - C. Seed X 150.0. Surtace X 950. E-F H. 6Iisceur : E. !Seed X 125. F. Surtece X 8000. 244 BULLETIN OF THE BOTANICAL SUMYOF INDM [Vd. 28

PLATE II. A-C KM,caw* : A. Seed X tS6,B. Surtsce X 1900 C Surface X 19203 D-f K.g&bn?mns : 0. Sssd x 150, f.Surfs09 X 1500. F Surface X 7600. lml PAUL AND NAYAR : S.E.M. SUMYOF SOME MALVACEAE SEEDS 246

PLATE 12. A-8 Law9ncachem1rmrm A Seed X 125 B Surfece X 7600 C-D Mabcbn C8ptst8 C. Sad X 210 D. Surface x 4200 E-F M8Iw fneUr1*18fl8.'E. Seed X 250' F. Surface X 7MO 248 BULLETIN OF THE BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA [Vol. 29

PLATE 13. A-B Mal~mkts A. SW~X 250. B. Surf- X 3800. C-D M. psrviflora C. !3ad x 235. D. Surfrce X 7200. E-F M syh9stns : E. Seed X 235. F. Surfscs X 7800. 1ml PAUL AND NAYAR S E M SURVEY OF SOME MALVACEAE SEEDS 247

PWTE 14 A- B Ma/@ wrtrcrlAela A Seed X 235. B Surface X 3800 C-DPevanregmwrodes C. Swd X 150 D Surface X 1800 E-F Pavanfa adorata E. Seed X 235. F. Surface X 1700 240 BULLETIN OF THE BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INOFA [Vd. 29

PLATE 15, A-0 &VDRM repnde . A. Seed X 1 10.0. Surface X 3600 C-D ,! xeyh~ka C. Swd X 2 70. D. Surface X 900 E- F SBnm imam . E, Ssed X 135. F. Sutfaca X 2000. 'Be71 PAUL AND NAYAR S.E.M. SURVEY OF SOME MALVACEAE SEEDS 249

PLqfE 16 A-8 Sldeam A. %dX 230. B.Surf~eX BOdO C-D S cordete C. Seed X 215. D. Surface X &aXl E-F S, tord,fol~#' E. Seed X t85. F. Surface X BOOO 250 BULLETIN OF THE BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA IVd. 29

PLATE 17. A-B Sda mysorensls A Seed X 230. B. Surfow x 8000. C-D S. owta C. Seed x 90. D Sunace x 8000. E-F 6. rhmbltoks Ssp rhombnd@ wr. rhmnbrfd* , E. W X 150. F Surf- X 8000 'Wl PAUL AND NAYAR S.E.M. SURVEY OF %ME MALvACUE SEEDS 25 7

PUK 18. A-8 St& rhmb!fo/~SSP. mtw , A Seed x 250.8. Surtace x w. C- D S. rmbrfoh ssp rbmb~fabwr SCdbrd C. W x 15p. 0. surfs- x m. E-F S. splnbsa E. Seed X 225. F. Surface X 8000. 252 .BU.LtmNOF WE BOTANICAL SURMY OF lNOlA [Vd. 29

PLATE 19. A-B Urem lobs& ssp. Wb : A, SdX 1 15 B. Sumx 4000. C-0 u ssp. slnme C. x 116. O. Surface x m. E-F Wmdubr~Wmfs.E. Sdbd X 125: F. Surf- X 3600.