In compliance with c urrent co ri h law Corne l Universit py g t , l y Library produced this replacement volum e on paper that meets the AN SI Standard 23948- 1992 to replace the

irreparably deterio rated original .

THE

S erpent mg g

B EING

MONUMENTS IN THE BRITISH AND CONTINENTAL MUSE UMS ,

O R BY . R. O PE W Q ,

R HON . SEC. SO C. BIB . A CHE OLOG Y.

BI RCH E N ORMANR rks b D r. . Voth N otes and Rema y S , M. RE NOUF, M. L J ,

Bei a, Pa er rea bef re the Vic oria s i u e ng p d o t In t t t . or Philoso ical Socie of G a Bri ai 8 Ade hi Terrace S rand . ph ty re t t n, . lp . t ’ t h ( Hi h t e D iscussion. )

THE W HO LE IL LUST RATED WIT H 129 E NG RAVING S .

LON D ON

H D W I CK E 192 PI CCAD LLY. RO BE RT AR , , I

- tio and Re roductio are reserved (The righls of Transla n p n . ) S rine of the reat eit Armi n-Ra wit the o esses Mersok ar and Eile i h g d y , h g dd thy a in t he form n k s on eit er side o f the o or Abo e are the so ar of s a e h d . v l disk and the usua o r i in uraei Le e e . n l c rnice of ev l v g ( yd Museum. ) OB SE R VATI ONS ON THE S E RPEN T M YTHS OF

AN CI E N T E G YP T * I llustra ted with E x lana tor . p y

Fi ures rom E tia n Monu ments a nd An ie G em B g f gyp c nt s . y

. . CO PE R he o i t O E s . S ecretar o t c e W R , q , y f S y

o Biblica l Archaeolo f gy .

HIL E much has b e en don e for the elucidation of the O io a r of n ia G ree e an d om e man mos ph l t y I d , c , R by y t a e s o ars et the ser en m t s of E —the oldes bl ch l , y p t y h gypt, t, m os a un an and est reser e of em all a e een b ut t b d t, b p v d th , h v b i e a t en e to sin the time of am o ion a n d i in l ttl t d d ce Ch p ll W lk son . O n the C ntin n Pierret B ru sc o e it is true a . and t th t MM , g h, L enormanti have publishe d a few isolated papers upon p arts of the e en s of iero l h b ut ese a e n e er een rans l g d h g yp y, th h v v b t a e into E n is and e en the ori in a s are but it e nown l t d bgl h, v g l l tl k .

T is is b oth a S iib ect of re re an d of sur rise for n o on e h j g t p , who c onsid ers the very early connection b etwe en E gypt a nd I sra el in B iblical time s can fail to have n otic ed that there were many allusion s an d restriction s in the c eremonial laws of the a er a ion w i on a refe ren e to the customs of eir l tt n t , h ch ly by c th c ntem oi ar n ei ours u b e u und r i th o p y ghb c o ld d ly e stood . Wh le e om ans ou e an d the G ree s 1 idiculed eir ods the R d bt d, k , th g , n o e r and more rimi i e E ians o ed and wei e su ose bl p t v gypt l v , pp d m Th ro ane and the 1 m ur i in to b e e o e e . e e i i b l v d, by th p f p d v t e s of the G re ia O m us the debauche1 ies of Si enus and O f c n ly p , l Pan the rau u en er ur and the un as e V enu s fin d no , f d l t M c y, ch t , N t ti h i cou nterp art in the E gyptian Pantheon . o ll t e rruption of the semi - greek Psammetici does Th eb an worship become O s ene and T e an s u ture ra ui ous inde en and it b c , h b c lp g t t ly c t ; m a b e sa e asser e d wit ou fear of on ra i ion tha y f ly t , h t c t d ct , t t ere is mora and s ien i a l more to is us in the h , lly c t fic l y, d g t Odes of Hora e or The D a s a nd ”f eels of Hesio t an in the c y d, h

W hole vast range of ancient E gyptian literature .

Those aware of some of the tendencies of modern thought will recog h in e it was rea th aut or has k in t k nize t e value of this paper. S c d e h dly a en the opp ortunity of adding such new matter as the most recent investigations 011 the su e t affor in or er t at it mi t be as om ete a statement of bj c d , d h gh c pl the ser ent m t s of an ient E t as ou be at resent u is ed The p y h c gyp c ld p p bl h . en ra in s a e een are u one on the ra hot e ro ess M Jo n g v g h v b c f lly d g p yp p c by r. h —E D Allen . ' M ost in the Revue A rchéolo t ue of P aris and the Zeitschm' f t iir i ly g q , , f f E ttsche S rache Of Ber in. E n an as et ossesses no ourna w o gyp p , l gl d y p j l h lly ti devoted to exege cal archaeology. 4,

2 The a er of E ia eo o was not in its i a e . d ng gypt n th l gy nn t im uri but its e reme s e u a i e ara er its e ess p ty, xt ly p c l t v ch ct , ndl u eties and misunderstoo mbolisms its e is amu e s and s btl , f t h l t , ma r a e te e radin ani i o a r . n ese it was to a e d g g l d l t y i th , g t x nt, imi a e the ews w om es i e the re au io s of the t t d by J , h , d p t p c t n i i e i er it orru te w i e asso ia i wi the d v n la v , c p d, h l by c t ng th visible agencies of good and e vil the ideas of invisible and s u er a ura ower the hiero l hers as more or less all s m p n t l p , g yp , y ho is s e e ua do o s ure the a i es e i e e to l t v nt lly , b c d nt typ th y nt nd d i and o er oade eir im er e si i a ai a typ fy, v l d th p f ctly gn fic nt f th by still less significan t sys tem of representationfl Th ese errors the p ride and subtlety of the hie rarchy permitte d the common orders to fall into by the divi sion of their dogmatic teaching i o an e o eri and eso eri meani —one for the eo e nt x t c, t c, ng p pl and a o er for emse es —an d e a er a ime avaric: n th th lv , th n , ft t , and s a e ra usur i the a e of rin i e the ul of the t t c ft p ng pl c p c pl , b k E gyptian s were left to follow th eir own interpretations of thei r s m o i s a ua w i e th s e re eau of the T eore i y b l c t t ry, h l e c t b ty h t c r faith was rese ve d for the hierophant s alone . oremos amon all the atura O e s rs asso ia e as 3 . F t g n l bj ct fi t c t d re rese a i es and e as os as s of the D ei were the p nt t v , th n hyp t e , ty, sun and the heavenly b odies the sun as Ch efer and Horus-Ra h moo as I i ei and u o ear . t e s s the ea e s as N (fig n , h v n th ; p n th

- Hem e- wea n the solar disk n Fi 1 Ra ri a d uraeus. n g . . , g (Aru dale. )

the e e o e and er i i in N i e as the ei Ha imou r b n v l nt f t l z g l d ty p , o a orm of K m an f e a er of the o E . The sanctifi ti n f h , f th l d g—ypt ca o Of eas s ir s and re i es o owe s ome for eir eau b t , b d , pt l f ll d th b ty, o r for ut ir the s their ility ; then a sp it of fear led on the way to the ro i i i f a n —p p t at on o destructive ge cie s and injurious animals the s orm the eas wi the i i in the rs ass t , t nd, l ghtn ng, fi t cl , ' and the i o o amus the ro o i e and th E R I‘ h pp p t , c c d l , e S PE NL] in the — _ _ o er i in the end a er e uries of su ers i i th , t ll, , ft c nt p t t on and de M O

a e e the a ora io o a i e and re a i e of is a er c d nc , d t n, v c t v p c t v , th l tt reptile spread throughout the wh ole of the Egyptian mytho o and the ser e la e s ri e in the em es of the l gy, p nt y n h n d t pl O e s an ld t d most benefic ent divinities . 4 r m w i our resear es are . F o the very earliest p eriod to h ch ch e a e to e e r i ri e and mo umen a e i e e n bl d xt nd, th e e s w tt n n t l v d nc a out of ree i s of ser e s ow in E and th t th k nd p nt , kn n gypt re rese e on the monume s two were the o e s of a p nt d nt , bj ct w r i i e pe culiar veneration and of an almost universal o sh p . Unl k

“ the adora io of the ro o i e ei of O m os and t n S eb (fig . c c d l d ty b

i‘ weari n the T eshr or reat ume of Osiris . Bunsen 2. The i l ig . de ty Sebek g g pl ( )

ra * and th batrochoce halan ei Pthah the ro Tenty , e p d ty, , f g - m his in the D e a the re eren e aid h eade d fire g od of Me p lt , v c p ‘ i t o the snake was not merely local or even lim te d to one erio of is or but it re ai e a i e in e er is ri of the p d h t y, p v l d l k v y d t ct arian e m ir and has e its i e ib e im ress u on the arc i Ph p e, l ft nd l l p p h t r and ower E t t ecture and the archaeology of b o h Uppe L gyp . The ree ser e s e u iar he to E and N or 5 . th p nt p c l t n gypt th e : 1 The N a a or Co ra di Ca e o the Africa appear to have b en j , b p ll ,

men. The Sa re Urze us or Basilisk . S tr. Oi Fig;3. c d ( )

‘ - f the Por u uese and the Uraeus . 3 and spectacle snak e o t g r (fig ) s a enomous a n d ma ifi e re tile with b asilisk ofthe G reek ; v gn c nt p ,

E ti Champollion (le J eune) P anthéon gyp an. O uro arau in hiero i s the etters om osin the us G r. Urae , , glyph c , l c p g

determinative of king. 6

rom its dan romi e e es rin ed s in an d in a e reas . p n nt y , g k , fl t d b t F erous eau an d i of ie ra i i o asser i n g b ty, n conse quence anc nt t d t n t g * the ra s of the su n it to have been spontaneously produced by y ,

i aeus wearin the Ps ent . F . 4 The so ar is n ir e b an ur g . l d k e c cl d y g ch m em of i ine this creat ure was universally a s sumed a s the e bl d v

- or Cera s es . sa ro re a soverei n t 2. The A s ( c g l g yd p , t fig

B onomi H iero l hics. ) Fi 5 . The Cerast es . g . ( , g yp

in of i er os sib the o a ri e of Ho a small an d deadly k d v p , p ly c ck t c ly W rit remar a e for its s or t i o and u and flat , I k bl h t h ck b dy, bl nt ar an d unidenti e ea res e wi s a or s . 3 . A e t en d h d, c t d th c ly h n l g

fi e d s e ies of o u er of rea s re and i eous o itu e . p c c l b , g t t ngth h d l ng d

i 6 Lime t one t ablet in the Britis Museum ossi re resentin the F . s g . h , p bly p g g eneration of the months .

T is as was e en rom the e ar ie s a es as so ia e a s the h l t , v f l t g , c t d re resentati e of s iri ual and o as iona si a e i and p v p t , cc lly phy c l v l,

“ Hen e the re ti e is terme on an an ient a rus S ou of the o c p l d , c p py , l b dy ” of Ra. - t The King or Pharaoh is hieroglyphically represented by a basilisk (urzeus) h r b l th r - ir in t e so a or a one as on e eat ates of E l Lu or. Fi en . c cl g l , g g x ( g D eane an unsa e aut orit asserts t at ea t the stin of an urie ns , f h y, h d h by g was supposed to insure an immortal life. to the victim ; hence the peculiar tn s of the eat of eo atr fi es d h Cl p a . T ere is a urious o k at the B ritis Museum re resentin one ar e I, h c bl c h , p g l g v iper [distinguished from those c ommonly drawn by an extremely large head) w n twe l e ma er one T h r ti i wrou t i one of an ien et ee s s. e e e s n so t st t b v ll p l gh f , c E tian work and is uninte i i e as to the m t os re resente t ere gyp , ll g bl y h p d, h l i F . being no hierog yphics. ( g 7

was am Hof h f or A ; e Re o POPHI s . 7 the r th e, n d , , (fig )I , enem o the ods * and the devourer of the sou s of me T a y f g , l h t su a rea ure o e in a i e the Lib desert we a e the ch c t nc h b t d yg , h v

Fi A o e i a . 7 . is the destro er. The i ro s o e his ea om o g p ph , y h glyph c b v h d c p se the e tt ers of his name A —P—P l , .

t estimony both of Hanno the Carthaginianf and L ucan the t Rom an gi an d if it is now no lon ger a n inh abitant of that re ion it is ro ab owi t o the a a e f i g , p b ly ng dv nc o c vilization a in ri e it urt er ut h v g d v n f h so h . 6 i . W th one or oth er of these snake s the ideographic D theology of E gypt is involved . oes king desire to

me III wearin the a r rown of si s n Fi . 8. Thoth s . s e O ri e eat it and a o e g g c d c b h , b v - h ew the cla ft or ait e e a ress is fi xe t e e e urazus . pl d h d d , d j ll d l e are his i ine au ori he assumes the sa re as d cl d v th ty, c d of / p - wears the asi is u o his ro Amun Ra . and w Th l (fig b l k p n c n . e

From M or Hf is eri e the Co ti name of a sna e to this da d v d p c k y . ’ " S ee P eri lus Cor s trans ation. i p , y l

‘ First of t ose a ues the drows as a eared Cerastes I h pl g y p pp , ( . ) Then first her crest and swelling neck she reared A larger drop of black congealing blood D istinguished her amidst the deadly brood Of all the ser ent ra e are none so e p c f ll, N one with so many deaths such plenteous venoms swell ’ Her s a o th Hze marrhois un en s A o i c ly f ld b d , ( p ph s r es s of the Tem of Ra at He io o is and the p i t p l p l , p si s at A e a ria arri ir a s 0 I l x nd , c ed serp ents in the h nd

' t from w en e Fi . 9. The ask et of the EleusinianCane horae ontai nin a ser en g b p , c g p , h c r e the ask e i er era w ri From a G reek com. S a ) b t of Jup t S pis as de ved . ( h p

” a fl’ h ir ea s l eir i i e or ina io fl orae on e . 9 to e are p th h d ( ) d c th d v n d t ni fig i i i . He ce a so the se re a a or sa ris ies ofthe (fig n l , c t dyt , c t d v n

i om a Pto emai s a en ra ed in F . 1 n r g 0. Egyptia priestess carrying the F l c l b g v ’ m r nda Bartoli s A d i a .

ie s and the s u ure ar s wi the massi e s ri es rea t , c lpt d k , th v h n , g t

And her vast length along the sand extends ’ ere er she woun s rom e er art the oo Wh d , f v y p bl d G ushes resistless in a crimson flood The Basi isk wit rea u issin s ear raeus l , h d df l h g h d, (U ) A nd rom a ar e er ser ent eare f f by. v y p f d, To istan e ri es the u ar and remains d c d v v lg , The lonely monarch of the desert plain s ' i 1 20 - Rowe s Trans ati Lu an P harsal a lib . ix . 0 30 on c , , , l . th was o Sometimes e Ps ent or Ro a rown, e rate a res tin , ch , y l c d c d b, c g m i simi r to th usu rnamentation of a s rine e L of en ent u a e a o . e e sius p d l l h p ,

Abth. iii . Bl. 284. ads were res e wi , c t d th a cornice of j ewelled snakes A s the em em of i ine oo e ss th r wn bl d v g dn , e c o ed s in u o a s aff was one of th t g p n t , e most usual of the

nnnnnnnpn

- Fi . 1 1 . U er ortion of snak e r e rom inter o umnar s este orni a s. Philse g pp p c d c c f c l l b ( . )

fi tian s a ar s and the ser e u on a o e w i gyp t nd d , p nt p p l , h ch oses i in e ire io u e to the s rae ites in M , by d v d ct n , ph ld I l the wi erness 1 2 has ee s u ose to a e een ei er ld ), fl b n pp d h v b th

Fi . 12 An E tian stan ard earin a ronze fi ure of the o ess Ranno g . gyp d , b g b g g dd . (Sharpe )

an a a a io or imi a i o of the we l- k ow a a s m o d pt t n, t t n, l n n p g n y b l} A ai w en on e the Uraeus had ee asso ia e wit the g n, h c b n c t d h

‘ ‘ i ea of i i it the T e an ries s ri desirin to d d v n y, h b p t , ghtly g ascrib e thfiift of life and the power of healin g to the D eity

‘ N um ers x xi . 9 r S a e Bible T t . 4 . rac s 7 . b f h p , , p a one si ifi an 1 511 11 3 the l , gn c tly enough twined the serpent 3 1

“ tri e of J u i er Ammo fi 1 nd the s aff of T o d nt p t n ( g . 3) a t h th,

Ma fi ei 1 r en u a em. Trident and se t of ite r Ammon. rom 3. p J p F g ( )

14 the a u or of m e i ine or Hermes Trismegis tus (fig . ) th d c ‘ ’ imply the source from which that sub ordinate demigod s

- “ on the to is the m stic. awk of Ho rus Ra and h p y h , t e solar u W ilk insbn urae s. ( )

- re eri ed rom is in the a er erio s of her is or we d v r F th , l t p d h t y,

‘ a nti uaries w ose treatises are as 1 The older Italian q , h m sition tai as t e are e ce ent in o o , a e written de l, h y x ll c p h v l ana o ies a s for e am le Cartari V i ogica l g , x p , , n i ra io ' - ntichr} 1 58 1 Or a O z , Osservaziem A , l d , ' r nze 1 7 7 3 A ostini Lionardo L e G emme A n B o , g , , f th ene M useum the urator of in the library o e Sc , c erme reatises ea-duceus er ser en sce tre h t c t , , p t p

Fi T - ‘ . 1 5. he Ca uceus o er nt taff of r ur g d r s pe s Me c y.

and E sé ulapius and by a sub

' - 16 Stat? or ci-ti rr of [E scula ius th od o i me iein e rom MaiBet . p e g d . (F }

“

EQ I‘ TH the s a e a nd bow f H eia the od ess of F , n k l o yg g d 1 2

o owi out th i to im F ll ng e same symbolic teach ng, ply th e sm ftness and e e of th u es the ser e xt nt e divine attrib t , p nt

i F . 18. The ser ent a d g n is of the o ess Maut he reat mot er. p d h g dd , t g h of oo is t g d of en invested with wings ; not that such creatures e er e is e but to i i ertie s v x t d, dent fy the active and passive prop of the i i d v ne essence in one impersonation s? I nstances also o ur , as on the sar o a us in the S oa um w ere our cc c ph g ne Muse , 1 h f

i 19 our-win e ser ent F . . C nu is or Bait . g F g d p , h ph

’ win s are attached to the i ine re i e “ g d v pt l (fig. tha t the four ” or ers of the ear a om ete E 1 c n th, c pl ly gyptian mode of ex ression mi be re rese e as ei em ra p , ght p nt d b ng b ced by and s e ere the S u reme Pro i en e w i in h lt d by p v d c , h le another instance the so ar is is res e wi our ser e s l d k c t d th f p nt (fig . the Uraei of oo ness em o i the same me a orica a usio g d , b dy ng t ph l ll n .

' See Mafiei A essan ro G amma A nti he urate 1 707 ates 55 and , l d , c fig , , pl 57 . u t ess eri e The serpent and how] are do b l d v d from the hieroglyphical ara ters for Maut the mot er o dess t ese ein a ser ent u ch c , h g d , h b g p pon a shallow ow whi the G reek s not rea in as the iero i a si b l , ch , d g h glyph c l gns for Lady ” mere ornamental at tri utes Mot er mo ifie into . h , d d b ‘ Su ser ents o ur on the sar o a i of Pe ar X XX. D n n 1 g p , v . , i the ch p cc c ph _ Britis M useum and a ri of Petuk Hans Hesi Hem- i XI e X . D h , p py , K b , yn - and A men S hau XX I. D n. , V y ‘ 1 That of Oimeneptheh I. and t he ave i Cabereu s f the wi k ed ng ng . (fig or torturer o p

Fi 2 T h g . 3. e s m o i win ed ser ent of a wearin the rown O f y b l c g p the goddess Eileithy ; g c the o wer k in om l gd . in the E ia ur a or i i th e es u is me t gypt n p g t y, nfl cted e f ll t p n h n u o the o em e b s our i i s of i i p n c nd n d , y c g ng them wi th wh p l v ng

Fi . 24. The a en in Cab ereii the tormentors of e d he e t an is the the a . At t g v g g , d l f h d lon or entran e to ell uar e two C no e a i the em emati monk e s c h , g d d by y c ph l , bl c y oqy u r t and us we ar . h . h pe ) s a es or rus in em in om an wi ero ious i ers n k , th t g th , c p y th f c v p ,

hiun V enus. rom a stelé in the Britis Muse o m. i 25. The ess C u F g. g dd , F h (Sharpe )

s The o ess I em han fi 2. into a lake or tank of fire r g dd t p ( g . ) l

n of Pthah T on i a erem rom n . C i re and his i eous consci t C b , f ap h ld yph h d

h r e sour e of the He ene E umeni es. T oe is, th c ll _ d ’ esentation w i o urs on the outsi e of se era woo en 1 A common repr , h ch cc d v l d

r i h Britis Museum as N o. 38 er E y tian room sa cophag in t e h , , Upp g p . 1 5

and the ou er Horus to e are eir ower o er i e and y ng , d cl th p v l f dea o s a es in one a and owers in the o er o er th, h ld n k h nd fl th , ff in the s m o s of eau and ea to th E ia s and g y b l b ty h lth e gypt n , threatening the Syrians on the left hand with the envenome d rea ures of deathfl< The G re ek s who two t ousa ears la er c t , , h nd y t , in ro u e all t e se eorie s into eir own m t o o and t d c d h th th y h l gy, interprete d the sacred figures of the E gyptian s by their own ess eso eri u us a e t rou the mista es of eir hiloso l t c c lt , h v , h gh k th p hers reat o s ure the rea s m o ism of the o io a r of p , g ly b c d l y b l ph l t y E gypt ; and those who would unravel the mysteries of A lex an ria and T e a ai mus e in isre ar i the d n h b n f th, t b g by d g d ng O m ian Pan eon and or e i the er ersio s of oman ly p th , f g tt ng p v n R i ignoran c e and Plinian s upercil ous incredulity . mem re h E ia re ere e o 7 . ur er be it re e t e F th , b d, gypt n v nc , b th in ear and o e of the ser en was on em oran eous wit the f l v , p t , c t p h lives of the olde st Biblical p atria rchs and to one who is unable or u nwilling to accept the sacre d chronicle s and the a i ui ir ear ies a ers it is e ee in l iffi u to nt q ty of th e l t ch pt , xc d g y d c lt

i 26 K rishna entan e in the o s of the reat ser ent Cali a who is bitin F g . . gl d f ld g p y , g his he el the incarnate deity is waiting for divine assistance from Indra to enable hi m t o overcome the ene my.

a u for the re a e e of a ser e m n ot o in cco nt p v l nc p nt yth, nly E but in - A ss ria E ruria and Hi us a s i more gypt, y , t , nd t n ; T t ll diffic ul t is it for such a one to explain the extraordinarily

nt in the ritish M useum . 7 0. S ar e E tia n M onume s , h p , gyp B , p “ n f R m ana and ris na and the ser ent G a l a. 1 As i the myths o a ay K h , p l y ’ tis n In ian o i o atr see Fer usson s Tree and For an exhaustive trea e o d ph l y, g ’ r IV r hz S e p ent o s p . 1 6

ose a a o es exis i cl n l gi t ng between the very words in which th e ser e i s es ri e and he is re re p nt d c b d, the acts in which p se e as offi i a i and i the nt d c t ng, these titles and deeds by wh ch

Fi . Kris g hna triumphant over Caliya ; with both his hands the deity grips the folds o the a mo s r eat his feet. Con ted n te and rus es its ea en f. G en. h , c h h d b h ( m. l s f ancient serpent is painfully familiar to us all in the Mosaic - re r . A P o emai o _ G re o E ia wri er of the erio c d c gypt n t t l c p d, Hora ollo oes i ee assi a mo i e for the su ers i io p yfd , nd d, gn t v p t t n ; and his language is suffi ciently curious to excuse our quoting it accordingly ; and here is also the b est place wherein to interpolate a few other extracts whose novelty will at least e use eir i ro u io ou it wil be o ious a rom xc th nt d ct n, th gh l bv th t, f a ure i oso i a i of iew the e a a io e affor p ly ph l ph c l po nt v , xpl n t n th y d of the serpent-worship of E gypt is unsatisfactory in the extreme .

W en t e wou re resent the uni erse the delineate a ser ent with h h y ld p v y ' p arie ate s es ourin its own tai the s a es intimatin the stars in v g d cal , dev g l ; by c l g The anima is a so e treme ea as is the eart and the universe. l l x ly h vy, h, - e treme sli e ik e the water moreo er it e er ear uts off its x ly pp ry, l ; v v y y p old a e it its sk in as in the uni erse the annua erio effe ts a orre g w h , v l p d c c

an e nd e omes reno ate . And the mak in use of its own sponding ch g , a b c v d g

from rawin s su T} and the preceeding figure are d g pplied by William

son E s . Simp , q

" 1 ra oll lib i ca » 1 . i Ho p o, . . p 1 7

od for food im b y plies that all things whatsoever that are generated by D ivine P ” roviden e in the wor un er o a orru tion into it a ain c ld d g c p g .

Fi 28 g . . The Or i e s m o iz in inert matter vivified b the i ph c gg, y b l g y dem urge. Br ant ~ ( y . )1

T is re a es to the o u er or ser e a e Bai sou f h l t c l b p nt c ll d t, l o ” the wor a o e. A or i to C am o io the em em of ld, l n cc d ng h p ll n , bl

Fi . 29 The ser ent C nu is. rom a g . G nostic em. Mont au p h ph F g ( f con. ) The name insi e the Cir e is t at of the Ar an e Mi d cl h ch g l chael. the Crea i e ower of the D ei . 29 t v p ty (fig ) under the form of the d C u is fi . a ei go hn ph ( g d ty identified with Jehovah Sab aw

- Fi . 30. The eit C nu is as a ou e ea e g d y h ph , d bl h d d serpent. C am o i on P a nt/i éon E ti ( h p ll , gyp en. )

31 the G os i (IAQ E ABAQ H: (fig . ) by n t c heretics of the second century . §

Hen e the we l-known s m o of a ser ent entwine roun a e use c l y b l p d d n gg, d ni matter vivified s irit by the Orphic mystics to sig fy by p . ’ 1 For furth er details of the great E gyptian Orphic myth which evolved 1 reation out of the osmi e w i reak in the u ? c c c gg, h ch b g, p t, became ’ — eaven and the ower earth see Creuzer s S mbolik ii. 224 and i . 5 h l , y , , 353 . ‘ “ Hosts - S D r Tsebaoth Lor of . a h I nmj x ( ), d c .

Mont nosti ues tom 11 See au on art. G . . art f c , q p 2. C 1 8

’ V hen they wou re resent eternit ifferent the de ineate a serpent t ld p y d ly, y l ’ wi th i ts tail overed the rest of its e a e o en fi ures of c by body, and th y pl c g ld g * i t romi the o s Th sente t is d g d . e Egyptians say that eternity is repre d by h

Fi 1 mor . . 3 . The s m oli ser ent of the eit I AQ D rawn rom me ) g y b c p d y . ( f y animal because of the three existing species of serpents the others are mortal but t is a one is immorta and e ause it estro s an ot er anima , h l l, b c d y y h l mere reat in u on it e en wit out itin : And en e as it a ears to by ly b h g p , v h b g h c , pp ” ‘ a e the ower of i e and eat t e a e it u on the ea s of the o s . 1 h v p l f d h, h y pl c p h d g d

I na lar isk and ou e uraei. Leema ) 2. So ( Fig . 3 d d bl

uraeus o who is re ue This evidently refers to the nly, f q ntly i the sa re ress ro es of the represented as guard ng c d cyp g v i out fire to es ro an i a i Amenti (Sheol) by breath ng d t y y nv d ng He e arose the ori i of the sonl . nc g n or unjustified j; (fig

- s e uliar to i inities and k in s. On the front of the head dresse p c d v g ious e am e of the manner in w i a i. A ur llo lib. i. ca . p 1 Horapo , p c x l h ch is misun erstoo or or otten is te w en its si nificance d d f g , symbol is exaggera d h g - ue of a k in wearin the eat or G rew E pti n sta g g gr afforded by a Romano gy a t vmi t W i t two uraei i nstea of one on mun—Ra the su reme di y, h d , crown of A , p the s u tor as a double om iment, di u ous inten e by c lp c pl the solar disk ri c l ly d d ide art 1. ate 1 . r h —See M usée de Le , p pl to the mona c — D ra . i t urnin furnace S . ch 1 Uraeus 1 ml gh b g 1 9

G r i ec an myth of the Hesperidean garden and the fire breathing ra o s w i uar e it i res e to the urae us d g n h ch g d d W th p ct ,

- but no 33. T he orners of Para i se u ar e fire reat in ura i furt er on t c d g d d by b h g h , s own in the ate are the odies of the ust awaitin in the ress s ades t eir h pl , b j g cyp h h

mat re vi i n. at imen u ti e . l vificat o (S . O )

one circumstan ce deserves n otic e it is alway s repre sented in th ni i H e emi e orm and is use as a s m o of e u . e e f n f , d y b l f c nd ty nc

- tree of the Hes eri es. rom a r e The serp ent guarding the apple p d F G e k vase Shar e in the British Museum . ( p )

” were a or ed wi and re rese e all the goddesse s of E gypt d n th, p nt d he sna e is a e ur uraei and not un re ue t o e , wi by, f q ntly k l n fig d th

wri en in iero i s a o e . the name of the goddess tt h glyph c b v (fig rom th B mor T his i s n otably the c ase in the tablets f e el e col um see in ra l l rs moie and le ction in the British Muse ( f , § , fi t ty) , 20

on the sar o a us of Ha imen a i ar of the c ph g p , great funct on y i e n n teenth as and on a of Oim n hah I . a mo ar dyn ty, th t e ept , n ch of the same erio . Fi p d ( g .

To re resent p the mout the e i t a ser ent e ause the ser ent is h y d p c p , b c p ower p u in no ot er of it me ” f l h s mbers except the mouth alone

Fi . 35. e we ia ronze g J l , re resentin the ser ent of oo ness or the o ess Ranno _ b p g p g d , g dd , G rew -E tian eri gyp o . rom the or in th Ha ol e t i n t e p d i ina e o . Exa siz (F g l y c l c ) c . T i h s latter asser io is not or e out the iero i s t n b n by h glyph c , w ere the h serp ent uraeus1 is simply the phon etic of the letter and 9, the as or o u er of the et er or a s ou a a o p, c l b , l t f, nd n l

'

Fi . 36. The o esses of Hea en as ure i restin the side of the ri er of Am g g dd v g by v enti. ar Oimen (S . . )

Possi it wa s an r gous to the G reek 4: alone . bly e ror for the ame of ano her s a e Ru w i is the e ermina i n t n k , , h ch d t t ve ideo ra for m T i s i en i ation of P arao i g ph onth . 1 h d t fic h h wth the er i es a wonder 1 z i ific n s e of oo ess fi . s a ce o the nt g dn § g v l _ g t p n n e ” ' i er a os ro e of the ewis ro e who rom th b tt p t ph J h p ph t, f é river of C e ar oreseein the al s u e io of the E ia em h b , f g fin bj ct n gypt n pire the C a ea s erms the so erei of T e bes th by h ld n , t v gn h e great

i c . 45 S . D ra . Bunsen vo Hora ollo lib. . a l. i. j . 545 p , ch I , p , note. The first k in of b ssmia 18 tra i ti ona sai to a e een a ser n 6 g y d lly d h v b pe t . Is this a misun ers too m t eri e also from E t w ose k in d d y h d v d gyp , h gs, under the ni neteent nast in a e if t e di d not on uer A si h dy y, v d d, h y c q , bys nia ?

22

In the vi init of T u e c y hebes there are also sacred serpents not at all tro bl som e to men t e are er sma orns on the to of the h y v y ll, but have two h p he ’ a . When t e die t e r f Ja itel to w om d h y , h y a e buried in the temple o p , h ” t e are sai to e on h y d b l g.

T i the h s corresponds in some degree to a statement by amou B e s Pri i a of the e airo . C o , f nc p l M dical Colle ge at C , M l t y who a ‘ Un sser s a the uraeus or r is not oiso ous . t 1 th t , cob a, p n or u a e th t the N a a or f t n t ly e passage from Herodotus implies no j , N as a but the Cera - The em e of s es or two or i er . h , t , h ned v p t pl J u i er is of ourse a of the od C e er-Ra who e a p t c th t g h f , h ld i i the p os t on in some respects analogous to that of Jupit er with oma s or Zeus amo the G r e R n ng e ks . Ci e we et a ur er assa e and i ime it s a b e one t y f th p g , th s t h ll rom the G rea i ua of th D It is the a o f t R t l e ea d it self. p ” s ro e to the ser ent Ba a in Hea e w ere the sun is . t ph p t v n, h Fi ( g .

Fi . 39 The ser ent Sati or Bata on h Hi i en. R itua ca . i . . t e H l of Hea g p , , gh l v ( l, p cxl x )

e rs mi ions of Sa t ou who ast one 0 ser ent of mi ions of y a , X y, h h g , p ll ll ears in en t in the uarter of the re ion of the reat win s the oo of y l g h, q g g d , p l mi lions of ears all the ot er o s return to all a es stret in to l y ; h g d pl c , ch g ho can measure the en t of n n to him ? 13. w where is the road belo gi g ( e. l g h he roa Mi i ons of ears are o owin to him. T is his infinity of years). ll y f ll g d ” of fire t e whir in fire e in him. Ce estia not in erna fire is ere to , h y l b h d ( l l , f l, h

be understood . ) I

This symbolic creature may be the serpent allu ded t o by w e in s e ia re eren e to the wor s of G od in the J ob, h n, p c l f c k

a ens he e ares B his s irit he arnis e the ea e s . h e v , d cl , y p g h d h v n th roo e owar ser e J ob His h ead wounde d e c k d (c dly§) p nt . 40 i s . i 1 3 . xxv . (F g ,

otus E a teo e 74. Herod , p , mtes Hartwell H ous atalo ue o Antt e . 22 N o. 1 7 1 , T B onomi, C g f q , , p , i I Chap . cxxx . “ ’ m: mm uer i in or arre s r e ent . Sharpe s translation. Q y, gl d g b d p

D ra . S . ch 23

rom a mis o e io or mis rans a io of is a er it F c nc pt n t l t n th ch pt , i s p rob able that Horap ollo derive d his confused account of the

i 40 The onst e ation H ra rom the Zo ia of D ‘ F . . . Romano g c ll yd F d c enderah. E tian erio D enon gyp p d. ( . )

r n m B e we n h i n h r t s e p e t yths . t e t e E gypt ans a d t e G eeks here was itt e in ommo an d the ries s ur ose mis e eir l l c n, p t p p ly l d th G re ia ueris s w om in ee e e si a e and rea e as c n q t , h d d th y d gn t d t t d i d n * ch l re .

i r ier erio . E sne. A tt e ea me onst a ion. rom the Zodia of 41 . The sa e t Fig . c ll F c l l l p d

(D enon . )

in the or er of P ro i en e oo a wa s re e e s 9 . A s , d v d c , g d l y p c d i w wi so far i ress rom the main ur ort of t is e v l, e ll d g f p p h a er the t of A o is the D es ro er as to we for p p , My h p ph , t y , d ll f w ara ra s u on the uraeus of immorta i i i and a e p g ph p l d v n ty,

i Fi . the E gyp tian g oddesses symbolized by t . ( g

o in in one an the ucufa st ff a nd in the 2 T he o ess Pas t or Buto, C a . 4 g Fig _ g dd h , h ld h d

u Sar . Oimen . other a femini ne urae s . ( )

Th emini e eities were more umerous and eir cha 1 0. e f n d n , th m i i iti i a the a e es . racter and offic es were less distinct ve th n l d v n ie ro l i a an uraeus E a ch an d all of them are written h g yph c lly by ne s ometimes wi the or inar ro er n ame af e ; a lo , th d y p p fix d

At enian is a most ro reply of the Egyptian priest to Solon the h l p verbial You G reek s are children. 24 some imes wi “ 0 1‘ t the e i e s ivi s ar i s i i . th p th t l ng, p kl ng, h n ng ” i mmor a t l ( . and some imes and far more re ue fig t , f q ntly

Fi 4 g . 3 . One of a series of o esses a orin Amu Ra nd o in stars as g dd d g n , a h ld g ‘ ofierin s. Sar Oi g ( . men. ) a so , w a m s i a om ou ame the e a si i a e of l ith y t c l c p nd n , x ct gn fic nc w i i s not a a e of i era i er r ti O e as the h ch p l t l nt p eta on . ft n . . c bl emi i e s i ri ua ri i e the o ess as a ser e wi e s f n n p t l p nc pl , g dd , p nt, t n

i m 44 The od Khonso n a s rine t hi h s r e Ranno. Sar. Oi en . a s e is t e e nt . Fig . g h f et p ( ) rou re i es e ea or o er- a o ies one of the rea er nd, cl n b n th, v c n p g t i i n i a male divinities (fig . or with r s g crest and nfl te d

m the s irit n a s rine on the oat of Fi 45. The od Knu his or C uu , i the sun g . g p , h , p h b , no ie b the o dess Ranno who is also re resente as a in him insi e he ca p d y g d , p d f c g d t men ine . S ar. Ol shr ( ,)

- more o e tion ate 1 8 . See a so tri e mumm ase of A r Bel C ll c , pl l pl y c e o Ai ate 1 N um in the sa re ar e rote te and ano ie Renno , pl , c d b g p c d c p d by ” sis or I . 25

oo ro , p e s her ro e é wi her erri e a s fi h d t ct p t th t bl f ng ( g . The e era i e ow r h g n t v p e 0 t e solar b ea ms is always typifie d

46 The win ed su . n of T e es. rom the re at P ons at E l Lu or B g . onomi h b F g yl x ( . ) In t is instan e the si net of it h c g author y is s uspended by the serpents in lieu of the usua T au ross l c .

e e uraei by p nd nt (fig . which latter have gen erally the

Fi 4 T w . 7 . he o and snak e of th g b l e g oddess Mersok ar beneath is the lily of the u er ountr W ilk ins o pp c y. ( n )

row s of U er and L ower E re resen in th c n pp gypt, p t g e g od

esses Melsok ar . 47 and E ileith a 48 r s d (fig ) y (fig . ) e pectively ?

Fi 4 Th d hak e of the o ess E ileith a eneath is the a rus o the . 8 e w an s f g . bo l g dd y b p py i om W ilk inson lo wer k ngd . ( )

O ten a o dess in arn a e in a ser en re s s in a s rine f g d , c t d p t, t h or sits up on a throne to re ceive the worship of her votaryi

i k i A i t tians vol i. . 239 se ond series. nson nc en E . W l , gyp , p , c ' i A nc ent E ti n l . 45 a s vo . . . 1 gyp , v p A s in a n uni ue m of th P to emai eri o in the Bri tis Museum I q exa ple e l c p d h , w i re resents a a rang u ar s rine at the door of whi a sittin uraeus h ch p qu d l h , ch g m i n nd th w o e i s ls s u ture . The orni e is terminate a ra i o a e c lp d c c d by p d , h l y . te in ime t n A n but n t ui te Si mi ar s rine i s fi ure e e u so t s o e. ear o x c d f l ly, q , l h , g d in llI usée de L id e c vol i. ate 35 . , . pl 26

rui rea owers an re the i s mos usua F t , b d, fl , d incense a g ft t lly r m * h o esses ese e u a ei s and a ima s ne er. T e p nt d, h n b ng n l , v g dd

r he d ess Ra nno we the s mbolica. Fi 49. The sa re urzeus of oo ness o t o arin g . c d g d , g d , g y un -Ba Shar e crown of Am . ( p )

i i e ra es of its e e are whose c ultus has left the most p os t v t c xt nt, M l k k ar the a ron of L ower E e o e so ar or Merso c , p t gypt ; R nn

Fi rine wit the sa re uraeus ro r 50. S . m memo g . h , h c d (F y. )

the mo er of es a ion and o ess of ar es < (fig . th g t t , g dd h v t ; j and Urhuk one of the oor ee ers of S eo or Ame i. Of all , d k p h l nt

wi h ac Fi . 51 . S rine t t e s re uraeus. On e it er si e g h , h d h d are columns bearing a vas e of oil and one for the foo of th L e re ti e . eeman h y d p l ( s. )

ese st a eme s the in ise and in th t nt , c d pa te d tablets and p apyri in the Bri is useum affor am e e i en e and some of t t h M d pl v d c ; hese,

Contrar in t is res e t to the ” ser ent Fire fa e see in ra fi . 100 y h p c p c . f , . ' g 1 Curi ous enou the He rew g , wor for reen e etation Cant. i L5 ly h b d g v g , pm( ) 1 09 resem es t at of t is o es 3 bl h h g dd s. M ay the word have an Egyptian 221g1ne 27

and o a so ose in the B e more o e io we wi now n t bly th l c ll ct n, ll ro ee t p c d o de scrib e . On our of ese monumen s the a ora ion of one who f th t d t , , in a ition o her o er ofifice s was the a ro ei o dd t th , p t n d ty f urse s women an d i ren the o es s B ann o is re re n , , ch ld , g dd , p ' s e e I n ea ase the ofi erin s are re ise simi ar nt d . ch c g p c ly l , and o w r ruit an d a es . N o sis of o e s . w i c n t fl , f , c k In h ch is un or una e ro en a N u ia e eman * ee in f t t ly b k , b n g ntl , kn l g on one nee rese s the i init wit o u s-flowers and k , p nt d v y h l t

wors i of the Fi . 52 Se u ra ta et in the B e more o e tion re resentin the g . p lch l bl l c ll c , p g h p m o ess nno Britis Museu . g dd Ra . ( h ) ornamen ta ea es and o fers for her a e an e a i of wa ve l l v , f cc pt c k nd wn a ra n h r un o erin ann . 52 is ra s w i on t e o f f g . T R o ( ) d c l g g d fig ’ b efore the suppliant and the s erp ent s scaly crest is sur

Se u ra ta et as a o e. Same o e tion. 3. Fig . 5 p lch l bl b v ( c ll c )

a i uma ea a or e wi a s e i mounte d by a pl c d h n h d, 1 d n d th pl nd d 53 the same su e is a ai re I n . ask h or collar. § fig bj ct g n

re o le tion ate 8 . B elmo C l c , pl ' in of the Jews seems to a e een orrowe rom E t 1 The wave offer g h v b b d f gyp , E tian ustom it onsiste of wa in e ore the eit as it was a purely gyp c , c d v g b f d y

meta stan ontainin e eta es and owers. a small l d, c g v g bl fl

more Co ection ate 8 . I B el ll , pl 0 f is ara teri sti e orati on see the mummi es i n For an example o th ch c c d c ,

E tian Sa oon Britis Museum. the Upper gy p l , h

o e tion ate 1 2. Belmore C ll c , pl 28

re rese e e ated ifferi onl in is res e a no votivi a p nt d, p , d ng y th p ct, th t on the ou si e and the o ess e ire ser e i e is res i t d g dd , nt ly p nt n , t ng

ditto itto T ese r es ri e in the te t . Fi . 54. Anot er . t ee tab ets are fu g h , d h h l lly d c b d x

n 54* resen e as of the shrine or pylo . In fig . Ranno is rep t d i ’ a ema e ure o so far o e a s t o a e a ser e s ead . f l fig , nly ph t h v p nt h he is seate u o the or i ar ron e of the o s and in S d p n d n y th g d , he r ri a o s the e u iar c ucufa s af use the ght h nd h ld p c l t f, d by male deities alone (the proper s ceptre of the goddesses being a a rus s em in ossom wi w i e are usua re re p py t bl , th h ch th y lly p the left hand of the deity appears to have b een ih h a r t en e to as t e or oss of i e . A rie s ee in d d cl p nkh c l f 1 p t kn l g , e ore the rea o ess s ie s his a e wi his a s w i e b f g t g dd , h ld f c th h nd h l 55 h i i i h r a our . t e su e r se e s suppl cat ng e f v . In fig bj ct rep e nt d m ar f h l ure m i a and or s o t e i e e to a unera ste é . p ly yth c l, f p t v gn tt f l

he od C uum o er ano ie m Fi . 55. T the o ess Ranno. Sa e o e tion g g h v c p d by g dd ( c ll c . )

T is i ure ontai s the D ei C u i - c c y s ( . or Kne h Ra h p t n t hn ph fig p , the rea in a en in the orm of a ram- ea e man si i c t g g cy, f h d d , tt ng

Be more Co e tion ate 7 . l ll c , pl ‘ 1 See an e am e in the Britis M useum rom the x pl h , f Wilk inson Collec tion Case 1 G reat Sa oo . , , l n See for e am es of ot t is s e tre and the ank th I x pl b h h c p h, e colossal statues of the o ess Pas t or B ubastis at the Britis Museum Lower S o g dd h h , al on. Be more ol e ti n l C l c o . m a i t Or N u or n o D r. Bir , cc d g ch .

30

a e in the w o e Fi . 58 the as an sin u ar s h l g , l t d most g l t t _ i an d i t 9 0119 05 0 11 is O f a er iff re ass to the rec ed n , v y d e nt cl p g t et de i e as to i s to be re gretted that E gyptologists are no y c d d

me o e tion. 8 . A oration of an unknown s e ies of o uber. Sa Fig . 5 d p c c l ( c ll c )

it ua si i a io . B e ore a ar e and s e er s er e s ac t l gn fic t n f l g l nd p nt, more resembling Apophis than any other of the mystic sp akes e an a worshi r of E ee s u o one e ori e . He gyp t, kn l p n kn d ng pp is not as in o er i s a es s ie i or i i his a e wi , th n t nc , h ld ng h d ng f c th hi a s b ut is u i i e m in the usual a i u e iero s h nd , pl ft ng th tt t d h ” l a e to si i the er to ra Th r a glyphical y dopt d gn fy v b p y . e g e t s a e i se is oi e in our u ri o olu io s and a ears n k t lf c l d f p ght c nv t n , pp to regard the suppliant with a maj estic and not ungentle m i A i A ou rese o s . is re i e aspect . lth gh bl ng p ph (fig th pt l

h u containin the name of the ast but one of H c o i 59. T e arto the s s k n Fi . s g c ch l y g , who was named Apophis a ter the great serpent of evil whom his predecessors w rs i e o h pp d.

a o b e i e i e wit t a mo s er for ere is no c nn t d nt fi d h h t n t , th e xample of direct worship p ai d to the evil creature throughout

Fi 60 He . . a of the ser ent A o is wit the i ero hi s com osin his name g d p p ph , h h glyp c p g .

Be more Co e tion ate 7 . l ll c , pl 31

the w o e of E ia o o * u ess i ee e i e i h l gypt n Myth l gy, nl , nd d, w d nt fy i t wi Sutek h as the s e er in s the a n th , h ph d k g , l st but o e of whom was ame A o his n d p p (fig . app ear to have done ; an d in that ase the i o a io led to a san ui ar r w i c nn v t n g n y evolution , h ch t ermi h a e the s wa of the se en e e as a r in to som t d y v t nth dyn ty, cco d g e rono o r 22 e s 14 B . C. The ro a i i ere ore is at ch l g 1 p b b l ty, th f , th the a r tio in n do a n te de d on this last tablet wa s offere d to one of th e household se rpentine divinities analogous to that which o ai - e , in a er ime amo the oman s who i all i e i bt n d ft t , ng R , , n l k l oo eri e it rou the E rus a s rom the E ians h d, d v d th gh t c n , f gypt themselv i es i W th resp ect to the kind of food offered in all ese ases t o ser e ei ies Sir G ar ner i in o in his th c p nt d t , d W lk s n,

Fi g . 61 . The omesti snak e of the Romans wit the a tar ontainin a uster of d c , h l c g cl ’ fruit. rom (F G ell and G andy s P omp eii . )

’ re a but im er e e ause a sse wor has a mos in ere s g t p f ct , b c p , k , t t t i n ara ra w i it wi b e o ro er ere to in ro u e g p g ph, h ch ll nly p p h t d c .

“ ZE lian § relates many strange stories of the asp and the respect paid to ' it by the Egyptians but we may suppose that in his sixteen species of asps ll ot er snak es were He a so s eak s of a ra on w i was sa re h l p d g , h ch c d in the E tian M elite and anot er k in of snak e a e Paries or Paruas gyp , h d c ll d , ‘ M o ite had riests and m n e i ate to E scula ius. The ser ent of i isters d d c d p fl p l p , 1 and fed the rie i a table and a bowi li It was k ept in a tower (fig. 6 ) by p sts w th ak es ma e of our and one w i t e a ed t ere in the ow c d fl h y, h ch h y pl c h b l .

Ha in one t is t e retire . The ne t da on returnin to the a art v g d h , h y d x y, g p

L e P a e Renou ex. n in a etter to the aut or. g f, g , l h " Lenormant A nci ent Hi stor vol. i. . 1 97 . 1 , y, p ’ See G e and G an s P om eiana late 76 for i ustrations of mura I ll dy p , p , ll l Fi paintings representing the Roman household serpents ( g. 2 P in iii . 3 . E 1 x i . 32 iv. 54. ian . 3 l , x , , [I l y, v

ZElian x i. 0. 1 7 . 1T ZElian . 3 1 . , x , ‘ It is e i ent rom Pausanias t at the ra on of the G reek s was onl a H v d f , h d g y ” r e k in of snak e wit as he sa s s a es ik e a ine one. la g d , h, y , c l l p c

ZE lian iii. . 1 9 . II , v c Cak es seem to a e een usua i en to the snak es of anti ui t as h v b — lly g v q y, f the Hes eri es. E neid iv. 483 . t o the dragon o p d , 32

u tit was a ain ut ment the oo was oun to b - n and the same q an y g p , f d f d e eate , me e re ti e. i nto the ow for it w n one to see the sa r b l, as not lawful for a y c d p l

’ me ontri e t at A or in J f sis in his ti , cc d g to uvenalfl the priests o I , c v d h e their hea s to a the si er i o s of snak es k e t in her tem e should mov d lv d l , p pl , - ‘ — 240 1 . su i atin V 0ta1 ians vol. . . ppl c g y A ncient E gyp t , v pp

t w r rom nosti em. Mont au on Fi 62 The ser ent in he to e a G . g . . p . F c g ( f c

All is is in e a a or a e wi mo ume a e i e e and th x ct cc d nc th n nt l v d nc , in harmony with one of the most curious of the Apocryphal

oo s the s or of B el and the D ra o . b k , t y g n 1 2 e ur we now to the ser en the rise of w ose m . R t n —p t, h yth is more imme ia e e ore us APOPHIs the D es ro er. d t ly b f , , I t y Promine a ove all o er s e ies of re i e a i amo his nt b th p c pt l , k ng ng e us is a e ul ser e wines his im ri a e o s as it were g n , th b l f p nt t b c t d f ld , , around the stem of the anc estral tree of the E gyptian Theo o and wi ra e ea and er e es s a s or g ny, th b z n h d fi y y § t nd f th mi en e u and m s erious a wa s a in aw u ro e e . V f l p n nc g f l y t , l y mali a ei he was ose to re rese the er gn nt b ng, ch n p nt v y im erso a io of s iri ua as his ro her T o or Baa p n t n p t l, b t yph n, l; mai r f is n t was of si a e i . For the re e e o o phy c l, v l nd th n th ,

i li . i i A mer. E 1 t I f b . C . O e . 3 o sis : Lab tur ir a a donaria ser ens. v d, l g c c p ” ' movisse a ut isa est ar entea er en — E t s s. u ena Sat. VI 537 . 1 c p v g p J v l, . ” — ’ G ent the si er ser ent seems to nod. Ho a s Trans ation ly lv p lyd y l . The silver snak e ” A orrent of the ee w s een t a s o uak e. bh d d, q ' ’ G ifiord s ren erin d g. - A o is ” u li ate of “ s nose wrat oamin I p ph IN HR d p c lit , h, an: f g with a rage ( nap h). The usua e it ets a ie to A o is in the Ritua f th l p h ppl d p ph , l o e D ead and the Litan of th un y e S . 33

e aus xh tive but i i ati e essa his c v , y, cul us claims an d . nd t , mus t re ei e our so e and es a eni * c v , l b t tt t on . T is earf m h f ul o s er a e a so the G iant n t c ll d l the E em and the D e ourer , _ ' n y, v , was e i e e to i a i tlie d b l v d nh b t epths of t at my steri ous ocean u on m m < ’ Eav1 ated b the 6 3s throu G h th g y e ou rs oi He. and m h ht, i n e ce es i a re i o s . g n n not a few i nstances he was i e i e wi T hon ~ th , e murde1 3£ of O siri s the B o d nt fi d th f _ 1 ( h t A me ti or u e of the dé ad and th n , j g ), e antagoni st oi Chefer Ra the , e e o e rea or w ose son th b n v l nt c t , by h , e juvenile divinity

Fi . 63 g . T e Osirian and the od ess Isis rin n h g d b gi g Apophis wounded and bound t o be s ai n i n the ea H orus . I sis stan s at the ead an l h d by d h , d the Osirian at the - tai o o his S ar e ar . S . Oimen. l p p ( h p , )

' Horu s fi . he is e e ua o er ome ai e ( g v nt lly v c , d d by the unite d e or s of sis the uee of Hea e sister-co sor of siri ff t I , Q n v n , n t O s, and the we e esser deiti l w r o e s . All is t lv l y p th ,

Fi . 64. The o s Set and Horus unite as one di init etween the tri le ser ents g g d , d v y, b p p of oo E e ute rior to the time of the o l te l remains of the g d . x c d p b i ration of a l w ors i of Set who was s ubse uent onfounde wit A o is. S ar. Oimen. h p , m q ly c d h p ph (

Occasionally Apophis is drawn with the crown of the lower k ingdom u on his ea w i owe er is not e traor inar as the re i ion of the p h d, h ch, h v , x d y, l g D e ta had a reat ea more of anima - wors i in it t an t at of the T e ai l g d l l h p h h h b d, t more rom ear t a and here the gods were venerated f f h n love. In ater G re o-Roman times as in the ear ier erio A o is is a so i l c , l p d, p ph l i entifie wit Set or Set the ass—eade eit of the S rian or H esis d d h , h, h d d y y y e t m nument in ee s eak s of Set is the A o is tri s. One er a e o who b v y l d d p h, p ph ” — s ns n i 427 . of the water . Bu e , . 84

i a e 1 3 eri e rom and mu more w i is w o inexpl c bl ; d v d f ch h ch h lly . tur l es a mO S t er a s the o es of all uni s ire ll g ) th t p h p ld t n p d ‘ nd c on ers i a a i o s a remarkable combination of p ray , nc nt t n , ‘ ers and 1 8 e I n essio s which ex tends o er 1 66 chapt , c ll d f n , v O a ‘ “ i 9 1 th9 hiero l h The B oo of the ani es a i o t o L ght, g yp y, k M f t t n _ _ mos er ai n itual of th D a T is wor ma be a c t ly R e e d . h k y l t as t r se ti of the rs ; a ced b ack to the reign of He p , fi t dyn ty d to a of C. an a or in to L enorman t * w ose era is 5004B . , th t cc d g , h as M enk era the rinus of Hero ot us of the our , , Myce d , f th dyn ty P arao s o r i n 4325 The na mes of b oth of these early h h ccu n the e t i se a ou h—an d is is a mos im or a i i e t x t lf, lth g th t p t nt nc d t t o no —h i n f he wor and a few a di i o a te t e final re vis o o t k, d t n l a ters were a e a s a e as the erio of E io i a o ues ch p , dd d l t p d th p n c nq t u ou of E u e r the twent -si na st 6 65 B . C. T ro gypt, nd y xth dy y, h gh t is w n r u it a the i a of the se r en t as the sou of the th o de f l R u l de p , l wor a nd anot er ariet of it the A o is a s the e i ein ld, h v y , p ph , v l b g, in h sou ot antalo ue s of ea ot er o urs a ai an d. a a t e b h g ch h , cc g n g , l has to arm itse a ai s its m a ina ion s an the o to be lf g n t ch t , d b dy Th ease w e sou and rote te rom its ma i ni . e e p c d f l g ty d c d, h n l o are reunite in the A me i or E ia S eo has b dy d nt , gypt n h l, to do o m at wit it and the aid of e er di i i is in ur c b h , v y v n ty t n i T i wi e ome nvoke d to overc om e the enemy of the sun . j: h s ll b c

’ s i more a are as we ro e e to e ami e the i ua t ll pp nt p c d x n R t l, Bir the o owi h nt n D r. t e a a sis of . L enorma a d f ll ng n ly M ch, while illustrati ng our examination by extracts from the my ste rions o um d c ent itself. 1 3 The o e i a er 1 of is a ie formu ar is us . p n ng ch pt ( ) th nc nt l y th h eaded The b eginning of the Chapters of the coming forth from the D ay of b earing the D ea d (spirits) in Hades (K er e er) sai on the da of the funeral the ( sou of) n t d y / by l ” the O sir n I r or i of the itua ia e as . n is re a o o d ce ed th p f t y p t n R l, t he e ease a ressin the ei of Ha es the mou of d c d, dd g d ty d , by th T ho the od of wri i e umera e s all his aims to his th, § g t ng, n t cl , Here a our and as s for a mi an e i o his ominions . f v , k d tt c nt d a t once appears the first indication of the contest a gainst

w os i M anna l o the A n ient Hi stor o the E ast vol. i. e rono o s f c y f , , h ch l gy ’ a air ma media etween the e tra a an ies of the Fren and the incredu f b x v g c ch, lities of the E n is s oo gl h , ch l . 1“ The enormous antiquity ascribed by these authors to the E gyptian em ire is neit er enera l a e te or e en a vowe as the materia s p h g l y cc p d v d, l are still t o f w - n r aint o e to fix a chronological table with a y ce t y. — i The modern Jews recite many blessings as they clothe themselves in the mornin on risin a s stem a arent orrowe rom the Ze g g, y pp ly b d f ndavesta Lit — i on Orf muzd ur . A n uetil dii P erron A dorat o . gy q , f M er ur or Hermes Ps o om os of the G reek c y, ych p p , ‘ 35

A o is the e i ei the sou p ph , v l b ng, by l of the deceased ex “ ai mi to the o s a e ou for t cl ng g d I h v f ght hee. I come t o e h ‘ ’ xp el t e wick ed [literally the opposers of Satan the a user rom Sk hem th ea cc ] f ( e h venly To this a ea the sou s of the re ious e ease re in pp l l p v ly d c d, ply by tercedin wit O siris for th a m g h e d ission of the applicant ; s ea i as in the a ie i iom of m p k ng, nc nt d , th e selves in the third erso e e aim : Oh om anio s of sou s ma e in th p n , th y xcl , c p n l , d e ouse of O siris a om a e the sou of the O sirian wit h , cc p ny y l , h ourse es t o the ouse of O siris " L et hi y lv , h m see as y e see ; l im et h h ear as ye h ear ; let him stand as ye stand let him sit as e sit Oh i ers of oo -and ri to th iri s nd y , g v f d d nk e sp t a sou s ma e in the ouse of O siris i e e oo and ri in l d h , g v y f d d nk due sea son to the O sirian with yourselves made

“ He enters the gate of O siris ; he is not found wantin in h balance ; he goes in with eM r passes through) in peace ; he is like the demons in heaven ; he is j u stified

14. A fter this grand exordium foll ow many short paragraphs

ii . t x i f f r i i an r a i i he o o v. o a ess s e e e to t ( ) l gn fic c , l t ng ch fly b dy

of the e ease and the re iminar eremo ies of his u era . d c d , p l y c n f n l h ur a r At as These o ccupy the second to t e fo teenth ch pte s . l t the soul of the deceased passe s through the gates of t he K erneter Ha es whi the wa is a subterranean S ere ( d ), ch, by y, ph , the or of the sun w ic it and at its entry is dazzle d by gl y , h h now see s for the first time since it s departure from the body a A we-s ru wi rais e an d a mira io us the (ch p . t ck th p d t n, th irian or ra er his sou a ress es the b eneficent em em of O s , th l, dd bl “ r — Hail l S un or of the su eams or of the Creato z , L d nb , L d un rea or "s e - rea e " Per e is eternity "Hail "0 S , C t lf c t d f ct thy ri i umi a i the wor wi ra s All light in the h o z on, ll n t ng ld th thy y the gods rej oice when they see the King of Heaven " G lory s ini in the firmament : ou as s o e ou to thee, h ng th h t h n , th i i e ma in es i e all ou ries i ies hast rendere d it d v n , k g f t v c nt , c t , oo ess i i i or and temples ; supported by thy g dn ; g v ng v ct y, the O siria i n Ha es smi i n first of the first ; illuminating n d , t g h i a i him out of sin and e in him be W i the t e ev l, pl c ng , l tt g th f the o s wei i wor s great bl esse d " Hail "thouj udge o g d , gh ng d

i ou who art o er the o s . Hai " ou who in Ha des . Ha l th v g d l th

“ the wa of the Lor mak e strai t in I saia . 3 Pre are e g Cf. h (xl ) p y y d h

o wa for our G od. the desert a hi h y 36

' d the A o hi s as cut in ie es the s orner a nfl stra n le p p h t p c c , g f the Oh " (Thou art the gc od peace of the s oul s o i t thi s Creator a er of the o s i orru ti e W h , F th g d , nc p bl m the rs ar O f the agnific ent ap ostroph e c oncludes fi t p t itua R l . 1 oo are ra e the our e s 5 . In the second section of the b k t c d j n y t o an d migrations of the soul in the l ower regi on or tro p repare it for which a long an d complicate d cree d i s i n ) duc ed ormin the si eent ha ter or the E i an ai . , f g xt h c p , gypt f th r W i h T is sec tion is a c om anie as in ee is e er a e , h c p d, d d v y ch pt t a ar e i net e re resentin the mos sa red s m o s of the l g v g t , p g t c y b l i i on of t ese my stic re ligion ; and the t ext c ontains a descr pt h ur wit t i n A t rs t t ese are suf es e m sti a e anatio . fig , h h r y c l xpl fi h fi cientl ear but as e a a e a hi er an d more o s ure y cl , , th y dv nc , gh b c re io is rea e a nd as it n ot unfre uent a e s in g n ch d ; , q ly h pp n t e o o i a wor s the e anation e ds ein more o s ure h l g c l k , xpl n by b g b c t a th n T is arises in a h n e symb ols inten de d t o b e explai e d . h great me asure from the rub ric s adde d on t o the text at a lat er date} p rob ably in the ninete enth dynasty ; an d also to the e soteri or m a i a i o a io s w i the same ri i e c, g c l nv c t n , h ch (by p nc pl as the secreta in the Roman Missal) were ordered to be said ri a e l B the e mba mer on e a of the e ease and p v t y y l b h lf d c d, by the sou i s I n r ss of time l t elf b efore the Hadean deities . p oce ese osses and ru ri s e ame con u se wi the i ua th gl b c b c f d th R t l,

and the i n ora e of the E ian s ri es who had os the . by g nc gypt c b , l t knowledge of the sacre d language th ey copiedj ' The confusion is t us r n T ma is. a a h e dere d n ow almost inextricable . o k e th pp re a few se en es rom the a ter s a ere o ow. The nt, nt c f ch p h ll h f ll s ou s ea s a s e ore some ime s in the thir erso or e se l p k , b f , t d p n , l in the ara er of ea of the ri i a divinite s os a i ch ct ch p nc p l , by hyp t t c union . The ru ri s are ere i a i ise and the osse s rin e b c h t l c d, gl p t d in a i a s m d r i im R a the r a G o ea se . I T I S ATE c p t l . I g e t c t ng h lf W n N H I T n t i it o U W o S HE ATHE R or THE c o s . L e h m ex la in . , F p I m st r a r - i ni now the ornin a ye e d y [p e ex stent eter ty] . I k m g " ' futur r it L t him x la i t Y R i 1 i e e e . e e in . S DAY s O s R s [ t n y] p E TE , E R I T The da on w i ar h T H MO N N G HE S UN . y h ch e strangle d t e of he d eriders of the univers al lord . S oul t S un is his name B e o e Himsel is his n ame L et him ex la in i t am g tt n by f p . I th sou in two a es L et him ex la in i t. T HE e l h lv . p S O UL I N Two HALVE S I S T H E S OUL O F T HE S UN AN D THE S O UL , or O S I RI S . He the sou is on ei e sis en en ere N e th ( l) c c v d by I , g d d by p y s . sis orre s his rimes N e th s u ts awa his ai n I c ct c , p y c y f li g s .

’ Lenormant s rendering. ‘ A s the o ern B ra min has t at of the V e i Sans ri 1 md h h d c c t.

38

u a m and has not et a uire the use of his im s, n ble to ove, y cq d l b r the o s who successwel res ore it is necessary to add ess g d , y t ll h s sse uri ife so a he can sta a t e faculties he po se d d ng l , th t nd u ri wa s ea eat and a ai s the ser e p ght, lk, p k, , fight g n t p nt i ro ess o u i es a t ers A o is and his a here s . T s p ph , d nt h p c cc p ch p “ o i i orm the se io a e the Reconstruc t xx x . , wh ch f ct n c ll d ” io of O siris O en s his mou i es him t n the deceased . p th, g v

ower to s ea res ores his mi &c . and us re are p p k, t nd, th p p d he starts ; he holds the p ectoral scarab eus over his heart as a a isma and e rium ant asses rom the a es Of t l n, th n t ph ly p f g t “ H a es ex claini in as he oe s so : ouris u o ear d , g d I fl h p n th ; ' I n ever die in the west ; I fl ourish as a spirit there for ” e er v (chap . 1 8 m h r owe er th a ua o i f . ro t e s s e e o F fi t t p , h v , ct l c nfl ct the soul b egins ; t errible o b s tacles present themselves in its wa ri u A o hi c mon s ers ser a s of T o y ; f ghtf l p p t , v nt yph n, ro o i es on a and in wa er ser en s of all i s or oises c c d l l nd t , p t k nd , t t , an d ot er re i es more wi an d erri e a us i er h pt l , ld t bl th n F el ev im a i e or Breu e rew assai the e ease and a t em g n d, gh l d , l d c d, t pt t o e our him d v .

'

Fi . 66 The Osirian re e in the ro o iles in Amenti S ar e irom the g . p ll g c c d . ( h p , Todtenbok b Le si us y p . )

1 ir a r a es the ro o i e of w om he s o S eb . 9 . F t pp ch c c d l (fig h a postrophiz es thus

Sto o a k 0 ro o i e rom omin to me. know t ee m p, g b c , c c d l , f c g I h by y * s T ou darest not s eak the name of t he reat G od e ause m sel sp ell . h p g , b c I y f en m a e ome. er ei e re ai u e I a e e e se a e h v c I p c v , I p v l, I j dg h v d f d d y lf I h v ” rn wit him I renew m se ik im sat h irt a e of Osiris o e h . in t e b hpl c b h , y lf l ’ B unsen s trans ation a . i. l , ch p xxx “ k il Hem a k ro o i e S ui. Come not a ain Ba ro o e st me. c , c c d , b c , c c d l h g I

a mon the G reek s or t The m sti name of eit a g , he Tetra rammaton _ y c d y g , ‘ The ews a was lik ewise not allowed to be uttered . J h ve a Si milar notion con nin the wor w i the asserte ena e Jesus to er orm all his cer g d mm, h ch y d bl d p f mira es stea in the ronun iation of it rom the i riest w i e cl , by l g p c f h gh p h l playing in the temple area. 39

a e k now m h e e of otent s e ls. tter not the na e of t e reat d h v l dg p p l U g G o . ’ Renouf s trans ation l .

B ese a h r i e is re e y th dj uration s t e c ocod l p lled .

20. our o er ro o i e s now a roa one rom ea F th c c d l pp ch , f ch q uarter of the world ; but these are also driven b ack by the O siria wit the o owi recations n, h f ll ng p

M at m r i Ba k i f the er sa es e om the ei t ro o es. ro o e o y f h v f gh c c d l c , c c d l w i in ff s t n t i n t r o est o t o e at e er rest am no e o t ee. Ba k o , l v g h h v , I g v h c , c c

i e in the east do not turn me a e not een i en to t ee. B a k d l , , I h v b g v h c , ro o i e of the sout i i n off the un ean do not ore me wit th aw c c d l h, l v g cl , g h y cl , m not i t h enom a en to ee. Ba k ro o i e of the nort s it t ou t I g v h c , c c d l h , p h y v awa rom m I m n M a e i en m eart is ea a ot i en to t ee. s o y f y h d, g v h y f c p , y h in its a e m ea is on me ai am the sun reatin imse no evi pl c , y h d d ly I c g h lf, l ” t in in ure me h g j s (chap.

irian 21 . T ese ri e awa a i er a roa es the O s h d v n y, v p pp ch , w i wit a s ear he ur s a a ressi it us h ch, h p , t n b ck, dd ng th

i ar e as a o e . 6 The O sirian re e in the i er Ru in Ament . (S , ) Fig . 7 . p ll g v p h p b v

T ou 0 wa k in i er mak est t ou Seb and Shu (the deities) sto . l g—v p , h p h N a h -4 t u ast e oure the ones of hast eaten th e ab omi nable rat of the sun ho h d v d b i ii the filthy cat (chap . xxx )

O r‘

nd hu Thou Min e is the irtue of Seb a S . u a n e not. O viper R , dva c v W hast eaten the rat which thesun QEEEE T S ' n the r i es r om a s o ow the e ease a d e , 22. Oth e c b t f ll ; d c d pt l w i he on e s mu ua insul in and me acin again st h ch c t nd , t lly t g n g

Homeri as i on . At a s i n the e ach oth er in a p erfectly c f h l t, A o is a a s him h a er a ser e se ort rom p p , 39t ch pt , p nt nt f h f h tt ck nd fire but in ai n ; W i t hi s wea n b reathing out v enom a , v h po o he re i es a om an i the a i o W i the O siria n rep els t pt l , cc p y ng ct n th these word s A o is thou s a t be k t ou re ursor the sent ort rom p ph h l Bac , h p c , f h f

" f a assa e w i means sim am it This is theZliteral rendering o p g , h ch ply, I ” — hu Renou . S eb and S . f 40

r re t ee to rowne in the nt w ere th at er has o e d d pool of the firmame , h y f h d d h be c ion is or ere for t ee ut u . Ba k th estru t p c , block of stone, y d c d d h by

wi raw but 23 . T us af e ri e s er e wou ; h b fl d, the ter bl p nt ld thd e ase he is not t us u is m ent for the e , h t o escap e p n h , d c d a s umi s er o s in ur s ng the character of ea ch of the les g d t n, a ssis s t e m h a of t he sun and t h to loosen the rop es from t e b ck , here wi to in Ot er ei ti es W i t s ares t th b d the Ap ophis . h d , h n

Fi 6 h . 8 . T e o s o in A o is men. a Sar. Oi g g d h ld g p ph b ck . ( )

and ne s s ear the e es ia in r t , ch c l t l lak e pu suit of the hideous re ti e p l ( . w om at as e fi nd and w ose s ru es fig h l t th y , h t ggl

T Fi 69. h g . e an of Amun restrainin the ma e o en e of A o i n . Oime . h d g l v l c p ph s (Sar. )

wou o er ur the oa of the sun and imm r ld v t n b t , e se the deities in the wa er if it were n f t , ot or an en ormous mystic hand

fi . 69 at of Amu w i su en ( g ) (th n), h ch , dd ly arising from the

Fi 0 A . . not er i n r n n ame su b ect . 7 e tte e rese ti the s S ar. Oimen g h v g p g j ( . )

e t s elow s eiz es the ro e an d t us se ur d p h b , p , h c es the E vil H rus w u O ne . O nc ast n e o o n k ( e e , s the sna e in l fig f d d k the ea wi his s ear * w ile the e h d th p , h d cease d and the

Here the m t i ontests of is nu and the reat ser ent Cali a i y h c c V h g p y , n Hin u t eo o wi at on e o ur to the re o e tion of the re d h l gy, ll c cc c ll c ader. 41

uar ia ei ies s an in u on its o uminous o s sta g d n d t , t d g p v l f ld , b t he A o hi c mons er wi h ni es an d an e s p p t t k v l c (fig .

Fi A o i s transfi e k ni s ar m n 1 . e . S . Oi e . g . 7 p ph x d by v ( )

oun e or ure and a riso er the rea sna e i W d d, t t d, p n , g t k s at ast estro e and an i i a e ' and the oa of the sun l d y d n h l t d, 1 b t s ort a ter at ai s the e reme imi of the ori on and h ly f t n xt l t h z , disa e r n I a s in the ea e re ion of A me ti or the west . t pp h v ly g n , I has b e en necessary a littl e to anticipate this struggle of good a ains e i the ori i of the Persian ua is i s s e m and g t v l, g n d l t c y t , the O i e G nos i eres ne essar e ause the sou of the ph t t c h y, c y, b c l e ease in the ara er of the o s er orms t ese a e in d c d , ch ct g d , p f h v ng g a ts and in the a unti s ee es w i re a e e m de are s c , t ng p ch h ch p f c th , cl the su re me s o erei n of one D i ine ein the rea or a i e p v g ty v b g, § c t l k o f oo and e i the rewar er of all the us a nd the u tima e g d v l , d j t, l t an i T is re a e the o owin i a or of the wi e . n h l t ck d h p f c d, f ll g extra cts from the 39th chapter of the Ritual will now b ecome ‘ int i i I t is h sou who is a os i the bafii ed A o is e b e . t e ll g l l cc t ng p ph , an d p rophetically foretelling his future conques t of it by

speaking in the p ast an d p re sent ten ses .

act ea ea for t ee 0 s un I mak e the hau of th ro e 0 sun. I p c bly h , l y p , h A rt rown the or s of all the o s in the sout T e pophis is ove h c d g d b d h , him i tor the S in nort east and west . T eir or s are on . h , , h c d V c y , ph x im The A o is and overthrown him ; t he god B aruhah has k notted h . p ph i a users of the sun a o ert rown is the a an e ofA o is . To A o s : cc f ll , v h dv c p ph [ p ph ] nw i has een Thy tongue is greater than theenvious tongue of a scorpio h ch b ar h a i in its ower for e er. Ba k th e s made to thee it has failed p v c , y h d d

t th arms . To Horus : O Horus e i t ; the gods drag thy limbs and cu y [ ] , The reat A o is the a usor of t ee . a the water of the sun is stopped by h g p ph , cc

t e u our oo a es . The n has een ud e Ak ar. Li t he su , b j g d by f y p y g d f c m e ods he has een re ei e wick ed one has been s oppe by the asse bl d g b c v d I He stan s and the reat o s are i tors nu is . / by N u (the deity Ch ph ) d , g g d v c him e auste a en in the sun our towing hiinl A thor and the gods drag xh d, v g g f ” n E tian i iom si ni in er e t a ainst the A o is. t imes [a gyp d , g fy g p f c ly] g p ph

thah I P ates 2 3 7 and 8 . B onomi S arco ha us o Oimmw , l , , , , p g f p

“ ' ii 9 J ob i. 1 3 . ii 1 Rev. x . I saiah x x v . 1 Cf. xxv - ’ tc 1 833 . 232. am o ion L otti es écri tes sur l E , , I Ch p ll , gyp p “ ” — Isai a . 7 . I mak e peace and create evil . h xlv i rea u orru t and uni nte i i e HThe whol—e of this chapter s d df lly c p , ll g bl e xcept by bits Renouf. 42

se or ra er i rium a i or the e ea , 24. After th s t ph nt v ct y, d c d th H e e ares his sou rea s out i o a son of riump . d cl l, b k nt g t h . a o s an d i e s the himself to be identical with the gre t g d , l k n w om e are m embers of his body to those of the gods to h th y e e e oas s e i a e an m t e are ro e e . H d d c t d, d by who h y p t ct d v n b t r r w T o w om he has o e o , i that he has the strength of yph n, h v th n " i a e and e ua and thus he declares his members to be ded c t d, q l, to those of the following deities

xiii . The D edication of dif erentp arts of the body (chap . )

* My Hair is in shape (an) that of N u.

Face Ra. or E yes Ath .

E ars Spheru.

N ose Khentskhem. u Lips An p.

Teeth S elk . I N eck sis.

L ord of Tattu (the soul).

E ows N eith of Sais. lb , L M entu f r e s o a . g , Kh B e and Ba k Seb or Thot lly c , h . Spine P a us iri h ll Os s. T i h E h g ye of Horus. Le s 2 u g ( ) N . F eet Pthah.

Arms HerHeft or heft the ram- ea e , S ( h d d) Fin ers and N ails Livin raei g g U .

T ere is not a. im of him the O siria wi ou a od. h l b _ ( n) th t g H e i i He t s who omes out soun d z immortal is his name . c j ie s He is not a ai . H is e s a e rom all e i i s . e _ d g n c p d f v l th ng _ Horus (in his capacity lives

of the B o in Ha dy des . ) 2 h sir a res 5 . A ter es e aus in a ours t e O i nee s f th e xh t g l b n d t, and for a w i e he ai s in Amenti to re rui his s re h l w t c t t ngth,

x iii . to H ha a a nd satisfy his hunger (chap s . l e s esc p ed

' ' rea an ers and has not one a stra in the m s i s rt g t d g , g y y t c de e ,

un t The verb c mmay be either indicative or subj c ive. I believe the con “ o b su un ti e and t at all t is is a ra er t us L et text requires it t e bj c v , h h p y h u or m N u the hair of the Osirian be that —of N ( beco e ) Let th ere not b e a li mb of him without a goc Renouf. 43 w ere h he wou a e ie of u er and irs a s li ld h v d d h ng th t (ch p . . At a s he rea es the sa re s a more or r * l t ch c d yc , t ee of life, in the

- Fi . 72. The o ess N u in th sa re s amore t ree ourin out g g dd e c d yc , p g the water of life to the Osirian and his sou re resent e as a. ir in Amenti l, p d b d, . (Sharpe, from a is us funereal stelé in the Brit h M eum . )

' ' mi s of the ou hs of w i the o ess N u 72 is d t b g h ch g dd l (fig . ) s a o e . She i i his e aus e o i i t ti n d , p ty ng xh t d c nd t on , and a ious to aid his ur er ro ress i es hi nx f th p g , g v m heavenly rea wi su er a ura ir ues of sus e a io and a ui b d, th p n t l v t t nt t n , fl d “ ” w i i r erme the f i h ch s exp essly t d o l fe . This h aving ' g ru ra e u and refres e g$e siria e aim d nk, g t f l t n xcl s, I ” row i e rea e a ai " and re ares to g ,I l v , I b th g n p p recommence his u h rs a e of ea en j o rney to reach t e fi t g t h v . I 26 T e omme es a on ia o ue e wee the . h n c nc l g d l g b t n deceased and the erso i a io of the i i e i who i s ru s him p n fic t n d v n l ght, n t ct in the a i e s a io t o Li a chapter called M n f t t n ght (chap . blance to the

at is mystical

’ ' and rofound in the so- a e Herme i oo s of the a er p , c ll d t c b k l t

Platonists . siria a in asse the rs a e o i ues to 27 . The O n h v g p d fi t g t , c nt n th ui e b is ne w i h to w om in the lxv to a dvance, d d y th l g t, h , tg ers he ad re sses his in o a io s . He e the lx x v chapt , d v c t n th n

metimes re resente as a ersea or ea -tree The tree of life is so p d p , p ch , mer a or ne the iuner ourts of man E tia groves of which for ly d d c y gyp t ici st i m es and the ast s e imen of w i i n Eg e ed ti er ate n t e pl , l p c h ch yp ll v y l ly f a on ent at Cairo but has een re ent wanton estro e . the garden o c v , b c ly ly d y d m nt an l co Lenor a o . nson vol. i. . 391 . . , t Wilk i , p I

lix. l ca . Ri iua , p 44

a ed f rans orma io more and more e e , enters on a series o t f t n , l v t ms e W i th the a ss umi h orm of and i en if in hi lf , ng t e f , d t y g He is a e s ucce sswely i nto a n oblest divine symb ols . ch ng d “ e or a - i i . an a aw m m of Horus Ra a . , h k, e ble (ch p lxxv ) ng l i to a o us i Ix i . . ( ) ; i ine me ssen er c a s . n l t xx d v g , ( h p x x , lxxx ) lx he e s of the sun i n t o the p ure lily which c ome s out of t fi ld de ares he i s the g od P thah in which hyp ostasi s he cl f re e stronger than the lord of many y ears i nto a ki nd o c st d ero the sa re ir of O siris a e Be n u (c ap . h n , c d b d , c ll d n h ' ‘ f i e in o a wh ose residen ce is on the b ou ghs of the tree o l f ; t fife i o a uma i . c rane o r a s e ies of n ti ora C a . , p c yc c x ( h p lxxx v ) nt h n ea e ir * the m os usua of all em ema i re rese a i o s h d d b d, t l bl t c p nt t n of the so u a ir moreo er o asio a re rese e a s fur l , b d, v , cc n lly p nt d ’ h is ed wit uman an ds w i it o s u in a oration to h h h h , h ch h ld p d in w i th i to a s wa ow c a . e sun (chap . lxxxv . ) n ll ( h p h ch “ tt r rm h s ou u ers this re mar a e e ressio 0 l a e fo t e l tt k bl xp n , rea on e I a e issi at e m sin s a e es ro e m g t , h v d p d y ; I h v d t y d y ai in s for I a e ot rid of the sin s w ic e ai e me u o f l g , h v g h h d t n d p n eart ne t in o a ser ent the sou of the ear and ere h x t p , l th h ,

“ although in on e form the serpent fif ths wit A o is in an o her it is isti a ir umsta e w i h p ph , t , d nct , c c nc h ch ha mi e ma s u en s in m arati m A s the s sl d ny t d t co p ve ythol ogy . i i - a er x i . s a s or one it wi be as we to re i ser ch pt (lxx v ) h t , ll ll n t n ir it e t e .

‘ I am the ser ent Ba—ta not A o is or Sata the ser ent of on p "( p ph ) , [ ( p ) l g ’ in t e tremitie f th r — the art wh se ears h e s o e ea t . Renou sou of e o y , x h f,] l h , en t is ears ai out and orn ai I am the sou of the eart in the l g h y , l d b d ly ; l h ” s m i art of the eart a a out and orn e a and e ome oun ai . p h I l d b , d c y b c y g d ly

S ee su ra f . ( p , ig

2 T he as ra s orma io of th irian i in a o er 8 . l t t n f t n e O s s to n th reptile ; the first of th ose which on enterin g Hades he ov er z a r o i a h r f ame vi . o e . iii . no on er t e ea e o c , c c d l (ch p lxxxv ) l g t ” “ an d the r o oser of the sou s but the ro o i e who filth pp l , c c d l we s in i orie s w ose sou om es rom men the rea fi sh d ll v ct , h l c f , g t ” r r i e of H ru f h (or rathe ept l ) o s . Up t o this time the soul o t e ec ease has een ma in its ourne s a one it has een d d b k g j y l , b ’ m e re a sor of eidwk o v ei o on t at is an ima e—a s a e ly t ( d l ) , h g h d with the app earanc e of the b ody which ye t lay torpid and se nsation e ss . A t er ese trans ormation s the soul l f th f , b e come s re unite d to the b ody which it will n ee d for the rest of its Thi s t eor it was w ic ren dered th j ourney . h y h h e process of mummification so im or an for it was in is ens a p t t, d p ble that the

The sou s of k in s are enera urnis e wit rowns l g g lly f h d h c , as vide numerous e am es in th Ha x pl e y collection. B t Br s o E arth — a a a s . D r. Bir . T , f ch

46

tinues I a e rou the ro es s o i the wi e (one) , h v b ght p , t pp ng ck d h I a e ome rom the as I g o along in the b oat of Ptha ; h v c f th r s a i oo s rom the amin e s a i e rom e ea c ld ng p l , f fl g fi ld , l v f g t

of Pthah r r h Osiria c an e er the oa , 30. E e, howeve , t e n nt b t f ma i it is necessary t o ascert ain if he is really c apable o k ng the o a e if the e ease osse sses a sut i ent a mou of v y g , d c d p nt

' a e and w i he 1 8 su the knowledge n ec essary to bis s f ty, h ch p . hi m ose d to have o btained from the p apyri prese nted to by p ] m n a or in ro oses a seri es of T o . The i i e oa e h th d v n b t cc d gly p p _ ues ions t o his assen er who e are s he has ome to see q t p g , d cl c his a er O siris a in as e ore s a e a e the a ure f th , (h v g , b f t t d, t k n n t

and orm of Horus and to the A o is . T i s re f , ) fight p ph h ply “ sa is es the in er o u r who i s him o t o the oat t fi t l c to , b d g b , ” r H r I which will carry him t o the place he knoweth whe e . e e a mos urious an d m s i a s e e ensues for ea ar of the t c y t c l c n , ch p t e sse e omin anima e re u ests the O siria to e me m v l b c g t d, q n t ll y m ” a e a is the eso eri m eanin of it . A or a d e n , th t , t c g nch , p d l , m as oo hu a i n all i n urn a os and are in urn t, p p, ll, pl nk g, t cc t , t re ie to for wen - ree ues ions and a swers i pl d , t ty th q t n ; wh ch “ nis e the e ea se en re a s the oo ein s or s of fi h d, d c d t t g d b g , l d ” ru who are i in for e er ir i for e er to ass him t th, l v g v , c cl ng v , p “ rou the wa ers to i e him t o eat oo and a e th gh t , g v f d, b k d a es and a a e in the a of the two ru s e ore the reat c k , pl c h ll t th b f g fiégs f ” G od . I n the un re a er the O sirian a i e are h d dth ch pt , h v ng d cl d “ again that he has stopp ed the Apophis and turne d back ” its ee is ermitted ' to em ar an d sa e rossin the f t, p b k, f ly c g mi ri er a s on the o er a in the an f th ghty v , l nd th b nk l d o e m u ai f o s o the wes the esse ou r of Amen i. nt n t, bl d c nt y t

- Fi . m 74. One of the m sti ro o i es of Amenti name S es s esh. Sar. Oi en. g y c c c d l , d h h h (

31 . Here omme e a o er series of a ers o ainin c nc n th ch pt , c nt g descriptions of and an ab stract of the geography of the s iri - an and ere a ain as usua in the i ua the O i e p t l d h g , l R t l, ph t m is in r n u u The esse re io is d yth te wove thro gho t . bl d g n e ' s ri e as the a e of Ba o or a un an e at the end of c b d v ll y l t,1 b d c ,

if h r It would be superfluous to do more h ere t an efer to the G reek myths of Ha es St Charon and his oat and to the mediae a e en of P ’ d , yx, b , v l l g d St. atrick s ur ator as i en in the Histor of Ro er de en o er t e p g y, g v y g W d v h ir almost exact ana o i w t u on l gy s too obvious to be d el p . a a e of Buchat —Ren i C e more ro er the . ou ll d p p ly V ll y f. 47

” e a e 3 70 u i n and 140 roa In h v n, c b ts lo g b d . a cavern in on e of the o moun ai s is the rea ro o i e a a h ly t n g t c c d l S b k (chap . and at t he h ea d of the valley extends an en ormous snake thirty u i s o m ere e i and six in ir u . H s ea is of stone an c b t l ng c c f nc h d , T d is re e u i s roa a nd the ame of the erri e su er a ur th c b t b d, n t bl p n t al i s E ” a er of fire . O n omin near t o is uar ian e ius t c g th g d g n , for su the ser e is the O sirian in s e r a ch p nt , c et ssumes the cha ra cter of a simi ar re ti e and e ar l p l , d cl e

rther a he , th t etting from the “ land of life to his horiz on that he kn ows the passage of ” s iri s th rr f h m t b e a es o t e A o is in it . T is see s o e as p t , t p ph h , n ear as ma be uesse the mea in of is a er ly y g d, n g th ch pt w i is n f h m u i i h ch o e o t e ost conf sed n the R t ual . 32 In h a i i n f t e r ix . is a urt r es r o o . e n xt ch pte (c ) f h e d c pt the ea e re io on the or of w i is a a e a e h v nly g n , n th h ch l k c ll d the L ak e of Primordiel atter 1 a chaos in fa ct ; and on the

sou the a of S a re Pri n i e s os sib s iri ua essen es . th l ke c d c pl , p ly p t l c I n chapter cx is further d escrib e d as a ma ni e in om of E wit its a es a a s a a e s g fi d k gd gypt, h l k , c n l , p l c , e s 85 T r he wa s ar f iron and th orn rows 0 . e e t e o e fi ld , h ll , c g se e u i i T ere the s amore - rees rees of i e v n c b ts h gh . h yc t (t l f )

f terna ears T he od Ni us or Ha imou en ir ed the serp en o e . Fig . 75. g l p c cl by t l y

- W ilk i nson. te . Possibly the heavenly Nile is here repre sen d ( )

s are we in are of o er an d ere the s iri s of the e , c pp , th p t bl t d ll g r In is e i t u i ma e for an d the sun shines for ev e . th d l gh f l cl t

in 2 in s ii. 4 k o h the E thio ian mentione g , After whom Saba p , p , d K xv wri tten he name i s t ere p , f S o was name . T Ny under the name o , d h ronta ' treme ar ness a e u iarit ommon to the 1 An idiom for ex h d / , p c l y c f l 2 x“ ies of i ers. . plates of c ertain spec v p ua s ro en i ts ontinua nta the reat anti uit of the Rit p v by c l I Incide lly, g q y l i te S eas or o eans su as the eninsu ar Hel enes e ig reference to lak es. c , ch p l l d l h d ' ’ lo of t ia s who u to the time of do not o ur in {Be mytho gy b ypt p , , p t Ef . z ' ‘ fi cc t m xi stence of the At anti nor t i t at of Tliothmoses were not aware of l c, ll h , t the Me iterranean was a ast ak e. ch o thou ht otherwise than tha d v l N e , g

49

aw i e the O siria we s sowi or h l n d ll , ng c n, ploughing with h eavenly o e and rea i the ar es in the E sia x n, p ng h v t ly n fields. It was for hi t s purpose that a hoe and a baske t full of corn were buried W i e er E ia a in th u th v y gypt n, th t e f ture life he might not be u re are t o o ow his a ri u ura a np p d f ll g c lt l l b ours. Th ere the O siria ree and re ue ar a es f h n f ly, f q ntly, p t k o t e bread of know e e w i he is s or to m ore e essar a e er l dg , h ch h tly find n c y th n v , a s he has arri e at the end of all his ria s but one and a v d t l , th t one the as and m os erri e for as et he is o in a. l t t t bl , y nly su erior i of S heol or Ha es u er oi a uri a io p k nd , d , nd g ng p fic t n,

Fi . 77 . The a en in Assessor wat hin t o unis the Osirian Pa rus Britis g v g g c g p h . ( py , h Mus eum. )

as in Hades itself his soul was subj ected to purgatorial in fluence o u e A u is the uar ia of the ea c nd ct d by n b , g d n d d,

n iii . t the O sirian traverses an u known labyrinth (chaps . cx o i but the aid of a ue and the assis a e of T o he cxx . ) by cl t nc h th, ene ra es rou all its i ri a ies and wi i s and at a s p t t th gh nt c c nd ng , l t is us ere i o the u me - a l w ere Osiris Rhot-Ame i * h d nt j dg nt h l , h nt ,

irian W i k inson. The snak e- eade Assessor stan in to interro ate the Os . ( Fig . 78. h d d g g l

sur e of the ea awai s him sea e on his ro e, thejudg d d, t t d th n ur wi a ourt of fort -two assessors rounde d as by a j y, th c y , - 7 T ere the e fi s . 7 four of whom are serpent h ead d ( g , h

me of P uto Rhadamanthus was ou t ess eri e . Whence the G reek na l , , d b l d v d E 50

ou e ei er a mi in the de decisive sentence is to be pron nc d, th d tt g a a iness or e u i him for ever a . ce se d to h , xcl d ng (ch p pp _ h O si ri an Si s the a. raise ro e e ore t e , 33 . On d th n b f t ow s aw u ei O siris u on w ose ea are the ou e f l d ty , p h h d d bl cr n nd L ower E of the unit e d kingd oms of Upper a gypt, ' I n hi s a s a e the circled with the solar asp or uraeus . h nd r * tu ross of i e the cufa staff of omi io the ur e i us c l f , Q u d n n, c v d l ' u ri and the s our e of K em. denoting sacerdotal a tho ty, c g h i Cabereii i re of B ehind his throne are the aveng ng , ch ld n - T o or S et and his o sor the i o o amus ea e yph n , c n t h pp p t h d d - h eri f e as u er ea hi s ee e ercd goddess (T o s) o h ll ; l tly, nd n th f t, f tt ‘ m a and r ur lie th sou s of the o em e . L es the O s to t ed, e l c nd n d 1 t n the so em assem should quail and be unable to stand b efore l n bly, th i nd N e th s ei ies of the u er and e goddesses I s s a p y , d t pp ower firmament res e i e su or his rem i oo s e s l p ct v ly, pp t t bl ng f t t p , w i t Ta utmutf K abhsen uf and Ha i the uar ia h le Amse , , , p , g d n

ei ies f the ea i er e e for his ro e io . O n an a ar d t o d d, nt c d p t ct n lt e ore t em owers and i e se ur in ra ran ro i ia ion b f h , fl nc n b n f g t p p t t , and e ween it and the u e n a massi e and et e i a e b t j dg , i v y d l c t a a e the ear of the e ease is wei e a ai s the b l nc , h t d c d gh d g n t

eat er of T mei the o e ss of Tru . T o the i ro u er f h h , g dd th h th, nt d c of s iri s wri e s ow the re on era e of the wei for p t , t d n p p d nc ght oo or e i w i e an a e the em em of us i e e ause all his g d v l, h l p ( bl j t c b c e remi ies are e e si in on the summi of the ross xt t v n), tt g t c eam r s i w is the Osirian e e e er rau or a our. N o b , p v nt th f d f v to i e an a ou of his w o e orme r i e and W i e ea of g v cc nt h l f l f , h l ch the or -two assessors a u ses him of some a ra au he f ty cc fl g nt f lt, has in re ur to re ea to the ues io er his own se re ame and t n v l q t n c t n , t o ro hi inn T is is a e the p fess s ocenc e of the fault alle ged . h c ll d a o o or the n e a i e on essio and it is one of the most p l gy, g t v c f n, ' sublime and sin gular ethi cal formularies in the whole of ‘ a ie m o o The rs r of is a ress is e a i e nc nt yth l gy . fi t pa t th dd n g t v ; but as heav en to the E gyptians was not accessible by mere sin ess ess but was the rewar on of a i e ir ue the l n , d ly ct v v t , O siria rom the e i s he has not o e ro ee s to the n, f v l d n , p c d e umera io of the oo w i he has er orme and en n t n g d h ch p f d,

reats not the eme but the e ui of the u e . t cl ncy, q ty, J dg E en in e his arms t owar s the ei us he a resses xt d g th n d d ty, th dd the a dj udicat or O siris and his coadjutor divinitie s

O e Lor s of trut 0 t ou G reat G od Lor of trut ave ome to y d h, h , d h, I h c t ee m Lor a e rou t m se to see th essin s a e k nown h , y d, I h v b gh y lf y bl g I I h v

Is this the origin both of the D ruidical lituus and the epis copal staff 7 ' 1 N ot a wa s re resente on the unera Pa ri. See Sar Oim l en. 5 . l y p d f l py p . “ ” For s — essin s rea s en i orie . Renou I bl g d pl d d l f. 5 1

t ee a e k nown th name a e k nown the names of the ort -two of h , I h v y , I h v f y the o s who are with t e in the a l of the Two Trut s who i e g d he b l h , l v by at in the wi k e and ee in of t eir oo in the da of re k onin of c ch g c d, f d g f h bl d, y c g wor s e ore the oo ein the d , b f g d b g, “ Rub e awa m faults for ha e not ri il one e il a ainst mank in y y y ,:t I v p v y d v g d, neit er have I afflicted persons or men I have not told fals ehoods before the tri una of trut a e had no a uaintan e wit e i a e not one an b l h , I h v cq c h v l, I h v d y wi k e thin a e not ma e the la ourin man er orm more t an his c d g, I h v d b g p f h ai task a e not een i e a e not ai e a not een weak in C« d ly , I h v b dl , I h v f l d, I h ve b ( ) the sense o si n ul a e not one w at is ate u to the o s a e not f f ), I h v d h h f l g d , I h v a umniated the s a e to his master I a e not sa rifi e lled the o ce c l l v , h v c c d (fi fi wron ull o a riest a e not mur ere a e not i en or ers to gf y f p ), I h v d d, I h v g v d smite a erson ri i a e not one rau to an man neit er a e I p p v ly, I h v d f d y , h h v a tere the me ur f tr I a e not in ure the ima es of the l d as es o the coun y . h v j d g o s a e not wit he mi k rom the mout s of su k in s neit er g d , I h v h ld l f h c l g , h a e nette the sa re fish a e not sto e runnin water I a e not h v I d c d ;t: I h v pp d g , h v ‘ ro e the o s of t eir oflered aun es a e not cause to wee I a e bb d g d h h ch , I h v d p , h v not mu ti ie wor s in s eak in I a e not blas heni ed a od I a e not l pl d d p g, h v p g , h v ma e a ons ira a e not orru te women or men neit er ha e d c p cy, I h v c p d , h v I o ute m se a e not sto en rom the ea a e not a e the p ll d y lf ; I h v l f d d, I h v pl y d o rite a e not ause an t o wee ha e not es ise an od in hyp c , I h v c d y p, I v d p d y g m eart I am ure am ure —let no arm a en to me rom the y h ; p , I p h h pp f m a en in eni i sa e 0 save me ro t em. v g g g v , f h “ ' 0 L or s of trut a e ma e to the o s the dfierin s due unto t em d h, I h v d g d g h , a e i en ood to the un r a e i en rink t o the t irst I a e I h v g v f h g y, I h v g v d h y, h v f trut i en ot es to the nak e a e een attenti e to the wor s o . g v cl h d,§ I h v b v d h, I am ure rom all sins am ree rom the urse of the wi k e I a e one p f , I f f c c d, —h v d w a he o s writ u on eart a e no sins and no er ersion a e me h t t g d p h, I h v , p v pl c e ore t se O Lor of E ternit and let me ass t rou the roads of b f hy lf, d y, p h gh er dark ness and dwell with thee for ev .

4 T o s o ma i e an a ea and t o a sou so ons iousl 3 . gn fic nt pp l, l c c y At a si na er e but one a nswer can the ei re ur . p f ct, d ty t n g l r e h e ease is i es e in a lon white i e o , ] from O siris, t e d c d nv t d g l n n b I

— I (l. ni uit . u trut and a e otte out our i I have brought to yo h , h v bl d y q y but a nc er ma rea be not an a ress The first clause literally 1m f , y lly dd f — , proper name I d. oticus wors i e at Lato o i s as a L e i otus or O r n us N il , h pp d p l The p d , xy hy ch I ’ tians vol. ii. Wi k inson s A nci ent E gyp , form of the goddess A thor. l — 248 25 1 . pp. “ i the urt er ause and a oat to nak e o urs in some apyr , f h cl , b After d cc , p ”— Renou . the shi wreck ed . f L; p 1 eet 9 he Ha o e ti on measure 6 , 7 A specimen of this arment in t y c ll c d f by g h n the outer d e. T e wit a roa twisted fringe alo g g and was furnished h b d . s Basoui . m n the anoi ent E o ti ans was 1 name for this garment a o g yp { E 2

l h 52

i of it the fringed with a symb olic al fringe along one s de ( * n h wi ar an k an hoth mes: p a s origin possibly of t e Je sh b g p , ) h an d en w i e T o wri es the e ree of a ui a u o t e th , h l h th t d c cq tt l p n ro s of Hea en the ei and as sessors oi addressm the ll v , d ty , j ntly g u O sirian e aim G o ort ou who ast ee i ro e . , xcl , f h, th h b n nt d c d i r m the e e of G od rin is rom the e e Thy food s f o y , thy d k f y r of G od mea s are rom the e e of G od. G o ou o , thy t f y th f th,

O Osiria us i e for e er . n, j t fi d v mm es the ir ar of A er the o essio . o e 35 . ft c nf n (cxxv ) c nc th d p t i the itual or the A ora io of the S un . The a ters in s R , d t n ch p th i are more my stical an d ob s cure than any of the preced ng . The Osirian en e or i e i e wi the sun ra erses wit , h c f th d nt fi d th , t v h him an d a s he the arious ouses of ea e in a ai , , v h h v n , fight g g n wit the A o is and as e in to the a e of e e stia fire h p ph , c nd g l k c l l , he an i f h E tia and the sour e of all i t o es o t e e . t p d gyp n h ll, c l ght I n its closing chapters the work rise s to a still more mystical a nd i er ra i a ara ter and the e ease is na h gh p ct c l ch c , d c d fi lly hypostated into the form of e very sacre d animal and divinity in the E ia Pant eo and wi t is ran onsummatio gypt n h n, th h g d c n th i B ut e en in ea e i se th ser e t m e R tual close s . v h v n t lf e p n yth m n n t is o ina . N ot o does he e ease as the sun e ar d t ly d c d, , d cl e

9 he sirian end o r n s r i t o is a o hi ead a Fi . 7 . T O ea u i t o na e the an A e s s g v g g p ph ; b v h , rote tin him in his dan erous t ask is the win e orb s mbo i of i ine p c g g , g d , y l c d v d assi an e ar imen i nter ene tration an st S . O . m , p c . ( )

6 s r that he puts forth blows again st the Ap ophis ( g . t ang ” u i lin g the wicke d in the we st (chap . b t even n the

’ B i s ews See M ill s The r ti h J . What this fearful lak e was may be gathered from the following descrip i t on of the Egyptian Hell. Oh the a e of waters—none of the ea can stan in it its water is of pl c d d d , fi re its flow is of fire it ows wit smok in fire if wis ed t ere is no , , gl h g ; h , h f t ose who are in t is ine tin uisha r k in it. The t irst o e T r u d in g h h i x g bl . h o gh the reatness of its terror and the ma ni tu e of its ear the o s the g , g d f , g d , wa ers rom a istan de ease and the s irits ook at its e. T eir c d, p , l f d c t irst is t . h h " iii ex tin uishable t e a e no ea e if t e W i s t e annot es a g h y h v p c h y h, h y c c pe it.

iii . a o e . R i tu a l a . . , ch p cl x b v

54

h G a e f and the sna e Co s ira or 7 . t e o G eneration s, k n p t t “ ” f e i ui s a e of ui and the s a e D es ro er 8 . G a e o R n, n k t y ; t In xt ng h bl Mi s ire and the s a e Pro e or of the Sa re Eye 9 . F , n k t ct , c d 7 “ r fi 3 84 and the snak e Pri e ess of im o s . 8 t L b ( g 7 , d “ G a e f L ou or s and the sna e G rea C as er t o d W d , k t l p ” f the G a e of H r - a e and the sna e T errifier 1 2. G a e o t a d f c , k t

The Mistresses or D oork ee ers of Amenti wit the reat Uranus a o e. p , h g b v - l i. Ritua c a . x v ( l, p c v )

“ “ - “ me i 4 Her name is Han nek a 85. Her name is Me s 83. Her na s 8 . g . h ” " mman in the i e . Pthah or orn of Pthah. Narau or Vict or . or Co , y d g dl , b

u r of E ar 1 a e of sis 14. i s ress of E u Q estion e th 3 . G t I M t x lt - a ti 1 5 G a e of S ou s of the Re d aire . The names of on . t l h d n i To the snakes of the four last gates are ot g ven . these ab ode s ir se w ose uar su ee a . iii . se en s a a s ians a cc d (ch p cxlv ) v t c , h g d h ve th ame nam h na es of the se e at s T e th e s es as t e s k v n g e . h n e O siria asses to the ourt een a o es of E sium in the “ n p f b d ly , ‘ — f our of whi on the er i i in Ha es the ea e f th ch v y h gh h ll d , h v n res s u o it na — a i is hi am o urs a s e S s e . He is t p n , cc k t n

m r Fi . 86. Ruhak the reat har e w om the sun has ma Ri tua ca . i . g , g c h de. ( l p cxl x ) a ou se e u its in his oil and he i i a in b t v nty c b c , l ves by decap t t g ” the condemn ed ? I n the seven th ab ode dwells a similar “ — hak i i n s a e Ru s ts ame . He is i n k , (fig ab out sev en cub ts

Is t is an l i t - h al us on o the Indo G ermanic myth of the connection b etween — ’ i e and fire l See Co s M tholo o the A r an N ations and e l f x y gy f y ; K lly, I mic-G rmani F lk- r e c o lo e. ' 1 Is t is an e a eration of the reat A ri an ro k -snak e P t f ia h x gg g f c c ( y hon reg ), who the wa resem es in m rk , by y, bl a re a able degree the Egyptian figures of A o p phis. 55

in the en of his a i i off th l gth b ck, l v ng e dead strangling th eir ” , s i ri s p t . Him the Osirian beseeches

D raw th t eet w y h, eak en th enom or t ou ost not ass m y v , h d p by e. D o no t sen th enom to me r y , o e t rowin and rostratin me t r u i d v v h g p g h o gh t.

r O , more ro er p p ly, B e th ee ro e and y t th b k n, thy ven om wea e ed ome n k n ot a ai s me e mit not e om a ainst c g n t , thy, v n g me o er ” , v thro wing and ros ra in me rou it . e ou p t t g ( ) th gh (R n f. ) i na at the door of h F lly, t e sixteenth ab ode resides another s a e at the m n k , ou of the ea e N i e who is a i e th h v nly l , p c fi d of eri n s of oo and r i by f g f d g a n . Oth er magical addresses o o w e se and th ' ll , e rubric of the l as cha er e s u s f“ th t pt nd th T i s oo i s th h b k e greatest of all my steries ; do not let the

Fi W . 87 . oo en oti e fi re of t u he o ess Urha t . rom s g d v v g g dd p (F a. tatue in the British Museum re store b the e of a simi ar fi ure in the Le en Museum , d y h lp l g yd . )

e e of an one see it a is ete s a e ear it ide it y y , th t d t bl . L n , h , ma i e t . The B oo ha Ruler of the S e re P a e is it k — k p i t c t l c nam H n “ ed . i s e ded? S u e is a summar of the on e s of the mos ch, th n , y c t nt t r m it av ancient rit ual extant . F o h e p rob ably b een derive d all the a er s s e ms of O io a r a s in its a es are re l t y t ph l t y, p g p o s f a rimit P s serve d the defiected ech e o p ive revelation . o s essing extraordinary coincidences with later dogmasTthere is y et little d oubt that the condition of the —work as we now h ave it i s one of great and wilful mu tilation whole chapters

r d and se e es mis o s rue . N or can the resu are inve te , nt nc c n t d lt is re o e e a to uo e Pro e ssor he wond ere d at when it c ll ct d th t, q t f ' no a ua e is e a a er a a se of a ousa ears Lyell,1 l ng g xt nt ft l p th nd y ,

4" as hak or Urtuk is as e ore mentio e , o iona re resente as a /l Ru , b f nd cc lly p d “ m of n n riti tai oi e in a k in of bow T goddess in the for a l c l d d sta e era oti i in woo to t is o ess are in t, e k not r a e e . S , , h g p d l v l v v d _ i a u eum ases 10 and 1 1 er E t n Sa oon. B ritish M s , , Upp gyp l ‘ o f E lements of G eol gy. 56

d wri e in a cie and the Ritual of the D ead wa s use d an tt n n nt * E gypt for more than thirty centuries . 3 7 A ar owe er rom the i ua the rai of the ser e . p t, h v , f R t l, t l p nt E as it is is as conspicuous the monumental history gypt

Fi . 88 The so ar orb w d ess T mei or Trut . it the em emati fi ure of the o g l h bl c g g d h , h,

ween 40. et the sa re uraei ee fi . Casse . S b c d . ( ll ) g

in the ar h o r E r r u rea s a c ae g aphic . ve y sepulchral st eleo f ne l l b bore at its u er e remi th n is ‘ofRa wi its pp xt ty e usual W i ged d c , th e e asilis s 8 row s of p nd nt b k (fig . 8 ) wearing the alternate c n

- The royal and sacred he ad dresses united .

r and L o N ot u re ue Upp e wer E gypt and the cross of life . nf q ntly ’ the od Ra and e e the Kin imse as a ei s i ar a g , v n g h lf, th t d ty nc n io is re rese e as a o e surrounded a ser en w ose ai t n, p nt d, gl b by p t, h t l

’ Lenormant s A n i i r o he E a t v c n H sto t s ol. i s i e t e tion v i. y f , . c is wis e i t t d a ai s the so ar dis t ghtly g n t l k . The serpent decorated the ’ mo ar s row n ch . 89 and ri e h c n (fig ) f ng d t e extremities of his

Fi . g 90. Ro a ir e rin e wit e we e r g g j u aei. rom fi ure of y l dl f d h ll d F g K . Seti Mene t hah I . A rund p ( ale . )

ir e . I g dl ( n a o er i s a e a s i e m m fig n th n t nc ph nx, bl e of reg al ower u “ ” p , er the i e or of the Hori z, z r nd t tl , L d zon . i (fig s repre se e as su or e nt d pp t d by, or standing e wee two ro u b t n, p c mbent

Fi 91 To of g . . p an E tian stan ar S in and urae i g d d ph x , im in hea en i tor yp ply g v ly v c y . (Leemans . )

* uraei . S ome imes as on the S oa t , ne sarcophagus (one of the mos wo er u of all E ian sar o a i ori i t nd f l gypt c ph g , g nally execute d

Fi . 92. The eet e of C e fer Ra in the So ar orb surroun e b the ser ent Ranno g b l h , l , d d y p . Possi l the E tian ori ina s far as the M t os was on erned of b y gyp g l, a y h c c ,

the Or hi fi ure No. 28. Sat . O i men . p c g , ( )

the ime of oses for Oimene thah or S e i M ene ab out t M , p t p . rni e r 92 th i s f thah the serpent of et e ty nvi ons (fig . ) e d k o the

ee Musée dc L aidc Part I ate 21 . S , . , pl 58

i u i s * “an d the ir e is om e e the sun with seven nvol t on , c cl c pl t d by in its mout as i n the G ree tail of the reptile b eing place d h , k

- r Q imen. it Sa . Fi . 93 D oub e snak e ea e e . g . l h d d d y ( ) inter re a i I n the useum s e imen howe er the p t t On . 1 M p c , v , ’ Co u er and not the Na a or Co ra is the s e i es of s a e l b , j b , p c n k

‘ - f we . r i Fi 94 i le n k h d d it ar n rown o Lo r t Sa . Q men . S a e ea e e we i the . g . ng s d y g c Egyp ( ) a o A ai on the same wor of art is a o i e e d pte d . g n k l ng v gn tt re res i a num er of ei ie s ma of ese a ain bein p ent ng b d t , ny th g g

i - F , 95 . ua ru e snak e ead deit o din ort a k ni e o s a the h g Q d pl h ed y h l g f h f t l y Apop is.

Oimen. (Sar. )

A simi ar re resentation at the oot of the sar o a us of N ask atu at l p f c ph g , “ th Bri s Museum i ninete n in o utions to the same s e ti es m o i ser ent . h , g v e v l y b l c p “ ” ’ See B n mi ’m us o Oimene thah. I ate 5 . I o o s S arcop g f p , pl 59

s a e - ea n k h ded with ropes and slings

Fi . 96 in - g . S g e snak e ea e deit in n in the l h d d y br gi g a mmto b d Apophis .

Sar. imen ( Q . )

97 . The eities in in A o is rom a o e l Sar. O men. d b d g p ph f b v . (

Fi g . 98. Anot er i ne tt e re resentin the same u e t i n C me . h v g p g s bj c (Sar. ) s ari th is* n ng e Apoph (fig . Another vignette shows

men un e ow wit hains and ronze sta es. Sar. Oi . ) 99, A o is o ( Fig . p ph b d b l h c b pl

i" ’ 2 See Bonomi s Sarwp hagus of Oimenep thah I plate 1 . i mo ster a o er hand of the Eternal holding the encha ned n ; n th , our ai ns s mboli z m Ap ophis chained to the ground by f ch , y g

l. f man in i a ai s the evI the four races o k d, fight ng g n t wee a o er A o is writ i in a o e one . 99 n th h h ng g n b t n (fig ) , p p y who a e ra s e hi m W i ma the assembled gods, h v t n fix d th ny ' o e i n i s ano er A o is in the m s i a e kn ve ; th ,1 p ph y t c l k f ld d rou t ent - i o o u io s and ast A o hi s b ght w e ght c nv l t n , l ly, 1 p p

v deities are -fa e e ourin the wi k ed the a enging Fi . 1 00 h ser ent ire ; g . T e p F c d v g c , Q i men . due oun s . Sar. s tanding upon hi s folds t o restrain hi s vi olence W i thi n b d ( )

mer i u i ini . prisoner to Horus Ra and slain by that c f l d v ty § T e e as the i ua has s ow all e o ire to the m h s , R t l h n, b l ng d ctly yth

Fi 101 One of the w e w . t e e s r nt arders of h twe e ors of H s g . lv e p t e lv do ade . imen (Sar. Q . ) ofApophis but on the same alabaster sarc ophagus is engraven an r su iz f i i ir a and o e e v . a roo o w e men w t e s th bj ct, t p ck d th h h nd

i“ ’ See Bonomi s S arcop hagus of Oim enep thah I plate 9 . “ t Ila ate 1 5 . Ila ate 7 . I b. ate 1 1 . , pl I , pl , pl

62

he od mi i e heads the re rese a io s of the od Atmoo t g fe n n , p nt t n g j f and a a silis Wi ree a es the S i ni a of darkness, b k th th f c , g fic nt

Ha u i en e . m . imi ar in Ser ents nam . S ar O Fi 104 our fi ures s to re e . g . . F g l p c d g p d p ( ) i a of the E tia ria of Horus sis and d eogr—ph gyp n t d (fig I , siris the ro u i the ro u er and the oduc ed the O , p d c ng, p d c , pp 5

V oti e mumm - ase in ronz e ont ainin the mumm of an e el sa re to Fi . 105. g v y c b , c g y c d - mans the od Atum or A tmoo the beneficent eit of ark ness. Lee . g , , d y d ( ) a mos onsimi ar a a o ues of the Hin u ria of E e an a l t c l n l g d t d l ph t , B ra ma Vis u an d Siva x' h , hn , f

iun Fi . 106 The m sti tr e asi isk i Horus sis and Osiris. Sar Q men. . of I g y c b l , , ( . )

8 An t r sar o a 3 . o e us i us ra in the ser en m os h c ph g ll t t g p t yth , is a of ameses I II . the rea oun er of e ine Ha ou th t R , g t f d M d t b , at Cam rid e aroun the ins ri e si es of whose asa t b g , d c b d d b l cofli n c oils an enormou s snake ; the extre mities of the reptile are on oined an d the fi ure was ro a inten e to re re c j , g p b bly d d p “ sent the eternal life of the King prot ecte d by the snak e

Sometimes si nifi ant enou re resente an eel as in the oti e g c ly gh p d by , v v eel in the B ritis Museum i ase N o. 38 . F . h , c ( g ’ See Bonomi s r o o 1 1 S c ha us Oimene thah I . ate 1 . a p g f p , pl 63

ose am — h n e is millions of years million s of days encompass m ” g1 .

39 A n u mumm - a a : ndescribed wooden y c se l tely sold at the Pa ai s o a * e ree ore a simi ar u ommo l R y l , R gent St t, b l nc n deli neati - on . the BritishMuseum are ree erra o a rou s er In th t c tt g p , v y rou e ghly e u e of a mo er an d i . 1 07 i u o a x c t d, th ch ld (fig ) ly ng p n

Fi . 1 0 . unerea ta et mot 7 er and i rote te b the eit C nu i s . g F l bl , h ch ld , p c d y d y h ph Britis Muse um ( h . )

ou wi a s a e in is i s an n t th u er but the c ch th n k , th n t ce o e Col b , As en ir in em ro a a flatterin s a ue e im p, c cl g th ; p b bly g t t tt , ply in at the mot er and i of th wner s ou i e sis g th h ch ld e o h ld, l k I and Horus e o the e r , nj y te nal years of divinity T us a usio a w i h 40. h ll n to Horus re calls a circumst nce h c mus n ot i be asse o r ' All ser e s e e ou t l ghtly p d ve . 1 p nt , v n th gh i ine were n ot arm ess u o is erre e s ere and as d v , h l p n th t n ph , Horus was the rea i arna e son of O siris w ose mission g t nc t , h r ome e i an s tr the A o is s o at was to ove c v l d to de oy p ph , th ' divinity b e came naturally associate d with the ofli ce of stopper ” He e ar h ust m of ins ri i oti e of all snakes . nc ose t e c o c b ng v v eit re rese i him a s a ou u and eau cippi to that d y, p nt ng y thf l b r i es and i u ein s a i u o the ea s of two o o , t f l b g, t nd ng p n h d c c d l r A o e him is a wa s and s o i in his an s . holding snake s c p ons h d b v l y a of B aa or S et-T on an d the arious attri the horrible h e d l, yph , v wit m sti a e i & c . of i e omi o ower oo ness, , butes l f , d n n, p , g d h y c v l fine s e i men io s rou e aroun him . A er dictory inscript n g p d d v y p c ers m n stone are i n the Bri i s woo and oth s all er i , t h in d,

1 The sar o a us was of “ u 8 7 1 . l“ T ur oo and G i es, J , g By M essrs . h g d l ly c ph he nineteent nast . - and ro a ate rom t sycamore wood, p b bly d d f h dy y ’ s for u er etai s. vielle Tessie de la. M the dHoru , 1 See N a , y f ll d l 6 1

formerl n the Ha Museum another as fine in hard wood was yi y ' tio and has a e o e t o Bos o i e Uni e S a es . collec n , l t ly g n t n, n th t d t t D e non A ariet of ese i i at a ime su ose , v y th c pp , th t t pp d by i inson an d ot ers to be as ro omi a are e ra e i n W lk , h t n c l, ng v d ’ “ ” tion ole l E t the Mémoires accom anying the D escrip gg/p p . 1 8 and t e is o eries of a er E o o i s s a e (fig . 0 ) h d c v l t gypt l g t h v

Fi m ni rine of Horus the sto er of snak es. On one si e s tan s the . 108. Ta is g l a c sh , pp d d staf a d uadran u ar eat ers of the deit Atum the od of dark ness and on n q g l f h y , g , ‘ - the ot er the a rus st afi and awk of Horus Ra . In the entre st an s Horus h p py , , h c d imse t readin u on the ea s of t wo ro o i es em e ms of t oni ower h lf, g p h d c c d l , bl yph c p , and in eit er an he o s snak es and sa a e beasts as rest rainin t eir h h d h ld v g , g h vio en e A o e him is the ea of S et or Baa w ose su er uman ower l c . b v h d l, h p h p The usua on look of air a i n Horus is supposed t o have assumed. l l g h ( cc de tally

re erse the artist an s o er the e t s ou er of the eit . D enon v d by ) h g v l f h ld d y ( , D escrip tion dc

ro en e o all ou rom the iero i s emse es p v , b y nd d bt, f h glyph c th lv , that these obj ects were universally a dopted in ancient E gyp t as preservatives against the attack s of all venomous or dan

F i . 109. Por e ain amu e e a siz e The snak e a a i n n g c l l t ( x ct ) . Nuh b m k ng a offering of wi e to the o s g d .

ero s re i es the e e o e ro e io of Horus and were g n pt l by b n v l nt p t ct n , even by the G nostic Christians dedicated to Jehovah as the 65

Go d ia u S ometimes min t re copies of these cippi were manufa ture i n ue or e ai and w r c d bl p c l n, e e hun g a s amulets arou d the ne s of i re as was a soa m n ck ch ld n, l less co mon figure

mulet exa t siz - in a e . H H 11 0. Por e a o s the snak e ea e . a o e r tion. c l ( c ) n . h d d ( y c ll c )

’ - Horus . 09 ri ofthe god (fig 1 ) wea ng a serpent s head the talismamc fi ures of h r g t e se pent of Ranno g .

- iz e ‘ us as a k - ea e uraeus wearin the so ar exact s . Hor aw A mulet ( ) , h h d d , g l

disk .

“ as the a rus o ex c e e s ar el an I n fa ct there w , p py nly pt d, c c y y nt u se or re re se te eit er as an e m em obj e ct so freq ue ly d, p n d, h bl i as the s n a e in its ree rea arie ies of good er ev l, k , th g t v t ,

3 70. ii . an e i bfd u 11 tom. pl ch m sti a i entifi e wit the G oo Ser ent gggs figing also y c lly d d h d p ‘ — W i k i nson . 39 8 . Agathade mon . l , v 66

or ra he r e era of uber N a a nd A s fi . 6 t g n , Col , j , a p ( g , d ancient writers gravely asserted that san

‘ - N ab or a a k a as in fi . Fi 1 12. g; ah , N h b , g

Th eb an desert . sp ont aneous ly generate d th es e dangerous 93 reptile s an d it would seem a s if the wh ole of the Theb m t o wer u rie d in the coc ri e d n or wri te u n y hol gy e b kat c e , t n po h s i f a s t e k n o nak e . 41 A u iar ma i i E tian . e e s a ttaChed p c l l gn ty, gyp , ’ it se t o a s r en s it was it ata t t lf e p t b e, . f l o he

- i in but the ea emsel e s e ame obnOXiou s to its influ. l v g, d d th v b c e e The ur s iri of the E r a u n nc . p e p t te n l co ld ot inhabit a b ody

mulet e a iz ' Fi . 1 1 : Steatit e a s 3 t e . The od ess Mer p k r. Ha e tion g ( x c ) g d s a ( y coll c . )

infe i h t m f - cted w t he veno o a snak e or sc orpion r Hence the mummi f h as es o t e dece ed were prote cte d from ophite i nj ury by

D iodorus Siculus lib i ca i , . . p . . ‘ ' it l a s . R . nd xli . l ua , c p xxxv a 6 7

Fi . 11 4. Porc e n mu et e g ai a a t siz e . The od ess Ranno. Ha o e tion l l ( x c ) g d ( y c ll c . )

arms a is ma s and i i a a o s fi s . 1 1 ch , t l n , nc nt t n ( g 3, S ome of ese of the G re o-E ia or P o emai erio a e ee th , c gypt n t l c p d, h v b n

Fi . 115. W oo en amu et for omesti L use. Same eit mans ee . g d l d c d y. ( )

reser e to the res e ime i a p v d p nt t (fig . The highly symb ol c l a ure of the ures e i e and m i a ara er of the n t fig d p ct d, yth c l ch ct wor s em o e re er em e e e in iffi u of inter re d pl y d, nd th xc d gly d c lt p tation not to mention the circumstance that in many instances the a ri and a e s a e ee wi u e a e or ro en p py t bl t h v b n lf lly d f c d, b k m ra e S ar e asu er a er s e arie s . O ne of t e e nd by l t ct h , ng v d by h p , in the E tian I nscri tions * has ee n in ar ran s a e gyp p , b , p t t l t d by ' h rs se io a serie s . C a as an d a ears to o ain in t e M h b ,1 pp c nt , fi t ct n, a m r A ter of directions or rubric s to the mourners or emb l e s . f ' these follows the charm itself b ein an ad uration a ainst the ’ mies o in is e art and I men i a resse ser ent s ene , b th th h t dd d fiow s He mtec t r of the dead b fl in — em

“ son of a s ee b son of a s ee who suck est the milk of 0 sheep, h p, , h p, $e the e un t be it ten an ser ent ma e - s ee do not t , thy mother the h p, d f c b by y p l i n or an re ti e do not let an one of t em 0; female by any scorp o y p l ; y h K , h enetrate or ter o er his im s. D o not let im be [ p ossess [have the mas y] v l b p d d ma no s a e of any S irit aunt p ossessed]M y h d p h - —- H m ha hu f a e no ower o er the mouth of the serpent a h v p v him ma " , y m . ” 1 1 7 Fi s. 1 1 6 him. ( g ,

- 1 2. tian Ins ri ti ons fol. 1 837 ates 9 E gyp c , , pl

m 1 855 . po i ue . 44 u Bu lhtin Archéo g q , p , J , r 2 68

Here the a usio s o to the ser e e emies of the soul ll n , b th p nt n and the possibility of the body of one man b eing interpene

Fi 1 16 The ser ent erminatin . A i toria re resent ation of a rase use g . . p g g p c l p ph d M a rus in the a i a P ri. See Birc S ur nu Pa g c l py ( h, py A rc/zé olo i ue g q . ) — trate the sou of a o er and a an e i one the d by l n th , th t v l , o ri e of the Pistis S o ia of the G osti s are eo o i a d ct n ph n c , th l g c lly e ee i a ua e xc d ngly v l bl .

- Fi 11 . The four ea e ura us . Anot er of the i eo ra i sn k dr wn g. 7 h d d h d g ph c a es a in the Ma i al Pa ri g c py .

o Em eror Hadrian Fi . 118. Bronze coin f the stru k at A exan ria g p , c l d , showing the two o osin ser ents of oo and e i S pp g p g d v l. ( harp e )

Fi . 119. A simi ar coin. The eity u iter Sera is a the Ser ent of e i arr in g l d J p p , s p v l, c y g a ask et u on his ead She r b p h . ( p a )

70

the un ia i 1 23 A simi ar em. Aroun the eonine ea of the ser ent are F g . . l g d l h d p c l * G reek characters composing hi s name .

m a 2 . m e ate Rom n ion rohab e ns Fi . 1 4 Anot er simi ar e r a . he ins ri t g h l g , v y l T c p p ” x — AE I ci A ra as name of G od ABBESSE S N UM E N for . nomen D b , , , ( ) ), ‘ miswritten the i n ran of the A e n rian sea -en r er Mont a by g o ce l xa d l g av . ( f

i 125 C nu is wa k in rown e wit se en stars a orm a terwar s mu use Fg . . h ph l g c d h v ( f f d ch d

b the G nosti s See fi . D enon . y c . g ( )

In the e in in eart and w ter to mud on ensin unite . A ter b g n g, h a , c d g, d f ds a t ir rin i e Was orn a ser e t wit the ea s of a u and a h d p c pl b , p n h h d b ll lion and in the mi st the a ce of a od it had win s on its shou ers and was , d f g g ld , ’ ’ r — al ed Xpé rog a y ma fl e . Teste Hellanicus uote in Creuzer s S mbolik c l — , q d y , in W . T mains 1 4 e a so C. e n i th ir Re 8 . S e h ost s and e pp . l K g. , G c ,

s and vii . plate v . of Ba si ius i o the C ris ia re i ion l nt h t n l g (fig. It was as if the i a A o is of E in i u g nt p ph , gypt, dy ng nder the s ear of . p A e a dri a C ris iani i e e its es o er l x n n h t ty, nf ct d d tr y with its e e ome rea and oiso e w om it nv n d b th, p n d h could not over K

- Fi . 126. A er urious G re o E tian G nosti sea onsi era en ar e g v y c c gyp c l (c d bly l g d). Christ wit the attri utes of Horus trea in u on the ro o i e of e i and ol in h b , d g p c c d l v l, h d g he sa re s m o of hi s name fi ' t a sh t 9 v i . e . I aov X wro Oeov r c d y b l , , x g, n c p g T ag i c/ mp

esus C rist the Son of G od the Sa iour . T is em is e u iar a ua e as (J h , , v ) h g p c l ly v l bl , how showi ng easily the Alexandrian Christians introduced their ancient emblems and t eir orres on in t eories into the risin Christianit of E t rom h c p d g h g y gyp . (F o lection in the ri is the c l B t h Museum. )

wer* Th s is a wi a ra and o . e u e e e a sa re p (fig bj ct d , g v , c d one and if u i at all mu e re ere an d u ia , st d e d st b v ntly nb ssedly

s u ie . C ose we the s or of E ia O io a r ere and t d d l t y gypt n ph l t y h , in as few words a s may be compatible with the lateness of the our an d the e en of the ma eria s summari e the resu s h , xt t t l , z lt ami a i of this imp erfect ex n t on . T a in the E ia m o o the o es w i 43 . I . h t gypt n yth l gy, ld t h ch, m the Bi e has ee an e ow to u s and is ear apart fro bl , b n h d d d n , cl ly

(N ote on some of the p receding nantes of serp ents. )

- m E zek i i 15- 1 l en s irit 2 Ah ra ak . Fro e , 6 . Abraxas fa l p ( ) h l w ee an or e of A n e s as - i es 9 1R O han ) r g , I ND Cabbala S ohar g v 1 p ( h l d l

i. 2 s oot wan erin J ob i 7 i . Satan) rom at ( ) g, ; . ? h d Krub (cherub) We ( f ? — with - n er wrat of G od . Ana h oami n A h a h a g , h ( ) QJ N ( p ), f g ms p p , — 1 3 , M . D ra . N ose inflated nos 5 ch rage q} : , 72

h re are reser e traceable for three thousand years t e p v d, rm a o wi o ers ou in a orru e and e a era e o , l ng th th , th gh c pt d x gg t d f many of the great doctrine s of revealed reli gi on . 0 II T a romi e a o e ot er m t s 1 11 a re i i ous . h t, p n nt b v h y h th t l g . s s m was the e ie in a mo s rous ersona l ev1l e1 y te , b l f n t p b ng,1 i a re rese e as a ser e and w ose offi e was to typ c lly p nt d p nt , h c a use the ri eous o ose the S u reme D ei and e our cc ght , pp p ty, d v

the wick e d . III T a -exis e in the or er of ime ere arose a . h t, cc t ntly d t , th ua is i rin i e of oo i ewise re re se e for s ar e d l t c p c pl g d, l k p nt d, c c ly in e i i e reaso s an e tire ifferen ser e and a t ll g bl n , by n ly d t p nt, th t

’ b etween these two a constant spiritual warfare was main taine d . 1 and e i were dire l IV . T a in the a s ra o oo v h t, b t ct, b th g d l ct y ro u e one S u reme B ein who a so -o era e wi p d c d by p g, l cc p t d th

the righteous in their endeav ours aft er holin ess . i a h . rin f th e em s os s nd the V . T a t e o e o e h t d ct M t p ych , o mas of Pur a or i arious ro i iatio a t an i e Ha es d g g t y, v c p p t n , g bl d , E ia u u Hea e and He were a so a ar of the C s . v n ll, l p t gypt n lt I T a e a i e and i i o iness rewar s and V . os e h t n g t v p t v h l , d u is me s and on ormi to the i i e na ure were doc p n h nt , c f ty d v n t , th s am o t rines of e e the logy . V II T a the su reme e i of the us i e o sis e in . h t p d l ght j t fi d c n t d conscious h ostatic union with the E ternal B ein which was a ai a le o l a er mu ur a io and on - on inue tt n b n y ft ch p g t n, l g c t d

g irt h—; f ‘ II T a the na u is men of the W i e o sis e V I . h t fi l p n h t ck d c n t d in u er a i i a io a er a erio of ri u or ure in a tt nn h l t n, ft p d f ghtf l t t

fiery hell . T a the o es e wee oo an d e i wou be at IX. h t c nt t b t n g d v l ld la st terminated by the incarnation of D eity overcoming the

rea ser en and ut er es ro i him . g t p t, t ly d t y ng ” at si ll i h s r n m s ori i a e r X. T e es a s t e e e o e h b d th , p t yth g n t d th s m o isms i ire o ne e wi the re e i o mas y b l nd ctly c n ct d th p c d ng d g , an d a t ese not ei re ea e the ries s to the e eral th t h , b ng v l d by p t g n f h o o t e eo e were em misun erstoo . b dy p pl , by th d d

Lenormant B unsen and i k ins n o . , , W l ’ Satan S eitan the in erer or rom shoo h 1 now h , h d , f t Low) {b ut t e 7 7

d 11 . wan erer J ob i. 7 an d ( , ’ See a so P utar D e I side and Bunsen E t s I l l ch, , gyp P lace i n Universal v f r — Hi stor ol. i. ook i . o a u ler a ount of the Osiri T oni m th y, b , f l cc yph c y . ' D ifi erin erein essentia rom the N irwana or re ose of Bud i m g h lly f p dh s . iSee a so for a rie o u ar résumé of the rin i a of t ese o trines l b f p p l p c p l h d c , ear E arl E ian Hi t t s or . 36 4 409 . K y, y gyp y, pp 73

XI . T ha t the principal corrup tion s of primitive Christianity arose from the Platonists and G nostic s of the G re c o - E gyptian a i a A e an ria * in the same manner a s eir own an ien c p t l l x d , th c t re i i o was ori ina erive rom a urer sour e now onl l g n g lly d d f p c , y to be ow' nol f in the Bible. XII T . hat the study of E gyptian mythology will throw more i L l ght up on the re strictive customs of the J ewsn the allusions of the ro e s and the ear is or of the C ristia ur p ph t , ly h t y h n ch ch, an a of an o er u tr th th t y th co n y . Thu s the n for a time we roll b ack the papyru s on which is ins ri e the stor of the ser en A o is ask we c b d y p t p ph , , Why the Father of Mankind has p e rmitte d th e se re cords to con ai ami so many errors mu to es i of ro e i an d t n, d , ch t t fy p ph t c spiritual truth ? S eek th en the answer in the words of the A ostle of the G entiles G od e t n ot imse wi ou wit p , i l f h lf th t ” ess in the wor so ha e e the i of a u re all the n ld, t t v n by l ght n t , wor mi e ome ui e ore Him and mi in the ld ght b c g lty b f , ght u ness of time be sa e His S on who is G od o er all the f l v d by v , ” i or o er the rea ra o a old s er en for e er—and v ct v g t d g n, th t p t, v e erm r v o e .

N V L V S

E r tian M tholo a nd E ti an Chri stiani ty. She.I oe gj y gy gyp “ ” - ' B i b. Hebreeo E tiaca T ra ns. S oc. liirl C a as F. , See E) aiticu y h b , , gyp and Laiith M oses cler E braeer 1 86 8 w i a t ou o V OL i. , , , , g A rchwol gy, h ch l h h usions t rows mu i t on ear Jewis istor . wrong in its concl , h ch l gh ly h h y

1 7 . I A cts xiv. 74

APPE ND IX.

‘ Ir' may interest Philologists to—see all the names and s ignificant epithets of the various serpents or serpent formed Deities of Egyp t in One lis t

A a‘ e i A o is A o h A Ba a B e ou E th Chf Che p p , Ap p , p ph , p pt , pp, b , b , , , f,

N AM E S as T HE SOUL or T HE WO RLD .

- B ai B i B t Knum hnou his hnnmis. , a t, a , C p , C

NA E S OF THE R SE R E NT ‘ M O P S,

‘ Fenti G atfi Ham Har Hu-ef Mersok ar Mhn Nfi N u Ru Rnhak , , , , , , , , , , , Tetbi rtuk U ,

h in as antin the tru et mo o of t ese T e owe s e in man . es w e v l b g y c g, y l gy h nam s annot now be re o e e c c ver d .

E NG LISH TRANS LAT IO N S O 'F E PI THE TS A PPLI E D “I N T HE RI TUA L OF

' D E A D TO T HE VA RI OUS S E RPE N TS RE FE RRE D

A ersar Bun n dv y ( se ).

Br ak er of the i k e e W c d . X ” 1“ Br s a s of E arth.

ir i n — C S i r. Dimeh . e i h t et 1 st oo k ee er . cl g ( p h , d r p )

Consumer Buns ( en). D estro er Buns y ( En). D ev urer Sar. a imen. Q A o is . / ( , p ph ) 3 E nem Bu en y ( ns ) .

A ll the emi nine eities were as ore st te eit er f d , bef a d, h represented were enerate un er the orm of ureeL—Bircli v d d f . 75

E r e tor Bunsen c ( ). Flr -fa e c a . 1 45 2nd a l e c ( p h l ). Fi re i n his E — Sar. im n e O e . 8th oork ee er y ( d p ). F ame-fa — e ca . 1 45 5th ha l c ( p ll) . G iant Bunsen ( ). G reat C as er l p .

Horn of the E men — art Sar. O i . 3rd oork ee er of A menti h ( d p ). S ark - — a e imen. th Sar. Q 7 d oork ee er f Amen i p f c ( p o t ).

S arklin F - a e Sar 0imen . th r p g c ( . 7 doo k eeper of Amenti). S itter of Fire p . Sto er of the Re e t — e ca 1 45 7th . pp j c d—( p . hall) Stone Hea ca . 1 45 th al d ( p 6 h l) . The G reat D stro e yer. i in The L v g (Sar. k The wi e Sba Bunsen . c d, ( )

For the names of the Shak es distinguished by an asterisk the author is in t th urtes of th i tin is ist D r Bir e S . . d bted o e co y e d s gu hed hieroglyph . ch

—I am sure t at we all t rn a or ia ote of The CHA IR M A N . h desire o retu c d l v

t ank s to Mr. oo er for his a e nd inter n C eers h C p bl a esti g pap er. ( h ) J A E S — I s u ik i n In Rev J . M r oo er one uest o . . o e to ask C M h ld l . p q w at ara ter is t is Ritua of the D ea written—ih iero i ierati h ch c h l d h glyph c , h c or demotic Mr COO E R —It is eneral oun in the iero i and ierati . P g ly f d h glyph c h c

In the o est a ri th writin is a most ure i eo ra i . characters. ld p py e g l p ly d g ph c X The emoti s ri t is er similar to the ierati but far ess inte i i e d c c p v y h c, l ll g bl ’ having more resemblance to an exceedingly bad school- boy s hand of the resent time p . — m n t t ere are t ree ara ters of the same M r. a mE s D o ou ea at J . y h h h ch c t in s—sometimes the iero i sometimes the ierati and sometimes h g h glyp h c, h c, the demotic ? ma—Yes three st es of writin the s ame an ua e re ai e Mr. Com yl g l g g p v l d The an ua e was written in throughout E gypt for four thousand years . l g g ierati or emoti si e si e ust as ou mi t rint the hieroglyphic and h c, d c , d by d , j y gh p

- etter and in ita i or an ot er ara ter. Prayer’ book in black l l c y h ch c J m —A re t ere not se era manus ri ts of t is iturg Mr. A i s h v l c p h l y

— P a e Renou has enumerate and o ate 27 2. M . L e Mr CO O E R . g f d c ll d . P of L e en w i ontains t ink a un re m are the o , , , Among the , c py yd h ch c I h h d d o of Turin w i ontains a un re and fi t t chapters and the c py , h ch c h d d f y perfec , i s in e isten e t at w at i s wanti n B ut t ere are so many cop e x c h h g chapters. h the one in anot er and in t at way we get a toget er in one is supplied h , h l h

rs of w i the ook is om ose . si t -six chapte h ch b c p d hundred and x y ' —I s ou ik e to raw attention to w at I Ti rCO MB . h ld l d h H. Rev. J . W e a e een mu ih t o o . itt e bit of comparative my h l gy h v b ch may call a l l 76

- me time sin e read t . So terested to night in the serpent myt hs of E gyp c I t o o and a most the i enti a i ture an account of the Scandinavian my h l gy, l d c l p c

tion of t is a er. The is there presented which we find in the 23rd sec h p p w an ina ian ik e the E tian m t o o re resente a ak e it the S c d v , l gyp y h l gy, p d l h f a ser ent and the o s in on i t wit t at evil spirit under the form o p , g d c fl c h h the ser ent Mid ar on a ak e the ser ent . n i t wit serpent Thor is in co fl c h p g _ l p The ir umstan e is is. rises and nearly overturns the boat in which he c c c restin win how a art rom E t in remote erio s of time inte g as sho g , p f gyp , p d and in ifferent ortions of the o e we a e a re ro u tion of the same d p gl b , h v p d c m t It is an e traor inar ie e of e i en e of the unit of the uman y h. x d y p c v d c y h

" ra e and of the ommon ori in of t ese m t s as rawn rom one entre c , c g h y h d f c th r it re eren e to the same su e t of om arati e e Wo d of G od. W h f c bj c c p v m tho o and ser ent m t s it ma be interestin to ou for me to rea an y l gy p y h , y g y d He i es e tra t rom a work S uier entit e S er ent S mbol i n America . x c f by q . l d p y g v f the traditions of the L ena i In ians and a remark able account of one o pp d , ri n i t etween Manabozli o the resi in e ius of the desc bes a great co fl c b , p d g g n tri e and the S irit of E i re resente as a ar e ser ent . The wor s are b , p v l p d l g p d as follows

One da returnin ome rom a on ourne Mana oz o the G reat y, g h f l g j y, b h , wit him He a le Tea er of the Alon uins misse his ousin who li e . ch q , d c v d h c l d his nam t n n w r un on the san for the e bu re ei e o a s er. He ook e a o . c v d l d d d t ra k of his eet and t ere for the first time is o ere the trai of the reat c f , h d c v d l g ser ent M eshek enabek the S irit of E i T en he k new t at his ousin p , , p v l . h h c had een seize his reat enem He arme imse f and ol owe on his b d by g y. d h l f l d track ; passed the great river ; crossed over mountains to the shores of the dee ak r he The ottom of the ak e was fi e wit e i p l e whe e dwelt. b l ll d h v l m a i In the entre of t em he saw s irits his atten ants and o n ons. p , d c p c h His M eshek enabek imse oi in his o umes aroun his a ess ousin. h lf, c l g v l d h pl c e w d wi w ik e fir Mana oz o ook ed a as re as t oo and his e es o e e. h d h bl d, y gl d l b h l on t is and owe en ean He ire te the ou s to isa ear rom the h v d v g ce. d c d cl d d pp f ea ens the win s to be stil and the air to e ome sta nant o er the ak e h v , d l, b c g v l , and a e the sun to s in e on it fi er e in or er t at his enem mi t be b d h c ly, d h y gh r w B - and-b the water d a n forth from the cool shadows of the trees. y y e ame trou e and u es rose to the sur a e for the ra s of the sun b c bl d, b bbl f c , y

enetrate to the orri e roo wit in its e t s . The ommotion in rease p d h bl b d h d p h c c d, an th oon d e hot waves dashed wildly against the rock s on its shore. S M eshek enabek the reat ser ent emer e s ow to the sur a e and mo e , g p , g d l ly f c v d w M an h tr n rm im th to ar s the shore . a oz o w o had a s o e se into e d b h , f d h lf stum of a t ree t en silent rew an arrow rom his ui er and aime at p , h ly d f q v d the r m T ea t of his ene . he ow of the monster s ook the mountains for h y h l h , he was morta woun e lly d d .

This is an instance gained in another and still more distant part of the wor d amon the ru e tri es of N ort Ameri a w ere the ser ent m th l , g d b h c , h p y ro s u in a wa t at one wou east e e t and in a manner ana o ous c p p y h ld l xp c , l g t o t at of E t . Here is - h gyp a. copy of a picture of the J udgment hall of O siris rom the er a rus of w i oo er h — f v y p py h ch Mr. C p as been speaki ng that at T urin but instea of e ainin it m se f I s a ask d xpl g y l ; h ll him to do so for you.

78

h e ease and the resu t of his a uitta writing down the good deeds of t e d c d, l cq l it om for rin in t is am mu o i e to Mr. T g g or condemnation. I ch bl g d c b b h

pi cture.

—I nnot t row mu i t u on the su e t, but T . PRICHA R . a M r. I . D c h ch l gh p bj c

en in n ia ma be able t o i e a itt e e i en e rom mo ern having be I d , y g v l l v d c f d t at the nati es of n ia times in reference to the very peculiar veneration h v I d k in of o ra t at ha for ser ents e en the most enomous. The ve p , v v d c b h

‘ oo r has mentione is er ommon in India and e en the most M r. C pe d v y c , v in the ouses it venomous serpents that we find occasionally in the gardens or h T e wi is impossible to get any of the natives of the lower classes to t ouch . h y ll not k ill t em but are es erate a rai of t em e ause a ite is enera h , d p ly f d h , b c b g lly uired eat t ou wit ro er measures i e can be sa e . a e o ten in d h, h gh h p p l f v d I h v f q — th reason but t e ne er i e an t e mere sa it is a ainst t eir re i e , h y v g v y h y ly y g h l T e a e some re i ious o e tion a ainst in urin t ese reatures gion. h y h v l g bj c g j g h c , and it would certainly seem as if some k ind of tradition had been handed times t at t ese re tiles had a sort of san tit a out t em down from early h h p c y b h ,

- h o e are a rai of tou in t em e en in se f e en e. and hence t e pe pl f d ch g h , v l d f c I ent ears sp eak from the experience of very rec y . O O E —The ommon E tians ik ewise ne er tou e the ser ent : M r. C P R c gyp l v ch d p T e a wa s arrie it in an ark orn they had t oo much reverence for it. h y l y c d b e i ite it to the u ar e e our riests and on o asiona e . by f p , ly cc lly xh b d v lg y D —I resume t at ara a 4 tion 4 I IG . r Rev A NW R HT D . se 3 S . . W , p h p g ph , c , ’ i n the resu t f M r Coo er s in uiries in is to be regarded as only g vi g l o . p q E tian M t o o a art rom the Bi e e ause it re ers to a oint w i gyp y h l gy p f bl , b c f p h ch — neith er he nor we recogniz e as b elonging to Revealed Religion I allude to the “ words In the a stra t ot oo and e i were ire t ro u e , b c , b h g d v l d c ly p d c d by ” u m B in Anot er oint I wis to mention is t at to w i one S pre e e g. h p h h h ch M Tit om re erre —the S an ina ian M t o o to s ow t at t ere r. c b f d c d v y h l gy, h h h — t oo t ere was an a ount of a oat on a ak e it o urre t o me to su est . h cc b l cc d gg that perhaps that idea of the boat which we find existing in lands so far

remote ma be a sort of oatin tra ition of the ark . , y fl g d — I mmon wit all the Hamiti ra es t ere is no oo M r. O O E R n o C P c h c c , h fl d * tradition in Egypt .

There is no quarter of the glob e where modern discovery can play a more im ortant art t an in Afri a as om arati e itt e is k nown a out p p h c , c p v ly l l b ’ t I find w -k n it . In re r to o er s statemen a el own mo ern writ r a Mr. Co e g d p , l d on eo o sa s T ere seems to e ist no su efinite out ine of the g l gy y , h x ch d l E gyptian tradition referred to by Josephus as th at preserved of the Chaldean one E en in E t we er the re o e tion of the D e u e seems to a e . v gyp , ho v , c ll c l g h v sur i e t ou it la entan e ami w at seem to be s m o ize memories v v d , h gh y gl d d h y b l d ” “ of unusua floodin s of the ri er N ile. The N oa of E t sa s Pro l g v h gyp , y “ fessor Hit o k a ears to a e een Osiris and it is a urious a t t at chc c , pp h v b , c f c h he em ark e on the 1 7th da of the mont Ath r the er da most b d y h y , v y y, ” ro a w en N oa en ere the ark I ma t . add t at as re ar s the p b bly, h h d y h , g d a dean a o t f h mith has C un o t e oo Mr. G . S e ent oun the ments h l cc fl d , r c ly f d frag of an Ass rian ta et rom N ine e in the Britis M useum the in ri tion y bl f v h , h ; sc p , 79

D r. A — INW RIG HT e e are two mor w i I s ou b . W e . t r e oints on e W ll, h p h ch h ld a g to ha e in ormati W e k now t at ertain asses of ser ents are l d v f on. h c cl p oisonous and p , I should lik e to k now if such are found in a fossil state 3 15 0 if the E tia r s nte se ent as m en ; gy—p ns always rep e e d rp s cu b t. Mr. Coo rE m The deductions given towards the close of my paper are e u tions rom the m t o o of E t and m own ait win s u the d d c f y h l gy gyp , y f h d p las t ara ra w i . I ie e t o he ort o o . As to ossil ser ents p g ph, h ch bel v h d x f p being venomous or non-venomous I do not k now how that may be b orne out I e ie e t Th er ent of G oo is a wa b l v hat they were not venomous. e S p d l ys re resente the E tians as u ri t and the Ser ent of E il as raw in p d by gyp p gh , p v c l g, nd t at is enera the on istin tion w i t e mak e a h g lly ly d c h ch h y . HE NSLow— ser e o ists k now v. Fossi ents are e rare o Re G . . l p v ry g l g er itt e a out them but in the E o ene a snak es a e een oun v y l l b ; c cl y h v b f d, which Professor Owen considers as probably frequenting water. — - O O E R. h r snak e is ne er r re ente in E t. Mr. C P T e wate v ep s d gyp

w— - amon the A ss rian . m of animal Mr RE NSLo . T er is snak e lik e or h e a. f g y men monu ts. — fi ith Mr. Coorun It is an em em of Hea the Ass rian water eit . bl , y d y W res e t to the eel the E tians k new of it but t e e i ate it to the G od p c , gyp , h y d d c d D ark n s o t u a out the of e s. As to the at ere is uite e i en e eno b , h q v d c gh b — — character of the mystic bark of the sun the D ivine Baris without troubling ourse es o The N i was the reat i wa of the lv ab ut it in this case. le g h gh y E tians and it is natura enou to re resent the sun as tra e in gyp , l gh p v ll g by water~ th on ra mor es e ia l as t e e ie e e ly road he could t vel by e p c l y h y b l v d, wit-h the ear Pe as ian mentioned Hero otus t at the wor was ly l g s by d , h ld entirely surrounded by an impassable ocean in which the deities sailed and e on w i t e resi e a t eor whi has an n ian ana o ue in the b y d h ch h y d d, h y ch I d l g osmos of the Bu is ts and if mistak e not is a so reser e in the E as c ddh , , I , l p v d dd of the an t e had tra e le as the Ass rians did S c dinavian nations. If h y v l d y ,

an t e wou a e re resente the s un as walk in or a e ut him, by l d, h y ld h v p d g, h v p

‘ as other nations did on the a k s of ors es- as for instan e the G reek s who , b c h c , uadri a put Phaeton in his q g . “ ” w—From the ook al e The Ritua of the D ea do Rev A Ro . , . C. . b c l d l d i e ant eisti you conclude that the E gyptian theology was of an exclus v ly p h c i ea of eit in o e ree om of character ? I want to k now wheth er the d d y v lv d f d — r not as a li in ers on ? A so wi l or a te whet er it on ei e of him, o , g , l , f h c c v d v p l

u b onian was o ie 660 rom a C a ean o 1 1 1 1 emitic Ba I , c p d f h ld d c ontai s man of t is old a the l 7 th entur B . C. and 233: Illicit) at eas c y , c n y 11 5 , l s tai n but i en in a e en ar st e and rut er v ts of the flood, g v l g d y yl , t h c the e en . n ent w i s ow t at i t em o i es a istin t and i n e e minor di eren es, h ch h h b d d c d p d ff c mi t w en rea i n a a er n M r. G . S n to distin t eo es. h, h d g p p tra ition e ongi g c p pl p d b l er iet f B i i a Archmolo i n N o em , ion e ore the So bl c l gy, v b t is inscript b f c y o h t at are store i n the mounds and rui ne he alue of the historl es remark e on t v h d d d of C a ea on e the ra e of crvrhzat10n. b ried in the plains h ld , c c dl cities now u 80

more or what are the ideas of the soul ; whether immortality was regarded as ess in i 3 l volv ng apersonal existence .

Mr —Fir ll e u reme D eit of the E tians was . . COO E R. st o a t S P f , h p y gyp

Amman- Ra the s iritua aut or of all existen e sica mora and e er , p l h c , phy l, l, v y t in e se But t at was too a stra t an i ea for the eo e to ras h g l . h b c d p pl g p , es e ia l t T erefore the riests t ifie all the p c l y hose of Lower Egypt. h p yp d attri utes of eit and t us ame near to the Persian s stem but for all b d y, h c y t is t e ne er ost si t of one S u reme B ein w i e the eo e in aria h h y v l gh p g, h l p pl v bly did and t at is the reat istin tion etween t em. A s woul natura , h g d c b h d lly o ow rom su a s stem the were not istin t a out t eir eities one f ll f ch y , y d c b h d man wou wors i a d un er the orm of Sate w i e another wou ld h p go d f , h l ld wors i the same od un er the name of Isis and anot er un er t at of h p g d , h d h N e th s T e had tria s of o s —a ma e ema e and a i but t e p y . h y d g d , l , f l , ch ld h y were not all the same tria s t ou all were more or ess s m o ize or d , h gh l y b l d rowne r A ll the o esses were ser ents t ere is no e i en e c d by se pents. g dd p h v d c to suppose that the S upreme Being was ever lost sight of by those who k new

the esoteri meanin of the E tian ait . As to the sou it was a istin t c g gyp f h l, d c ersona it se arate rom the o emanatin rom the S u reme Bein it p l y, p f b dy, g f p g had to answer for its mis oin s and if at the eat of the o it was not d g , , d h b dy, o d en u h m t r w o o it ad to o e a k o eart to be u e . But if it ere oo g gh, c b c h p g d g d, it would go in a condition of extreme happiness into the presence of G od and assume the ara ter of one or ot er of the inferior i inities for , ch c h d v an (eon but t en it wou ome a k to earth ose all its ons iousness of h ld c b c , l c c e isten e and e ome the s u f some o s But i ou o o e e. t not in a i x c , b c l b dy l c ld h b t an ot er o wit out the ermission of the S u reme Bein and if it y h b dy h p p g, oun its ori ina o all rum e to ie es or if anot er s irit had f d g l b dy c bl d p c , h p by some e i means ossesse it the un a sou wou a e to oat a out ik v l p d , h ppy l ld h v fl b l e th isem o i i i For t is reason eo e were e n i e d b d ed ghosts n V rgil . h p pl v ry a x ous for the reser ation of t eir o es a ter eat But it i p v h b di f d h. was bel eved that in some rare instan es w ere the ori ina o was om ete estro e c , h g l b dy c pl ly d y d, the Su reme B ein a e the sou ermission to in a it some ot er od p g g v l p h b h b y. I n the time of the Ptolemies it was thought t o be possible that the soul and

o mi t mistak e ea other at the resurre tion to ife and en e ar b dy gh ch c l , h c ises m u of the eauti u P at ni m T ch b f l l o c yths of E ros and Psyche . he resurrection of all men was not held by them as by us they believed that all men would be u ed but not all at the same time j dg , . ow —How f i Mr. R ar s the pantheon of E gypt allied to the pantheon of I ndia — Mr. COO E R At resent no o can efinitel t e us t P p b dy d y ll hat. W e have some material as to the ancient religion of hither India in the pre B huddist erio and t ere is a reat simi arit etw p d, h g l y b een that and the E tian but we annot o matiz e on the su e t The E ti gyp , c d g bj c . gyp an my tholo was er e t at east ears e ore C rist and all we gy p f c l y b f h , can say is t at e r t in in t h ve y h g he Indian mythology meets its analog ue in the Egyptian m t o o en the S emiti y h l gy. Wh c people came a cross with Rameses from I ndia 8 1

and i ina races conquered the abor g l , they introduced much of their own n cultus, but they also adopted Egyptian forms, the result bei g a very great change indeed and it is possible that the Ramesidze may have introduced an ia Ind n mythology with them, or, at all events, have explained Turanian myths by Semitic t—heories . . Ro Mr w W as the Egyptian theology a personification of the powers of nature — Mr. COOP E R N O but that the theurgia of a Supreme Being manifested

in the powers of nature. om- . R a Mr B—ut was it not simply personification of the powers of nature P R B . Mr. Mr. COO E y no means [ Cooper here drew upon the black board p representations of the head of an ancient Egy tian , and of the head of one of Rameside a in the men of the period, to show the degener tion the physiological a - character of the r ces . He then proceeded to say It was an Indo Germanic a race that conquered Egypt in the time of the Rameses, and m de great ma s p improvements . All the re in of Egy t, except the pyramids and one or w i im r . as a a two pe fect tombs, belong to that race There lso nother conquer ng diff a a fl a race of a erent or Ar bi n type, whose in uence ag in modified the

a has . Egypti n cultus, but it left very few evidences They seem to have

possessed no literature, and no evidence of their sway remained except the extreme hatred that every Egyptian bore to the shepherd or Hyk shos

rulers . —I . . RMA N . u Rev T M. GO sho ld like to ask one question which seems to have an important bearing on the ra tionale of this curious and difficult

subject. In the paper just read reference has been made to the idea of a

spiritual Supreme Being as known to the most ancient Egyptians . Can Egyptologers throw any light on the origin of this idea ? It would be a of was point great interest to show that the idea derived , not from the fancy, m or even the reason of this originally grave and thoughtful people, but fro a n the primeval Revelation . It appears to me that the re l and lasti g value of researches such as these depends materially upon the solution of questions

like that here proposed . If carefully and patiently worked out, considerable light might be thrown on the true character and purport of Egyptian symbol

a . ism, subject full of interest for the Christian student of ancient lore As the an illustration of what is meant, may be mentioned adoption of the

serpent by the Egyptians , for an emblem of evil , as opening up one of the , . j most difficult questions in theology . The study of this and kindred sub ects i n da brings before us a fact which deserves our best consideration these ys . the power and depth of the thinking faculty as evmced by the namely, of h ll‘ the nations of the O ld W orld in records that have been preserved t e U n national life . pwards of twenty centuries ago the Egyptia s had fall d i 1 t e away from their pristine enlightenment Their state i s escr bed ooh Z a are ? words of the Hebrew prophet The pri nces of o n s , inspired n P i s i . the counsel of the wise counsellors of haraoh become brut sh It m i was not so in the old time . We learn on the sa e author ty that Egypt G 82

“ was c i a . on e called the son of the wise, the :son of the k ngs of ntiquity Were it possible to arrive at the primal source of the knowledge pos an as a r sessed by the Egypti s of the Supreme Deity, spi itual creator and rn in wa gove or, something perhaps might be done the y of solving — another diffi cult problem the separation of what is genuine from what is

r in a . s n s spu ious Egypti n mythology It might thus be possible to di ti gui h , has —of m more clearly than yet been done, the truth which the sy bol is the — a in a a has expression from the f ble by which, the l pse of ages, th t truth been

- n overgrown and well nigh lost to view . By worki g assiduously in the same direction it might be possible to lessen in some degree the confusion of truth

and myth which at present exists in the older Greek and Roman mythology . o F r here also have been preserved some remnants of a true symbolism . To hi discover, then, the source of that spiritual idea of the Deity w ch once l m prevai ed among this ancient and peculiar people, would, it see s to me, impart a new and living in terest to researches such as those on which the s e as la in tructive pap r of this evening is b ed, and p ce students of Egyptology in a much more advantageous position for estimating the true value of

results arrived at in this branch of learning . The acute remark of a well informed writer on the subj ect well deserves to be borne in mind in the present connection The Egyptians are not the only people who have con a a in a verted type into subst nce, or dopted a literal sense the met phorical ” symbols of faith . P R — Mr . COO E The book that contains the answer to that question is very and f ul abstruse di fic t to understand, because it is written in purely ideographic

m i m. is i sy bol s It the book of the Man festations, or Liturgy of the Sun , and has been published by M . Chabas . We cannot obtain much from it otherwise than that the abstract sense of Deity is represented by the first of all sym —fire and in fu bols by light, air, and by everyth g beauti l . There is a im passage that plies that the Deity is holiness also . — V . . RAHAM . V ith t Rev C G regard to the my hology of Greece and Rome , you will find that it illustrates many of the great facts in the Book of Of Genesis . course it does so in a corrupted form ; but nevertheless those ll d and I facts are i ustrate , would venture to say that they are derived from n is n Egyptia mythology. In Genesis we are told most d ti ctly that a serpent

induced Eve to eat of the forbidden fruit . N ow in the Greek and n be Roma mythology we have the Garden of the Hesperides , supposed to l n just on the borders of Ethiopia. We have a serpent coi ed rou d the tree and u n n defending the golden apples, Atlas s rrou di g the gardens with mountains in order to prevent the fulfilment of an ancient prophecy that off the son of a god would at length destroy the serpent and take the apples . in was e Another fact recorded Genesis is, that the seed of the woman to bruis N w in m the head of the serpent. o ythology we have that great truth _

a . i a also tr nsmitted We have, for nst nce, Hercules destroying the serpent his O r with club, according to Apollonius and according to vid and othe s , we

w . lie a have Apollo destroying the Python ith his arrows These facts, which t 83

the i m foundation of our religion, are d stinctly transmitted fro classic t and my hology, in all probabili ty they passed from Egypt to Greece and m . W l a r Ro e ith regard to the word Hesperides itse f, m ny lea ned men derive m t—a ets er . it fro the Hebrew word p tree of fruit The serpent, according to is a l Laden e E l A dan Apollonius, c l ed , which l arned men derive from , the the d n i God of Eden, attributing to serpent ivi e power, and mak ng it a god .

k . These matters are important. I do not now whether Mr Cooper would tell us that the mythology of Greece and Rome was mainly derived from u an Egyptian so rce . —Oh . P R. s N Mr COO E no, not in your sen e . o doubt Egypt is the mother

u . of those mythologies , but she has very bad da ghters — RAHAM. u . Mr. G J st so But in these cases the myt hology of Greece and is a . Rome more distinct and illustrative, even than that of ncient Egypt The great facts of the Fall and of the Redemption come out most distinctly in the mythology of Greece and Rome . Mr P R —Far as l . COO E less so matters of doctrine, to my be ief, than they a s a l do in Egypt the gre t di tinction between physic l and moral evi , and the sense of human responsibility prevailing far more largely in the Egyptian n faith than it did either in Hellene or Lati theology. Plato doubted of what

and if a . God was made, Pliny doubted there were Supreme Deity at all l unreflectin The great men were phi osophical sensualists, and the people g fetischists . — LL N . Mr. J . A E Y0u spoke of the Egyptian mythology being perfect years before Christ . I suppose you mean according to the chronology of the

Egyptians themselves . — . P R. ff Mr COO E Chronologists di er very much . There are those who, like a at Sh rpe, fix the initial date about before Christ, and others, like Lenormant Bunsen and , who throw it back to years ; but those are mere theories until we get more astronomical facts . We have got some — and atronomical facts however in the reign of Rameses III . eclipses in stellar phenomena are recorded at the temple of Med et Habou , which , some say, could only have occurred or years ago . But then a great deal depends upon how far the inscriptions can be chronologically arranged . was With regard to the Bible, the Pentateuch is full of Egypt . I think that it the written in the Egyptian alphabet, for a people saturated with symbolism and the cultilre of Egypt and I consider that the Hebrew characters did not u exist at that time , or for cent ries afterwards . If this be so, when Moses wrote the early sacred books the writing must have been ideographic or in w hi eroglyphic characters ; and in all probability he follo ed out pictorial . m Si the plan of the Egyptians , conveying partly by sy bols , partly by gns, ix and partly by a m ture of both, the doctrines which were afterwards * put into good Hebrew by Ezra and the later pr1ests . That does not

was a The p resent Hebrew character introduced to the Jews from Chald ea, probably about the time of the Babylonian captivity but that is no reason 84

as a k ma impugn the truth of the Bible at all ; but though , boo , it y m i be in so e respects comparatively modern , the doctr nes of the Bible are al t and c a coev with the origin of the human race i self, ould only h ve a a k been made k nown by divine revelation . We h ve proved th t boo to be absolutely true in matters of history and I believe we shall prove it to be absolutely true in matters of theology also but that must be done ff If a by di erent persons. you take a circle, and all men tr vel in direct

m its u all in a m c . lines fro circ mference, they will converge co mon entre That centre in this case is orthodoxy any divergence from it is only ap

a a . s p rent, not re l (Cheer ) W A INW RIG H —It w a a . r Dr . has been sho n by Professor Don ld th t in M a a a a and had a ta a the time of oses Hebrew was lready l ngu g e, t ined certain stage of consolidation ; as is shown by the fossilized character of a its m i s m cert in of ele ents. There are nteresting indication of the extre e a a a a m M had ntiquity of the l ngu ge, which show th t in the ti e of oses it such an antiquity as to possess other previous stages corresponding to the a a e rlier st ges of—our own language in the time of Chaucer. Mr. P R ha a COO E T t is matter of text, and the oldest copy of the Hebrew Bible in England da—tes from about the eighth century ; my authority is f Lenormant an k Pro essor indeed, we have no copy of y writing in Gree , as m but a a Latin, or Hebrew so old the ti e of our Lord , we h ve Egypti n inscriptions that can be traced up certainly to or years before Christ . I do not now allude to incised inscriptions ? It is a a a as n a a a curious f ct th t, far as written testimo y goes , we h ve none e rlier th n a era and the ma a the Christi n , except the Egyptian papyri Assyrian gic l

a its for ssuming that the Language had not an archaic character of own, or a a th t Moses wrote in the ideographic Egyptian . The Mo bite stone, 9 00 D . c. , recently discovered (sec p . is written in pure Hebrew, but in a a h a m ba the ancient Phoenici n ch racter ; in which c ar cter, ost pro bly, the ’ e — a S eakers w w . . Pentat uch itself as ritten (J H . T. ) Dr Espin rem rks ( p C mm tar en . . r o y, vol ii p . A chaisms, found in the writings of Moses, h are not found in the book of Joshua, and t ere are traces in the latter ” that the language had somewh at developed itself in the interval . There are some remarkable insta nces of this given in the Transactions of “ F 1 87 2 are a the Palestine Exploration und for , which now dded to the ’ E D . Institute s Library. [ ] ' 1 s m as a a . G anneau Since thi discussion, Mr has entioned, reg rds ncient m al and Hebrew inscriptions, that up to this ti e the texts found in P estine Jer usalem are few in number and of small importance : amongst them are in n two Hebrew texts Phoe ician character discovered at Siloam . Two Hebrew e a za a cachets in Pho nician characters give the Biblical n mes of Ananias , A ri s , and Achbor . These four texts belong to the time of the kings of Judah also ” ma add a several inscriptions in square Hebrew . To these I y the se l of a 520 n o h a m Hagg i ( ) , the authenticity of which is , owever, not yet d itted by a l m A nti . l, and the Moabite stone . A curious re ark is made by Josephus, q , - x i i. i i. 1 a Phalerins it is th t Demetrius , library keeper to Ptolemy Phila 27 7 no m n a delphus ( ), spoke of the Hebrew as si ilar in sound a d char cter a a ” to the l ngu ge proper to the Syrians .

86

N OTE ON THE HEBREW ALPHABE T AND V OWE L POIN TS .

C G RAHAM . By the Rev. .

“ G esenius remarks t at Howe er issimi ar the S emitis ritten c a , h v d l h h w h racters ma now a ear t e a e un ou te all ome ari ous modi fi y pp , h y h v d b dly c , by v ations rom one and the same ori ina a a et of w i the truest o c , f g l lph b , h ch c py nowe tant is the ni ian rom w i a so the An ient G reek and t rou x Phoe c f h ch l c , h gh ” it Of the He rew etters now all ot er E uro ean ara ters were eri e . , h p ch c , d v d b l in use a le the A ss ri an or S uare ara ter in w i the manus ri ts , c l d y q ch c , h ch c p “ of the Old Testament are written he sa s T e are not of the ori mal , y , h y g orm On the oin of th Ma a an Prin es is oun another ara ter f . c s e cc be c f d ch c , w i at an ear ier erio was ro a in eneral use and w i ears a h ch l p d p b bly g , h ch b The s uare strong resemblance to the Samaritan and Phoenician l etters. q letter may also be traced back to the Phoenician ; but it has most agree ” ment with certain Aramaean ins criptions found in Egypt and at P almyra. G esenius remark s w at one wou t ink ou t to be o ious t o e er one , h ld h gh bv v y , that the antiquity of the letters is clearly proved by the alphabetical poetic ”

i . i . t iv. om ositions in P . i i o s . . x i. . Lam c p xxv , xxx v , xx v , cx x “ A ain he sa s Bot the names and the or er of the etters wit a g , y , h d l ( h tri in a teration asse o er rom the P oeni ian into the G reek in w i fl g l ) p d v f h c , h ch the t e ters rom A a to Tau orres on e to the an ient a ha et . l , f lph , c p d d c lp b “ en the He rew ease to be a s ok en an ua e and the an er of Wh b c d p l g g , d g osin the orre t ronun iation ontinua i n rease the rowel—si ns l g c c p c c lly c d, g or oints were in ente w i minute sett e w at had re ious een p v d, h ch ly l d h p v ly b t lef uncertain. ” “ T is owe s stem he sa s has ro a for its asis the ronun ia h v l y , y , , p b bly b p c tion of the ews of Pa estine and its onsisten as we as the ana o of J l , c cy, ll l gy the k in re an ua es urnis es stron roo of its orre tness at east as d d l g g , f h g p f c c , l a It aut whole. s hors have laboured to exhibit by signs the minute grada tions of the owe soun s are u mak in e en half—owe s and e in v l d , c f lly g v v l h lp g soun s s ontaneous a o te in all an ua es et se om e resse in d , p ly d p d l g g , y ld xp d w it — ’ “ ” r in . S ee I ntrodu tion to G esenius s H ebrew G rammar rom the g c , f ourteenth G erman edition enlar ed and im roved b D R E R6D IG E R f , g p y . . , trans a t d D B D A V I l e b r. S y . E . flbbms [If t c ilirteria u t j g s itutr.

Fir t s . To in esti ate ull and im v g f y partially the most important questions of P iloso and S ien e but m h phy c c , ore especially those that bear upon the great trut s revea e in Ho S ri ture wit th i h l d ly c p , h e v ew of reconciling an a arent is re an ies etween C ristianit y pp d c p c b h y and Science. — S e nd co To associate men of S cience and authors who have already been en a e in su in esti ations and all ot ers who ma int r g g d ch v g , h y be e ested in t em in or er to stren t en t eir f h , d g h h e forts by association ; and by rin in to ether the resu ts of su La ours a ter u dis ussion in b g g g l ch b , f f ll c , the printed Transactions of an Institution to give greater force and influence to proofs and arguments which might be little known or e n ar e if ut forw d mere in i i u ve disreg d d p ar ly by d v d als. — Third To consider the mutual bearings of the various scientific conclusions arrived at in the several distinct branches into which Science is now ivi e in or er to et rid of ontra i tions and on i tin ot eses d d d, d g c d c c fl c g hyp h , and thus promote the real advancement of true Science and to examine and is uss all su ose s ientifi results wit re eren e to fina auses d c pp d c c h f c l c , and the more comprehensive and fundamental principles of Phil osophy ro er ase u on ait in the e isten e of one Eterna G od who in p p , b d p f h x c l , r oo His wisdom created all things ve y g d. — Fourth To publish Papers read before the Society in furtherance of the e ts a on wit ul re orts of the is ussions t ereon in above obj c , l g h f l p d c h ,

h rm of a. Journa or as the Transa tions of the nstitute. t e fo l, c I

— n u l is usse to mak e the results known Fifth W hen subj ects have bee f l y d c d, more o u ar k in and to u ish su by means of Lectures of a. p p l d ; p bl ch

Lectures.

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