The Political Economy of New Slavery
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The Political Economy of New Slavery Christien van den Anker The Political Economy of New Slavery Palgrave Texts in International Political Economy Series Editors: Craig Murphy, M. Margaret Ball Professor of International Relations, Wellesley College; and Timothy M. Shaw, Professor of Commonwealth Governance and Development, and Director, Institute of Commonwealth Studies, School of Advanced Study, University of London International Political Economy aims to understand the dynamic, complex relations between the diverse and interrelated political and economic phenomena at the global to local levels. In the postwar period, world economic and political systems have undergone rapid and unprecedented change. Palgrave Texts in International Political Economy seeks to provide authoritative and innovative texts aimed at the graduate-level student to provide key introductions to and assessment of key areas in international political economy, both established and emerging. Titles include: Christien van den Anker (editor) THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF NEW SLAVERY Palgrave Texts in International Political Economy Series Standing Order ISBN 1–4039–3807–5 hardback Series Standing Order ISBN 1–4039–3808–3 paperback You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and one of the ISBNs quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England The Political Economy of New Slavery Edited by Christien van den Anker Lecturer in Global Ethics University of Birmingham United Kingdom Selection, editorial matter and Chapter 1 © Christien van den Anker 2004 Foreword © Mary Cunneen 2004 Chapters 2–13 © Palgrave Macmillan Ltd 2004 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2004 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 1–4039–1522–9 hardback ISBN 1–4039–1523–7 paperback This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The political economy of new slavery/edited by Christien van den Anker. p. cm. Includes bibiliographical references and index. ISBN 1–4039–1522–9 (hardback) — ISBN 1–4039–1523–7 (pbk.) 1. Slavery—History—21st century. 2. Child slaves—Social conditions— 21st century. 3. Child labour—History—21st century. 4. Slavery—Law and legislation. I. Anker, Christien van den, 1965– HT867.P65 2003 306.3Ј62Ј0905—dc21 2003053632 1098 765432 1 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham and Eastbourne Contents List of Tables and Figures vii Foreword by Mary Cunneen viii Acknowledgements x Notes on the Contributors xi List of Abbreviations xiv Introduction: Combating Contemporary Slavery 1 Part I Causes and Perspectives 1 Contemporary Slavery, Global Justice and Globalization 15 Christien van den Anker 2 Migration and Security: The Wrong End of the Stick? 37 Jeroen Doomernik Part II Cases and Recommendations 3 Trafficking and International Law 55 David Ould 4 The Belgian Counter-trafficking Policy 75 Arne Dormaels, Bruno Moens and Nele Praet 5 Responses to Sexual Slavery: From the Balkans to Afghanistan 91 Victoria Firmo-Fontan 6 Migrant Domestic Workers and Slavery 107 Bridget Anderson 7 Bonded Labour in South Asia: India, Nepal and Pakistan 118 Krishna Upadhyaya v vi Contents 8 Child Labour in Latin America: Issues and Policies in Honduras 137 Rachel Nizan 9 Child Labour, Education and Child Rights Among Cocoa Producers in Ghana 158 Amanda Berlan Part III Strategies and Frameworks for Change 10 The Global Framework for Development: Instrumentality or Contested Ethical Space? 181 Nigel Dower 11 Strategies for Change: The Tobin Tax 201 Emma Dowling 12 Modern Slavery and Fair Trade Products: Buy One and Set Someone Free 217 Ivan Manokha 13 Slavery as Piracy: The Legal Case for Reparations for the Slave Trade 235 Geraldine Van Bueren Bibliography 248 Index 263 List of Tables and Figures Tables 2.1 Foreign nationals from East and Central Europe in selected EU countries, 1993 39 2.2 Immigration from East and Central Europe in selected EU countries, 1993 40 4.1 Number of Payoke clients: an overview 87 4.2 Agencies as first contact 88 6.1 Abuse experienced by Kalayaan clients 111 8.1 Child labour in Honduras, 1990–8, prior to Hurricane Mitch, in proportion to EAP 154 Figure 4.1 Model of support for clients of Payoke 89 vii Foreword Many consider that slavery is a matter for the past, outlawed in Britain and elsewhere in the nineteenth century, and prohibited by the first international human rights instruments in the twentieth century. The image of the transatlantic slave trade and plantations still holds strong. Yet currently millions are held worldwide in contemporary forms of slavery. Among children, the International Labour Organization esti- mates 8.4 million are in slavery, approximately one child out of every 175 in the world. What all these people have in common is that they are vulnerable and suffer the worst forms of exploitation. Yet what is also clear is that slavery affects all types of people, in all areas of the world, held in many different forms of slavery. These may vary, for example, from women trafficked into domestic servitude in the UK, to children working on cocoa plantations in the Ivory Coast, to bonded labourers in South Asia. As the faces of contemporary slavery are varied, so are the causes and potential solutions. Thus we need not only to look at the implementa- tion of international law, but also economic factors, globalization and international trade, and countries’ migration policies. Perhaps more so in slavery than any other area, the interface of basic human rights standards and economic policies is most apparent. It is also clear that contemporary slavery is no respecter of traditional boundaries – the increased global crime of trafficking in people affects most countries, from the most developed such as the UK or USA through the former Eastern bloc countries to the traditionally viewed ‘under developed’ countries of the South. While the underlying driver of this may be poverty, other social and economic factors such as the desire to migrate are important. These diverse situations call for a more sophisti- cated response than the standard development agenda. Anti-Slavery International has been working since 1839 to eliminate all forms of slavery and the slave trade. In this time we have learnt that, complex and immense though the problem is, solutions are possible that bring about real, sustainable changes in the lives of people. Increasingly both individuals and governments are becoming more aware of the problem, and are working for solutions. But much still remains to be done. Awareness of issues surrounding slavery needs to be increased; individuals can have a role in campaigning, pressurizing governments viii Foreword ix and companies to ensure human rights and labour standards. For solu- tions to be effective and sustainable the complex issues surrounding modern slavery need to be thoroughly understood and analyzed. The selection of chapters in this book is an invaluable tool in bringing together a variety of academics and campaigners to consider the diverse strands that contribute to modern-day slavery. It will also help those concerned with the elimination of modern-day slavery to understand the causes of and potential solutions to this continuing serious violation of human rights. MARY CUNNEEN Director Anti-Slavery International Acknowledgements The production of an edited collection like this one involves work and support from too many people to thank personally. Here, I would like to thank the British International Studies Association for their financial support of the workshop where the chapters in this book were first presented. A big thank you to Helen Harris at the Centre for the Study of Global Ethics who ensured the workshop was able to run smoothly. Thanks are also due to Tim Shaw for his contributions to the workshop and for adopting the present volume as a part of his International Political Economy series. Many thanks, too, to Palgrave’s Amanda Watkins for her support of this project. I would also like to express my gratitude to all contributors for their commitment and their flexibility in accepting my editorial suggestions. Many thanks to Louise Shorter, who kindly helped to get the final manuscript looking the part. Finally, thank you to all readers who take the time to read our work and pass on the baton in the campaign against contemporary slavery. CHRISTIEN VAN DEN ANKER x Notes on the Contributors Bridget Anderson has worked with Kalayaan since it was set up in 1987.