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Anti-Slavery Policies and Investments Within Development March 2019

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Anti-Slavery Policies and Investments Within Development March 2019 ANTI-SLAVERY POLICIES AND INVESTMENTS WITHIN DEVELOPMENT MARCH 2019 by Professor Kevin Bales Catharina Drejer 1 Introduction Slavery is a major human rights violation around primarily economic exploitation, but may in- the world. There are an estimated 40.3 million clude sexual use or psychological benefit.”2 slaves globally, and slavery is found in virtual- ly all countries. Recognition of the extent and There are many root causes to slavery and hu- cost of modern slavery has been growing and, man trafficking - political instability, conflict, as noted by the United Nations Delta 8.7 group, discrimination and prejudice, displacement of it is in need of a strategic and comprehensive people due to war or environmental degrada- planning and policy making both nationally tion, poverty, lack of opportunity, and govern- and internationally. Given its relatively recent mental corruption.3 In addition, isolation from appearance within the global development dis- social protections, health care, infrastructure, course, the term ‘modern slavery’ or ‘slavery’ and being stateless or paperless4 can be added is sometimes contested. In this report we use to this non-exhaustive list. the definition of slavery according to the Bella- gio-Harvard Guidelines, which is based on the Norway has a unique opportunity to combat 1926 Slavery Convention.1: slavery and human trafficking internationally, especially in light of its commitment to the Sus- Slavery is “the control of one person (the slave) tainable Development Goals. This briefing pa- by another (the slaveholder or slaveholders). per, written by advisor Catharina Drejer (Tank- This control transfers agency, freedom of move- esmien Skaperkraft) and Kevin Bales (Professor ment, access to the body, and labour and its of Contemporary Slavery, University of Notting- product and benefits to the slaveholder. The ham) provides recommendations and sugges- control is supported and exercised through vi- tions on how to do that. olence and its threat. The aim of this control is 1 Jean Allain, ed., The Legal Understanding of Slavery: From the Historical to the Contemporary (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 375-380. 2 Jean Allain and Kevin Bales, “Slavery and its Definition,” Global Dialogue 14, 2 (Summer 2012): 6-14, https:// hydra.hull.ac.uk/assets/hull:9986/content. 3 Kevin Bales, “What Predicts Human Trafficking,” International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 31, 2 (2007): 269, doi: 10.1080/01924036.2007.9678771. 4 Siddartha Kara, Modern Slavery: a Global Perspective (New York: Columbia University Press, 2017), 31. 2 Anti-Slavery Policies and Investments within Development Minister of Development – Norway 1. Why support and carry out antislavery work within the Norwegian Development programme? Enabling frontline organisations and affected • Efforts to organize community members to communities to tackle the root causes of sla- claim rights and entitlements and challenge very is one of the most effective pathways to discrimination achieving the Sustainable Development Goals • Community definition of root causes and (SDGs) among the poorest nations and po- priorities pulations. This includes those SDGs not usu- • Adoption of the specific goal of slavery era- ally thought of a being linked to human righ- dication ts – such as reducing poverty, environmental destruction and corruption. There is strong The Harvard study found that this approach independent evidence for this - for example, when used in Uttar Pradesh in India had come Harvard University’s FXB Center for Health close to eradicating hereditary forms of bonded and Human Rights was commissioned to carry labour slavery among the target population of out an independent review of comprehensive, low-caste families. It had also produced ancil- community-based anti-slavery programmes. lary benefits for communities, including wage These development/human rights interventi- growth, increased food security, and greater ons are characterised by: access to governmental support programmes and entitlements such as the rural employment • A range of interventions at the community guarantee. The estimated cost of one person level, usually including training in human liberated and supported as they began stable and legal rights, activities to empower wo- productive lives through this methodology was men and girls, children’s education, and job USD$378. A Table from that study gives details training/livelihoods support of the benefits: BENEFIT TYPE OBSERVED CHANGE The intervention significantly lowered the odds of a household having any amount Reduced debt of debt. Increased savings Household savings were 55% higher than comparison group Higher wage growth Wages grew 30% faster in the intervention area Those receiving the intervention were 3 times more likely to report access to free Access to medical care medical care Increased use of Indian govern- Intervention households were almost 4 times more likely to report having a job card ment protective schemes under the rural employment scheme Food security The intervention significantly increased the # of meals eaten per day 3 There is an underlying reason why anti-slavery wards to provide for key needs: adequate food, work leads to a dramatic improvement mea- education for the children, medical care, warm sured by a number of SDGs – this is the “free- and dry housing, and acquiring tools for more dom dividend” that results when slavery comes productive work. Communities with a high lev- to an end. Put simply, enslaved individuals and el of slavery spiral upwards economically when families are denied sufficient food and shelter, that slavery comes to an end. education, medical care, political participation – all of the necessary factors needed to grow and A further outcome is a dramatic reduction in develop their lives. Additionally, the enslaved, gender-based violence after liberation. This is while they are accustomed to hard work, see no not surprising given that virtually all enslaved benefit, no reward for their work – all their pro- women and girls are raped; a key motivator for ductive capacity is stolen from them. In freedom women taking up grassroots activism against they become something they have never been slavery is their desire to protect their daughters allowed to be: consumers. Ex-slaves increase against rape. The “freedom dividend’ is signifi- their productivity in freedom, and use the re- cant and impactful. 2. The importance of survivor participation in liberation and development programmes Leadership by those people most affected is key widespread, but groups like the Survivor Al- to a) getting interventions right, and b) making liance have proven essential to the planning sure they will be sustained long after the donor of anti-slavery programmes. It is important to has left. Again, there is significant evidence to remember that for decades the laws, policies, support this. development plans, and analyses of slavery as a human rights and development issue have all It is only within the last five years that the par- been written by people who have never experi- ticipation of survivors of slavery has become enced slavery. 3. The importance of building relationships, working with local groups, and concentrating work in areas where systems change and success is possible Slavery is endemic in situations of armed con- b) Accelerated learning and adoption of bet- flict, in areas of catastrophic disasters, and in ter practices by participating organisations (in- areas of extreme corruption – but such con- cluding the funder). texts make effective anti-slavery interventions very difficult or impossible. Peace, recovery and c) Achieving the funder’s need to see scaling rebuilding, or systematic anti-corruption pro- up of impact while also reaching to inaccessi- grammes are likely necessary before other SDGs ble places and tackling seemingly intractable can be effectively addressed, including slavery. problems. For that reason the currently most effective The “hotspot” model has these main themes anti-slavery development programmes tend to – concentrating resources on a tightly defined concentrate in areas which may have serious geographic area, funding a diverse group of and systemic challenges, but are not the scene mainly grassroots NGOs to provide a range of of armed conflict, etc. Such programmes have services to the target population, and employ- a concentrated geographical focus and be com- ing staff on the ground to monitor partners and mitted to long-term support and intervention. encourage the sharing of best practice. The This is often called the “hotspot” model. The Freedom Fund, the largest of all anti-slavery hotspot model allows for: groups doing on-the-ground development and rights projects also builds these processes into a) Ensuring policy influence and changing sys their “hotspot” model: tems that lead to slavery in a defined area. 4 • Emphasizing system change rather than di- rect liberation, and therefore devoting more resources toward influencing government, the media and business; • Adopting a set of global metrics and bring- ing in academic partners to track progress and draw out lessons that can be shared in- ternationally; • Increasing investment in building the capac- ity of the NGOs; and • Connecting the hotspots to global thematic initiatives. Here is a Freedom Fund graphic about the nature of the “hotspot” model. 4. The recent professionalization of anti-slavery work. It is worth noting that the current global University of Nottingham in the
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