National Academy of Sciences Annual Meeting

The 107th Annual Meeting of the National Academy of Sciences was held on April 27-29, 1970, in Washington, D.C. Academy Awards were presented at a ceremony held in the Great Hall on Monday evening. The presentation was followed by an informal reception for members and their guests in honor of the award recipients. At the Academy Dinner on Tuesday night, Barnaby C. Keeney, Chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities, was the guest speaker. Scientific sessions were comprised of symposia, sessions of in- vited papers, and contributed papers. Abstracts of contributed papers and groups of invited papers appear in this issue.

PRESENTATION OF ACADEMY AWARDS

George P. Merrill Award KLAUS KEIL, University of New Mexico

National Academy of Sciences Award in Microbiology EARL REECE STADTMAN, National Heart and Lung Institute

U.S. Steel Foundation Award in ARMIN DALE KAISER, Stanford University

Jessie Stevenson Kovalenko Medal THOMAS FRANCIS, JR. (Posthumous presentation), University of Michigan

Mary Clark Thompson Medal RAYMOND CECIL MOORE, University of Kansas

J. Lawrence Smith Medal EDWARD PORTER HENDERSON, Smithsonian Institution Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 222 N. A. S. ANNUAL MEETING 1970 PROC. N. A. S.

Monday Morning:

SYMPOSIUM ON THE CRISIS IN FEDERAL FUNDING OF SCIENCE

CURRENT PROBLEMS Moderator: HARVEY BROOKS Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts WILLIAM G. ANLYAN, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina HERBERT E. CARTER, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois CARL M. YORK, Office of Science and Technology, Washington, D. C. VICTOR F. WEISSKOPF, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts YARON EzRAHI, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts

FUTURE COURSES Moderator: EMANUEL R. PIoRE International Business Machines Corporation Armonk, IVAN L. BENNETT, JR., New York University Medical Center, New York, New York CHARLES V. KIDD, The Association of American Universities, Washington, D. C. PHILIP ABELSON, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D. C. ALAN PIFER, Carnegie Corporation of New York, New York PATRICK E. HAGGERTY, Texas Instruments, Incorporated, Dallas, Texas

INVITED PAPERS ON PHYSICAL METHODS IN STEROIDS Chairman: FREDERICK T. WALL American Chemical Society Washington, D. C. JOHN D. ROBERTS, H. J. REICH, M. JAUTELAT, M. T. MESSE, R. A. SMITH, and F. J. WEIGERT, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California: Carbon-13 Mag- netic Resonance for Structural Analysis of Steroids. CARL DJERASSI, Stanford University, Stanford, California: Recent Applications of Mass Spectrometry in the Steroid Field. PIERRE CRABBE, Research Laboratories, Syntex, S. A., Mexico City, Mexico: Some Novel Optical Rotatory Dispersion and Circular Dichroism Studies in the Steroid Field. Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 VOL. 66, 1970 N. A. S. ANNUAL M1EETING 1970 223

Monday Afternoon:

SYMPOSIUM ON VIRUS GENOME EFFECTS IN NORMAL AND CANCER CELLS Chairman: ROBERT J. HUEBNER GORDON M. TOMKINS, San Francisco Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, California: Censorship of Genetic Information: Gene Regulation in Mam- malian Cells. SOL SPIEGELMAN, College of Physicians and Surgeons of , New York, New York: A Molecular Approach to the Oncogenic RNA Viruses. MAURICE GREEN, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri: DNA and RNA Viral Gene Expression in Cell Transformation and Cancer. ROBERT J. HUEBNER, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland: Is Cancer Due to an Inherited RNA Viral Genome? PETER BENTVELZEN, Radiobiological Institute of the Organization for Health Research TNO, Rijswijk, The Netherlands: Genetic Transmission of Mammary Tumour Incit- ing Viruses in Alice.

INVITED PAPERS ON THE BARBADOS SEA-AIR EXPERIMENT OF 1969 AND THE PROBING OF THE ATMOSPHERE BY REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES Chairman: THOMAS F. MALONE The Travelers Insurance Company Hartford, Connecticut

JOSHUA Z. HOLLAND, Environmental Science Services Administration, Rockville, Mary- land: An Overview of the 1969 Barbados Oceanographic and Meteorological Experi- ment. RICHARD J. REED, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington: New Perspectives on the Structure and Organization of Tropical Weather Systems. DAVID ATLAS, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois: Ultra-High Resolution Atmos- pheric Radar Probing. C. GORDON LITTLE, Environmental Science Services Administration Research Labora- tories, Boulder, Colorado: Multistation Doppler Radar and Acoustic Echo-Sounding of the Atmosphere. Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 224 N. A. S. ANNUAL MEETING 1970 PROC. N. A. S.

Wednesday Morning:

SYMPOSIUM ON AIDS AND THREATS TO SOCIETY FROM TECHNOLOGY Chairman: RUSSELL E. TRAIN Council on Environmental Quality Washington, D. C.

J. ERIK JONSSON, Texas Instruments, Incorporated, and Mayor, Dallas, Texas: Priorities of Attack on Urban Problems. T. Y. LIN, University of California, Berkeley, California: Recent Technological Develop- ments in Housing Construction. IRVING K. Fox, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin: Gamesmanship in the Making of Standards of Tolerance. ARIE J. HAAGEN-SMIT, State of California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, California: A Message from the Smog Capitol of the World. GEORGE S. BENTON, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland: Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere and its Role in Climatic Change. J. GEORGE HARRAR, Rockefeller Foundation, New York, New York: The Global Food Supply. JAMES V. NEEL, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan: The Threat of Chemical Mutagenesis to Man.

INVITED PAPERS ON AUSTRALIA ANTIGEN AND HEPATITIS Chairman: CECIL JAMES WATSON Medical Unit Minneapolis, Minnesota

BARUCH S. BLUMBERG, Institute for Cancer Research, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Persistence of Australia Antigen and its Relations to Chronic Hepatitis. LEWELLYS F. BARKER, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland: Australia Antigen. Isolation, Purification and Physical Properties. W. THOMAS LONDON, Institute for Cancer Research, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Transmission of Australia Antigen to Man and Non-Human Primates. Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 VOL. 66, 1970 N. A. S. ANNUAL M1EETING 1970 225

Wednesday Morning:

INVITED PAPERS ON DNA Chairman: JAMES D. EBERT Carnegie Institution of Washington Baltimore, Maryland

ROY J. BRITTEN, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D. C.: Discrete Components of the Repetitive DNA of Higher Organisms. JOSEPH G. GALL and MARY Lou PARDUE, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut: Nucleic Acid Hybridization in Cytological Preparations. DONALD D. BRowN, IGOR B. DAWID, and RONALD H. REEDER, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Baltimore, Maryland: The Isolation and Characterization of the Genes for Ribosomal RNA from the Amphibian Xenopus leavis. OSCAR L. MILLER, JR. and BARBARA R. BEATTY, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee: Visualization of Nucleolar Genes at Work.

Wednesday Afternoon:

INVITED PAPERS ON CONFORMATIONAL CHANGES IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS Chairman: DAviD E. GREEN University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin

JOHN H. YOUNG, GEORGE A. BLONDIN, G. VANDERKOOI, and DAVID E. GREEN, Uni- versity of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin: Conformational Model of Active Transport. BRITrON CHANCE, GEORGE RADDA, and CHUAN-PU LEE, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The Functionality of Membrane Structure Changes in Electron Transport and Energy Coupling. MANUEL F. MORALES, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California: Conformation and Displacement in Muscle Contraction. LUBERT STRYER and ALAN S. WAGGONER, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut: Fluorescent Probes of the Structure and Dynamics of Biological Membranes. Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 226 N. A. S. ANNLTAL MEETING 1970 PROC. N. A. S. Wednesday Afternoon:

SYMPOSIUM ON ASTRONOMICAL TOPICS Chairman: HERBERT FRIEDMAN U. S. Naval Research Laboratory Washington, D. C. JAMES R. ARNOLD, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California: Scientific Results from Apollo 11. CHARLES H. TOWNES, University of California, Berkeley, California: Interstellar Poly- atomic Molecules. J. BEVERLY OKE, Hale Observatories, Pasadena, California: Nuclei of Galaxies. A. G. W. CAMERON, Yeshiva University, New York, New York; Physics of Neutron Stars.

CONTRIBUTED PAPERS

Monday Afternoon:

CURT P. RICHTER, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland: Blood-Clock Barrier: Its Penetration by Heavy Water. (10 minutes) S. J. SINGER, J. D. MCLEAN, K. TOKUYASU, and H. HIRANO, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California: The Staining of Specific Macromolecules for Electron Microscopy. (10 minutes) HARRY F. HARLOW and STEPHEN J. SUOMI, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wiscon- sin: Induction and Treatment of Psychiatric States in Monkeys. (10 minutes) BERTA SCHARRER, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York: Ultrastruc- tural Study of the Sites of Origin and Release of a Cellular Product in the Corpus Allatum of Insects. (10 minutes) LAWRENCE R. BLINKS, Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Pacific Grove, California: The Reversal of Bio-Electric Potential of Valonia and Boergesenia by Oxidants. (10 minutes) ARTHUR D. HASLER, ROSS M. HORRALL, AIvARS B. STASKO, and ANDREW E. DIZON, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin: Orientation Cues and Tracking of Migrating Salmonid Fishes. (10 minutes) RAYMOND M. Fuoss, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut: A Two Parameter Conductance Function. (10 minutes) Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 VOL. 66, 1970 N. A. S. ANNUAL MEETING 1970 227

Wednesday Morning:

R. H. BURRIS and JUNE E. SUNDQUIST, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin: Light-Dependent Stuctural Changes in Isolated Chioroplasts. (10 minutes) LEONARD S. LERMAN, c F. JORDAN, J. H. VENABLE, J&., and T. P. MANIATIS, Vander- bilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (Introduced by Theodore T. Puck): A Structure Transition in DNA. (10 minutes) DAVID P. C. LLOYD and A. E. U. EDISEN, Rockefeller University, New York, New York: Antiadrenergic Agents and a Putatively Cholinergic System. The Action of TM 10 (Xylocholine) on Transmission to Sweat Glands. (10 minutes) W. SHOCKLEY, Stanford University, Stanford, California: "Cooperative Correlation" Hypothesisfor Racial Differences in Earning Power. (10 minutes) ARTHUR R. JENSEN, University of California, Berkeley, California (Introduced by Ralph W. Chaney): IQ's of Identical Twins Reared Apart. (10 minutes)

Wednesday Afternoon:

THOMAS GOLD, Center for Radiophysics and Space Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York: The Present Understanding of the Pulsars. (10 minutes) LAWRENCE H. ALLER and JOHN Ross, University of California, Los Angeles, Cali- fornia: Solar Abundance of Gallium and Other Rare Metals. (10 minutes) Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 Abstracts of Papers to be Presented at the Annual Meeting Washington, D. C., 27-29 April 1970

Invited Papers the trade wind inversion, and the tropo- pause will be discussed. DAVID ATLAS University of Chicago Ultra-High Resolution Atmospheric Radar Probing Australia Antigen: Isolation, The recent development, by J. H. Rich- Purification, and Physical Properties ter of the Naval Electronics Laboratory The Australia antigen (Au) is located Center, of a high sensitivity FM-CW radar on spherical and tubular particles with an with range resolution of only im has opened average diameter of 200 A and with knob- up a wide-range of hitherto invisible at- like sub-units on the surface, 25-35 A in mospheric phenomena to "microscopic" diameter. The buoyant density of the examination. The use of this technique, particle in cesium chloride is 1.21; it ap- though limited to regions of sharp re- pears to be composed predominantly of fractive index (moisture and/or tempera- protein with a minor lipid component. ture) gradient, promises advances in No nucleic acid associated with the particle meteorological knowledge comparable to has been detected. The antigen is re- those in medicine resulting from X-ray sistant to treatment with proteases, lipases, fluoroscopy. For example, the marine in- and nucleases and also to diethyl ether, version over San Diego has been detected fluorocarbon, and deoxycholate. Heating routinely in the form of remarkably thin for 16 hr at 56C or for 10 hr at 60C does echo strata, sometimes thinner than the not destroy Au, but the antigen is de- im resolution, and having reflectivities stroyed by heating for 1 hr at 85C or 10 to 100 times stronger than previously 10 min at 100C and by treatment with so- observed. The inversion and other de- dium dodecyl sulfate. Injection of serum tectable strata nearby are frequently or plasma containing Au is associated with marked by long period gravity waves, and transmission of Au-positive hepatitis to by shorter period breaking waves. The the recipients. From human transmis- latter clearly show the sequence of wave sion studies, the diameter of serum hepati- amplification, vortex formation, and final tis virus has been estimated to be 260 A breakdown to turbulence, and are thought or less. In other transmission studies, to represent our first view of the life cycle the infectivity of this virus in plasma sur- of clear air turbulence (CAT). Applica- vived heating for 4 hr at 60C, triple ex- tions to practical CAT detection await an traction with ether, ultraviolet irradiation, attainable increase in sensitivity. How- and betapropiolactone treatment. The ever, immediate application to monitoring incubation periods were longer after inocu- of the depth of the mixing layer for air lation of the same lot of treated than of pollution prediction should be considered. untreated plasma, possibly reflecting par- Other scientific and practical uses con- tial inactivation of the virus by treatment. nected with the low level marine inversion, The size of Au as well as its stability bear 229 Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 230 N. A. S. ANNUAL MEETING 1970 PROC. N. A. S.

striking resemblances to the properties of these groups the presence of the antigen is serum hepatitis virus gleaned from trans- associated with chronic anicteric hepati- mission studies in the past. If Au is lo- tis. cated on a virus particle, possible explana- Millions of asymptomatic people living tions of its low density include: (1) the in the tropics have persistent Au(1) and population of particles in serum is com- appear to be asymptomatic hepatitis car- posed predominantly of incomplete, non- riers. In these populations Au(1) appears infectious particles, or (2) this is a unique to be inherited as a autosomal recessive type of infectious agent containing very trait. little nucleic acid. Some patients with chronic hepatitis (chronic active hepatitis, persistent active Fhepatitis) also have persistent Australia NationalLationalInstituInstitutes ofeWfealLHealth antigen.

Persistence of Australia Antigen BARUCH S. BLUMBERG and Its Relations to Chronic Hepatitis Institute for Cancer Research Australia antigen (Au(1)), which we first identified in serum in 1964, was found Discrete Components of the Repetitive by 1966 to be associated with hepatitis. DNA of Higher Organisms We have been testing the hypothesis that Au(1) is or is located on a hepatitis virus. Recent measurements indicate that the The evidence in support of this includes: spectrum of repeated sequences of higher (1) The association of Au(1) with acute organism DNA contains a few discrete and chronic hepatitis. components, each with a narrow range of (2) On electron microscope examination repetition frequency (number of copies). Au(1) is a virus-like particle. Each of these components makes up a (3) Using the immunofluorescence tech- significant fraction of the total DNA of nique, material with what appears to be each cell. There is at present no explana- the same antigenic specificity as Au(1) tion or known function for these surprising is found in the liver cells of patients with families of similar DNA sequences. How- hepatitis. ever, their discreteness supports the view (4) Patients transfused with blood con- that they are introduced into the genome taining Au(1) may develop Au(1) in their in rather sudden events for which the name blood, and hepatitis. "saltatory replication" has been suggested. (5) Au(1) can be transmitted and pas- The table summarizes the observations for saged to nonhuman primates. a few species that have been examined Au(1) may appear in the blood of pa- in some detail. The green monkey coin- tients with acute viral hepatitis (both in- ponent was first studied by J. Maio (pri- fectious and serum) early in the disease, vate communication). The guinea pig often before the appearance of any other component was measured by Flamm et al. symptoms or findings. In most cases the (J. Mol. Biol., 42,441, 1969). The charac- antigen is transient and disappears within teristics of most of the components have days or weeks. Patients with a variety of been measured after isolation by hydroxy- chronic diseases (Down's syndrome (mon- apatite fractionation of partially reas;- golism), lymphocytic leukemia, leproma- sociated sheared DNA. The accuracy for tous leprosy, chronic renal disease) when the quantities of the components is proba- exposed to Au(1) (either by transfusion or bly about 25%, while the frequencies are other routes) will develop Au(1) which may probably within a factor of 2. Closer persist for months or years. In three of examination may show that some of the Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 VOL. 66, 1970 N. A. S. ANNUAL MEETING 1970 231

Per cent of nuclear Number of Complexity Melting Species DNA copies (nucl. pairs) range Calf 38 66,000 17,000 Broad 5 1,000,000 (150) ( Sea urchin 3 14,000 1,600 Broad (Strongylocentrotus 10 1,200 60,000 Broad purpuratus) 20 (50) 3,000,000 Broad Human 10 300,000 1,000 Broad 15 40,000 10,000 Broad 3 (300) 400,000 ( Mouse 10 1,000,000 300 Narrow 25 (1,000-10,000) ( ) Broad Green monkey 20 1,500,000 450 Narrow 30 ( ) ( ) Broad Guinea pig 10 2,000,000 150 Narrow The parentheses indicate less certain or unavailable data. The fourth column gives the basic length of DNA sequence that is repeated in the component calculated from its rate of reassociation. Full length stretches of sequence of this size do not necessarily occur together in the DNA. In the last column a broad melting range indicates a wide degree of divergence among the member se- quences of a component. A narrow range indicates a more homogeneous set which may neverthe- less not be perfect copies. fractions contain several components. fold (Brown and Dawid, Science, 160, More components will probably be ob- 272 (1968); Gall, these PROCEEDINGS, 60, served if the degree of relationship is 553 (1968)) and the extra copies (amplified lowered. The listed components all form rDNA) are located in the multiple nucleoli strand pairs that are stable at tempera- of oocyte nuclei. tures within 200C of the melting tempera- Both amplified and chromosomal rDNA ture of precisely base-paired DNA. have been isolated in pure form. They R. J. BRITrEN differ slightly in two physical properties, buoyant density and melting profiles. CarnegieRreiJnttBRITTENgotheirInstitution of Washington These differences can be attributed to the fact that chromosomal rDNA contains about 4.5% of its deoxynucleotides as Isolation and Characterization of the 5-methyl deoxycytidylic acid (5-MeC) Genes for Ribosomal RNA from the while amplified rDNA contains no de- Amphibian Xenopus laevis. tectable 5-MeC residues. The over-all base composition of either rDNA is 67% The ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of Xenopus GC (including 4.5% 5-MeC in the case of laets, the South African clawed toad, chromosomal rDNA), compared to 40% contains the first genes which have been GC in bulk DNA of X. laevis. A model purified from animal cells. Its original of rDNA has been constructed which is isolation was made possible by the observa- based on the data obtained from four dif- tion of Wallace and Birnstiel (Biochim. ferent laboratories. The rDNA consists Biophys. Acta, 114, 296 (1966)) that this of a repeating unit of about 9 X 106 daltons homogeneous DNA component has a which recurs about 450 times at each much higher buoyant density in CsCi nucleolar organizer region. About half than the bulk DNA of X. laevis. The of each repeating unit is a DNA sequence rDNA comprises about 0.2% of the chro- which is transcribed in vio into a 40S mosomal DNA of somatic cells (chromo- RNA molecule. This RNA is known to somal rDNA). In oocytes of X. laevis, be a polycistronic precursor of 18S and the rDNA is amplified about one-thousand- 28S rRNA in X. laevis. The other half Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 232 N. A. S. ANNUAL MEETING 1970 PROC. N. A. S.

of each repeating unit is not transcribed responds to a small-scale volume decrease, in vivo and has been termed "spacer" DNA. possibly due to extrusion of water. The model presents our estimates for the Increased H+ binding is closely related lengths and base composition of each re- to energy coupling but lags behind electron gion and for their arrangement in rDNA. flow, especially in membranes from photo- synthetic , where fast electron transfer occurs in 2 to 30 Msec, and H+ IGORIGIDRONALDD.Bsec.B.DAittRonaLh.nREDEH.BROWNE binding in 800 The binding may Carnegie Institution of Washington arise from the changes in membrane struc- ture that shift the pK's of membrane pro- teins and lipids to low values as, for exam- ple, in the shift of an imidazole pK in The Functionality of Membrane the deoxygenation of hemoglobin -a "mem- Structure Changes in Electron brane Bohr effect." Transport and Energy Coupling Light-scattering changes resulting from large-scale alterations in the matrix state Overt signs of energy coupling are in- can be suppressed by appropriate anions creased respiratory or electron flow rate, (I-, NO3-, C104-) in membrane fragments altered oxidation-reduction states of the and may not be essential to energy coupling. electron carriers, increased H+ binding, Electron transport, and subsequent al- and altered light scattering of the mem- terations of membrane structure and pro- brane suspension. Intrinsic and extrinsic tonation reactions, appear essential to the probes afford a correlation of these signs formation of chemical intermediates of with membrane structure changes. Simul- oxidative phosphorylation. taneously with the activation of energy coupling, anilino-naphthalene sulfonate BRDHUON CHANCE (ANS) binds to the membrane more tightly GEORGE RADDA, CHUANPU LEE (KD changes from 24 to 12 ,AM), doubles University of Pennsylvania its quantum efficiency of fluorescence, and increases the lifetime of its relaxation from 5 to '--7 nsec. However, the number of ANS binding sites (8 nmoles/mg protein), Some Novel Optical Rotatory the wavelength maximum of its fluorescence Dispersion and Circular Dichroism emission (470 nm), and the extent of its Studies in the Steroid Field fluorescence depolarization (0.19) remain constant. These results identify the en- In recent years important breakthroughs ergized state of the membrane with some in the development of sophisticated in- altered, presumably more hydrophobic, strumentation for the investigation of the membrane environment. optical properties of active compounds Model experiments with cytochrome c have radically altered the nature and scope and cardiolipid vesicles identify both lipid of optical rotatory dispersion (RD) and and protein moieties as possible sites of circular dichroism (CD) in organic chem- ANS responses. istry. RD and CD can provide both The carotenoids of photosynthetic mem- structural and stereochemical information. branes indicate an energized state by a Often these techniques will give informa- shift of their absorption bands to longer tion which, although limited, cannot be wavelengths. Similar shifts are observed obtained readily by any other method. when relatively small hydrostatic pres- The stereochemistry of the steroidal sures are applied to the membranes, in- polycyclic system is well established and dicating that the energized state cor- rather rigid, so that the RD and CD data Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 VOL. 66, 1970 N. A. S. ANNUAL MEETING 1970 233

obtained with steroids have not only re- In view of the broad range of applica- solved problems in this class of compounds, tions of RD and CD in the steroid group, but the observations made in this series one can anticipate future advances in have led to general rules (e.g., the octant three major directions, namely the field of rule and extensions, quadrant and sector instrumentation, new applications to stereo- rules, etc.). These rules have been suc- chemical problems related to all classes of cessfully extrapolated to numerous other optically active substances and in theoreti- classes of optically active substances, such cal interpretations of experimentally ob- as terpenes, alkaloids, antibiotics, flavones, served phenomena. peptides, proteins, etc. PIERRE CRABBE In this communication, some recent ob- servations related to solvent effects will Research Laboratories, Syntex, S.A. be presented. An investigation of ketal formation of saturated ketones has shown that the percentage of ketal formed strongly depends on structural and stereochemical Recent Applications of Mass factors, as well as on the amount of water Spectrometry in the Steroid Field present in the reactive medium. A reinvestigation of the optical proper- Of all physical methods currently used ties of various skewed steroidal dienes in- in steroid chemistry, mass spectrometry dicates that several factors have to be taken is the most recent one. It is rapidly be- into consideration, so that caution should coming an indispensable tool, principally be exercised before drawing stereochemi- because a substantial amount of informa- cal conclusions from the sign of their tion has been accumulated in recent years Cotton effect. by isotopic labeling about the course of Allenes and cyclopropenones are shown the electron impact induced fragmentation to be inherently symmetric but asym- of steroids. The utility of the method will metrically perturbed chromophores. be illustrated in conjunction with a recent So far little attention has been paid to structural investigation (R. L. Hale, J. the Cotton effects exhibited by optically Leclercq, B. Tursch, C. Djerassi, R. A. active allenes. This is partly due to the Gross, A. J. Weinheimer, K. Gupta and reduced number of such allenes which were P. J. Scheuer, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., in available in the past, as well as to the fact press) of the marine sterol gorgosterol. that previous RD and CD instruments In contrast to all other known sterols, could not reach the low wavelength region gorgosterol possesses a C11 (rather than where this chromophore absorbs. The C8, C9 or Clo) side chain-a feature first optical properties of several steroidal al- recognized by mass spectrometry. Even lenes prepared recently show at least one more striking is the observation that every major optically active absorption band carbon atom of the side chain possesses between 220 and 250 nm. The sign and a one-carbon branch-in other words that the intensity of the Cotton effects are gorgosterol contains carbon substitution functions of the stereochemistry of the at positions 22 and 23-and that one of allene itself, of its surrounding, as well as them is incorporated in a cyclopropane of the nature of the substituents on the ring. While six structures are compati- allene chromophore. ble with the accumulated chemical and The optical properties of various steroi- NMR spectral data, consideration of the dal cyclopropenones have been investi- mass spectral fragmentation behavior leads gated by RD and CD. Their ultraviolet to the conclusions that this marine sterol transitions are shown to be optically must possess the hitherto unprecedented active. structure I or II. Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 234 N. A. S. ANNUAL MEETING 1970 PROC. N. A. S.

human and mouse chromosomes in the nuclei of hybrid cells that contain chromo- somes from both organisms. JOSEPH G. GALL, MARY Lou PARDUE HO/WSJ Yale University I An Overview of the 1969 Barbados Oceanographic and Meteorological Experiment BOMEX had two distinct scientific programs and, in addition, a major tech- nological objective. HO The Sea-Air Interaction Program, con- H. ducted during May and June, sought to measure the rate of transfer of energy from CARL DJERASSI the sea to the atmosphere. The energy Stanford University which drives the atmospheric circulation comes principally from the Tropical oceans via turbulent transfer of water vapor. In Nucleic Acid Hybridization in order to introduce variable energy source Cytological Preparations terms in the meteorological prediction equations, it is necessary to test the param- eterization models which use conventional Techniques have been worked out for meteorological observations as inputs. the hybridization of nucleic acids in solu- For this purpose a 50Okm square east of tion with the stationary DNA in a cy- Barbados was selected, simulating the tological preparation. Success has been elementary grid unit of a global observa- obtained both with DNA-DNA and with tion network, and was heavily instrumented RNA-DNA hybrids. In the latter case using ships, aircraft, buoys, balloons, satel- hybrids have been formed with ribosomal lites and radars. In order to obtain pre- RNA and with complementary RNA syn- cise statistical data, complications due to thesized enzymatically from various DNA terrain and travelling weather disturbances fractions. The localization of ribosomal were avoided in this first experiment of cistrons has been investigated in the giant its type through the choice of location and polytene chromosomes of Diptera and in season. the developing oogonia and oocytes of The Tropical Convection Program, con- Amphibia and several insects. The chro- ducted during July, sought to obtain first- mosomal location of the mouse satellite approximation descriptions of the three- DNA has been studied using both radio- dimensional structure of typical cloud active DNA and complementary RNA groupings such as are seen regularly in synthesized tn vitro from the satellite DNA. satellite photographs. Some subset of The satellite DNA sequences are located these convective systems seems to account in the heterochromatic blocks immediately for the entire upward transport of mass adjacent to the centromeres on all of the required by the general circulation of the somatic chromosomes. Satellite DNA is atmosphere over the equatorial half of present on the X chromosome but is not the globe. Information on the dimen- detectable on the Y. Cytological hybridiza- sions, lifetimes, and amplitudes of the tion experiments permit the recognition of wind, temperature, humidity, and cloud Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 VOL. 66, 1970 N. A. S. ANNUAL MEETING 1970 235

fields is essential for the construction of is currently available by other techniques; relevant theoretical models. The ships this information is expected to provide were rearranged to cover a greater latitude totally new insight into the dynamics and range, and the aircraft were employed in physics of localized severe storms. a flexible exploratory mode based on real- The second technique uses the back- time satellite information. scatter of acoustic waves by atmospheric The technological objective was to ob- irregularities to continuously monitor the tain critical data on system performance, structure of the lower atmosphere. Ex- needed for the design of future experiments amples of acoustic soundings during stable and networks. The relatively steady en- and unstable atmospheric conditions are vironment was favorable for the determina- given, and provide striking evidence of tion of accuracy, reliability and compati- the atmospheric structure during tempera- bility of the available measurement sub- ture inversion, thermal plume, and break- systems. BOMEX constituted a test ing wave conditions. It is expected that of the concepts of organization, logistics, acoustic echo-sounding will find its primary communications control and data manage- role in the study of boundary layer profiles ment as applied to this new type of ex- of wind and turbulence for use in air pollu- perimental research. tion studies. The program was an operational success. C. G. LrrrLE Preliminary data samples analyzed so far C.oG.lLeTTvc indicate that the scientific programs will Environmental Science Services meet their goals. Administration JOSHUA Z. HOLLAND Environmental Science Services Transmission of Australia Antigen to Administration Man and Non-Human Primates

We and others are testing the hypothesis Multistation Doppler Radar and that Australia antigen (Au(1)) is a virus Acoustic Echo-Sounding of the which can cause hepatitis. If this is Atmosphere correct, then Australia antigen must be transmissible from man to man and must This paper describes two new advances replicate in the cells of the new host. in remote sensing of the atmosphere. The Since Au(1) is also found in some non- first involves the use of two microwave human primates, the transmission and repli- Doppler radars to obtain echoes, from ap- cation of Au(1) in monkeys should also proximately orthogonal directions, of pre- occur. cipitation associated with localized con- Reports from many laboratories have vective storms. For each radar, the Dop- shown that transfusion of blood containing pler shifts of the echoes are used to derive Au(1) is associated with a 50-80% risk two dimensional plots of the radial com- in the recipient of developing clinical ponent of the velocity, for each of several hepatitis and Au(1) in his blood. This heights. The data from the two radars risk is significantly greater than that of is then combined to derive the vector wind developing hepatitis after receipt of blood field at each level in the region of the storm not containing Au(1). Although develop- scanned by both radars. Initial results ment of hepatitis and Au(1) in the blood show that the technique offers two to three is the most common result of Au(1) trans- orders of magnitude, more information fusion, the following may occur: (a) clini- on the three-dimensional wind field, and cal hepatitis without detectable Au(1); precipitation field in severe storms than (b) Au(1) without evidence of hepatitis; Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 236 N. A. S. ANNUAL MEETING 1970 PROC. N. A. S.

(c) antibody to Au(1) and clinical hepatitis; synthesized, newly-made portions are (d) anti-Au(1) without evidence of hepati- coated immediately with protein in a tis; (e) development of neither detectable manner that prevents the RNA strands antigen nor antibody and no evidence of from extending their full length. The hepatitis. Barker et al. have shown that RNP fibrils are 50-100 A in diameter and humans inoculated with a plasma pool are about 0.5 um long at the termination diluted 10-7 (pre-dilution Au(1) CF titer ends of the genes, indicating that com- 1:10) still developed Au(1) in their blood. pleted precursor molecules are coiled within Transmission studies in humans have their protein coats to give approximately used whole blood, whole serum, or dilutions an 11 :1 ratio of RNA to RNP fibril length. thereof. We have studied the transmis- Each RNP fibril is attached to a spherical sion of partially purified Au(1) in African granule about 125 A in diameter located green monkeys (vervets). Two infant on the DNA axis. The 100 or so granules vervets, 7 and 3 days old, were inoculated per gene thus occupy nearly half the total with Au(1) which had been partially puri- length of each gene and almost certainly fied by column chromatography and sucrose are RNA polymerase molecules. gradient ultracentrifugation. The inocu- The repeating genes show the same po- lum for the second vervet was also treated larity along the DNA axis, and they are with proteolytic, glycolytic, and lypolytic separated by inactive segments of DNA enzymes. Twenty-four hours after inocu- up to ten times the length of a single gene. lation more antigen was present in the Measurements of relative lengths of genes blood than could be accounted for by and adjacent segments show that the mean dilution. One ml of serum from the second length of intergene segments is about two- vervet was inoculated into a third infant thirds that of an rRNA precursor gene, vervet. Forty-eight hours after inocula- indicating that about 60% of the nucleolar tion Au(1) was detected by immunodiffu- DNA consists of precursor genes. sion and is still detectable more than thirty Research sponsored by the U.S. Atomic days post inoculation. This Au(1) has Energy Commission under contract with been transmitted to vervets, replicated, the Union Carbide Corporation. and passaged. These experiments in con- jection with our other data support the 0. L. MILLER, JR. hypothesis that Au(1) is, itself, a virus and BARBARA R. BEATTY capable of causing hepatitis in man. Oak Ridge National Laboratory W. THOMAS LONDON Institute for Cancer Research Conformation and Displacement in Muscle Contraction Visualization of Nuclear Genes at Work Present evidence suggests that shortening involves the relative translation of actin The high degree of extrachromosomal and myosin filaments parallel to the fiber amplification of nucleoli in amphibian axis, but the mechanism producing such oocytes has allowed observation of the fine displacement is uncertain. Potentially, structure of the redundant genes coding substrate-coupled conformational changes for rRNA precursor molecules. These in monomers of actin or of myosin could genes, each near 2.75 ,um long, can be be the cause. There is a growing catalog visualized because approximately 100 RNA of such changes. Although actin clearly molecules are synthesized simultaneously influences the pathway and rate of the on every gene. Protein-specific staining fuelling reaction (ATP hydrolysis) neither shows that as the RNA molecules are X-ray diffraction nor ATP spin-label stud- Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 VOL. 66, 1970 N. A. S. ANNUAL MEETING 1970 237

ies suggest that conformational changes First is the meteorological satellite in actin monomers produce the transla- which, through cloud photography and tion; however, spin labels on actin filaments remote sounding of temperature and mois- do assume different states when carried ture fields, is providing valuable new in- into the myosin filament region. By con- formation on the characteristics and trast, fluorescence, spin-label, chromo- organization of the tropical circulation. phoric probe, and transient kinetic methods Second is the application of spectrum and all show that the globular "heads" of cross-spectrum analysis to time series of myosin suffer conformational changes upon radiosonde data. This technique is yield- interaction with substrates or modifiers. ing quantitative information on the struc- Moreover, the positions of the radial pro- ture of large-scale disturbances which, jections of myosin molecules in filaments in conjunction with the satellite data, offers are different depending on whether the an improved basis for constructing the- fiber is relaxed, contracting, or in rigor. oretical models. Thus myosin behavior suggests that the The further exploitation of these de- relative translation results from cyclic, velopments and the observational results oar-like impulsions delivered by the pro- anticipated from BOMEX and similar jections on the surrounding actin filaments. future GARP field programs promise to However, the double filament array con- bring about a new level of understanding tracts isovolumically, thus requiring the of the tropical atmosphere by the end of transverse distances between actin and the current decade. This understanding myosin filaments to be variable. This will make possible the numerical predic- means "oars" would have to be double- tion of large scale motions in the tropics jointed. Because this requirement is diffi- and in so doing will improve the accuracy cult, the idea that translation occurs be- and extend the range of forecasts in middle cause of charge differences between fila- and high latitudes. ment arrays should not yet be discarded. RicHARD J. REED In summary, conformational changes occur in the macromolecules constituting the Universty of Washin contractile system, but it remains problem- atical whether they cause force-generation or displacement. Carbon-13 Magnetic Resonance for Structural Analysis of Steroids' University of California Although proton magnetic resonance New Perspectives on the Structure has been of great value in structural studies and Organization of Tropical of steroids, the relatively small range of Weather Systems chemical shifts of most of the aliphatic and alicyclic hydrogens, combined with the Analysis and mathematical modeling manifold possibilities for spin-spin cou- of weather systems have not advanced as pling, make the bulk of the steroid proton rapidly for the tropics as for middle lati- resonances virtually uninterpretable.2 The tudes. In large measure the lag can be advent of practical systems for determina- attributed to the lack of an adequate ob- tion of 18C resonances with complete de- servational network in the tropics. Two coupling of the associated protonsin organic recent developments are helping to over- compounds' has revealed a high degree of come the data deficiency and are leading differentiation in the carbon resonances in to significant new perspectives on tropical the common steroids-so much so that weather patterns. with most steroids all of these resonances Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 238 N. A. S. ANNUAL MEETING 1970 PROC. N. A. S.

can be distinguished from one another 4Reich, H. J., M. Jautelat, M. T. Messe, even when as many as thirty different car- F. J. Weigert, and J. D. Roberts, J. Am. Chem. bons are present. Soc., 91,7445(1969). The assignment of the steroid carbon JOHN D. ROBERTS, H. J. REICH, resonances to specific carbons has been M. JAUTELATM. T. MESSE, achieved by correlation of shifts with sub- R. A. SMITH, F. J. WEIGERT stitution and special structural features, California Institute of Technology specific and off-resonance single-frequency Fluorescent Probes of the decoupling and deuteration.4 Of particu- Structure and Dynamics of lar interest is the important role of steric Biological Membranes effects, especially of 1,3-diaxial interac- tions, on the carbon shifts of steroids. Fluorescent and phosphorescent probes Carbon-13 resonance spectroscopy clearly which have readily interpretable emission has great potential for structural studies properties can be specifically inserted into of steroids as well as providing a nonde- biological macromolecules to reveal facets structive means of following biosyntheses of their structure and dynamics: (1) of steroids with other than a radioactive Proximity. Singlet-singlet and triplet-sin- label for carbon. This latter use can be glet energy transfer can serve as spectro- expected to become of substantial utility scopic rulers in the 10 to 65 A range, with the increase in sensitivity of detec- whereas triplet-triplet transfer can be used tion of carbon resonance signals expected to show that two groups are less than about by use of the Fourier transform techniques. 12 X apart. (2) Rotational mobility. Nan- osecond fluorescence polarization measure- and the National Science Foundationb ments can reveal whether a macromolecular 2 Bhacca, N. S. and D. H. Williams, "Ap- system has any modes of flexibility in times plications of NMR in Organic Chemistry, of nanoseconds. (3) Polarity. The pres- Illustrations from the Steroid Field," Holden- ence of mobile dipoles in the environment Day, Inc,* San Francisco, 1964.**of certain reflected I'WeIger,Weigert, F.F.nc,J., M.. Jautelat,t aand J. D. chromophores is in Roberts, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 66, 1152 terfursectheir fluorescence quantumunu yieldil andn emisms (1968). sion spectrum. 0

R1-C-]RC O-712 I H3C CH3 R22-C-0- \X\N O Cu2

OIP-O CH2-CH--N -S= 0 0-~~~ 0 I

0\N\ON \\\C/N\C/ \C/ \C/C\C/ 0 H3C\C\/C\/C\/C-C C \C \C \C C \C/ C C\COCCC~ Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 VOL. 66, 1970 N. A. S. ANNUAL MEETING 1970 239

We have synthesized a number of new bilayers. Since under conditions of active fluorescent probes for biological mem- transport the ions move against a concen- branes. Dansyl phosphatidyl ethanol- tration gradient, there must be a compen- amine (I) and diphenylpyrazoline stearate sating electrical potential if the ions are (II) are readily incorporated into bilayer to move down an electrochemical gradient. vesicles composed of phosphatidyl choline. The present model possesses an in- In the vesicle, the dansyl chromophore of trinsic conceptual simplicity for it allows I is located between the aqueous exterior one to distinguish between those factors and the hydrocarbon interior of the mem- which determine the ionic equilibrium brane. In contrast, the diphenylpyrazoline across the membrane, i.e., the thermo- group of II is in the hydrocarbon region. dynamic aspects of the problem, from those Other fluorescent labels can probe the factors which determine the approach to aqueous interface of the membrane. Thus, ionic equilibrium, i.e., the kinetic aspects fluorescent chromophores can be selectively of the problem. placed in different transverse regions of J. H. YOUNG G. A. BLONDIN biological membranes. G. VANDERKOO1, D. E. GREEN ALAN S. WAGGONER University of Wiconsin LUBERT STRYER Yale University

Conformational Model of Active Transport Contributed Papers

According to the conformational model, the energy-yielding redox reactions in the The Solar Abundance of Gallium mitochondrion are coupled to an energy- and Other Rare Metals requiring conformational transition. Bind- ing studies (mitochondria, submitochon- In the method of spectrum synthesis drial particles) have directly confirmed one takes the point of view that the shape this postulate and strongly suggest the of spectral lines as well as their total in- generation of a membrane potential (nega- tensity must be interpreted. The shape tive inside) as the determinant of energized or profile of a spectrum line depends not cation accumulation. The conforma- only on the abundance of the element, tionally dependent membrane potential the line absorption coefficient and the is generated either by the binding of anions temperature-density structure of the at- or by the ionization of proton-yielding mosphere, but also on the sources of line- groups in the membrane. Under condi- broadening-Doppler effect due to gas tions of active transport, both cations kinetic motions and mass motions, natural and anions are extensively concentrated damping, and collisional damping. It is but only a small proportion of the anions necessary to specify both the tempera- (acetate, phosphate) is osmotically active ture-pressure structure of the atmosphere as required by the Donnan equilibrium. and its kinematical structure. The latter A key point of this model is that ions task is difficult because one must separate always move down an electro-chemical the influence of collisions upon the profile gradient-a conclusion supported by the of a line from those imposed by large scale evidence that ionophores such as valinomy- mass motions. Earlier applications of cin facilitate ionic equilibration across the technique appear to have assumed too the membrane, just as they do across lipid large damping constants and too small Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 240 N. A. S. ANNUAL MEETING 1970 PROC. N. A. S.

values of macroturbulence. These as- sequence may be repeated many times, the sumptions appear to have had little in- effect wearing off as the oxidant is reduced. fluence on abundances derived from weak After return to sea water, the cell may lines of rare metals, but led to erroneous still respond to light, even after 12 hr in values of abundances of metals of the iron the dark, indicating either penetration of group. For the rarer metals, which are the oxidant or persistence of its effects. represented only by resonance lines, the These may be direct (e.g. upon the lipids f-values are probably well-known, but of the membrane, or on the tertiary struc- line blending becomes a serious and diffi- ture of its proteins) or indirect (e.g. upon cult problem, particularly when an ele- the acidity of the cytoplasm, or the ac- ment is represented by only one or two cumulation of salts). They do not seem lines, or the lines fall in the crowded ultra- to be a direct expression of a redox poten- violet region. tial (the reversals being in the wrong direc- L. H. ALLER tion for such). JOHN ROSS LAWRENCE R. BLINKS University of California, Los Angeles Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University

The Reversal of Bio-Electric Potential of Valonia and Boergesenia A Two Parameter Conductance by Mild Oxidants Function The unusual polarity of the bio-electric The equations of motion for rigid charged potential (sap positive to the measuring spheres in a continuum in an external circuit) in Valonia and Boergesenia raises electrical field have been integrated, using questions as to the cause of this anomaly. the Fuoss-Onsager potential for the internal Several agents which reverse the polarity electrical field. This potential is an ap- are already known, e.g., weak acids, proximate solution of the nonlinear Pois- metabolic inhibitors, phenolic compounds, son-Boltzmann equation for short range and increase of turgor. Some mild oxidiz- electrostatic forces (a < r < fl/2, where a ing agents can also do this. In the dark, is the diameter of the sphere, r is distance ferricyanide and permanganate (10-5-10-1 from the center of a reference ion, and M in sea water) can reverse the potential i3/2 = e2/aDkT is the distance at which from +10 mv to -70 or -80 mv, with the pair probability function has its mini- good recovery on return to sea water. At mum value), and for r > P/2 goes con- the lowest concentrations, the effect is tinuously into the Debye-Huckel potential often in the opposite direction, particularly with the screening function exp (-Kr). with ferricyanide; with good aeration, The limiting conductance A0 is a measure the potential can rise to +50 mv before of ionic friction and serves to define the decline or reversal sets in. Permanganate radius R of the equivalent hydrodynamic generally produces little rise, and an abrupt sphere. When concentrations are given reversal 2 or 3 min after application. in terms of T = PK/2, the conductance func- Illumination (100 me or less) enhances tion assumes a simple form, general for all both effects: with dilute ferricyanide, solvents: A/Ao- 1 = -0.19526 T/(1 + pushing the potential to nearly 100 mv T) + r2Ti(r) - 2r/h(l + r) + (T2/h) positive, followed by an abrupt fall; with T2(r) - T2 exp[-2T/(1 + r)]F(b) + permanganate, only a small rise, followed A(b, h)T2 + O(T') where b = #/a and h by a very abrupt reversal. There is quick = j3/R. The terms linear in T are the recovery in the dark, and the light-dark limiting coefficients of the relaxation and Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 VOL. 66, 1970 N. A. S. ANNUAL MEETING 1970 241

electrophoresis effects, the T2Tj(r) terms responsive as adults. In spite of pervasive are transcendental functions also arising social fear the deprived adults were ab- from long range interactions, and AT2 normally aggressive toward helpless in- collects a group of terms which appear fants. Intensive tests showed that these at the lower limits of integration a and R. adult rhesus suffered little or no learning The term in F(b) = E,(b) - eb(1/b + or intellectual loss. 1/b2) + 2.4349 corresponds to the de- At 6 months the deprived monkeys in crease in conductance due to ion pairs. this study were removed from isolation The function A = A(c; ql, D, T) is thus and placed in cages adjacent to four 3- reduced to a function of one variable r month old "psychiatrist" monkeys who and two parameters Ao and a: A = A(T; had been surrogate-reared with 2 hr of Ao,a). daily peer social interaction and who ex- hibited essentially normal exploratory M. Fuoss and social behavior both in social and non- YaleRYYMONDUniversity social situations. The isolate monkeys were then allowed to interact with the The Present Understanding of psychiatrist monkeys 2 hr per day in two the Pulsars situations: in pairs within the home cage and as a group of four in a larger playroom. Within 3 weeks all four isolates showed The evidence obtained in the last year adds to the understanding that pulsars dramatic improvement in both social represent neutron stars that spin fast and and nonsocial home cage behavior as in- gradually slow down; that they are rigid dicated by decreases in self-orality, self- objects with strong magnetic fields; and clasping and rocking and huddling and by organized patterns ofmiono increases in exploratory and locomotor that highly behavior as well as by rapid emergence of charges in their vicinity are responsible for social contact and play. Similar dramatic extremely intense electromagnetic radia- tion. The concentration of energy is recovery,r although slightly more delayed, greater than m any other known object: was observed in three of the four isolate the central density must be in excess of subjectsitheplayroomsituation 1014 grams/cm', and the radiation in- HARRY F. HARLOW tensity in the vicinity of the star must be STEPHEN J. SUOMI greater than 1020 ergs/cm. Univ8ity of Wieconsin THOMAS GoD Cornel University Orientation Cues and Tracking of Migrating Salmonid Fishes Induction and Treatment of Psychiatric States in Monkeys Underwater ultrasonic telemetry was used in a study of movements of 54 un- Four rhesus monkeys were subjected to restricted mature sockeye and pink salmon total social isolation from birth until 6 on their spawning migration in salt water months of age. Previous research has near the Fraser River. Positions of in- shown that this period of privation pro- dividual fish carrying a transmitter (50-70 duced monkeys that could not adjust kH. signal; 1 km range; up to 2 week socially to age-mates; were grossly sexually "life") in their stomach were determined deficient, particularly if males; became in- at half-hour intervals. In an attempt to different or brutal mothers if impregnated; identify possible orientation cues, various and remained socially fearful and non- environmental factors (water currents, Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 242 N. A. S. ANNUAL MEETING 1970 PROC. N. A. S.

wave height and direction, sun-moon visi- or in previous reviews of them. Statistical bility and position, cloud cover) were analysis of the twin differences reveals no measured along the fish's path and correla- significant differences among the twin sam- tions were made between changes in condi- ples in the four studies; all of them can tions and changes in movements of fish. thus be viewed statistically as samples Active fish traveled at average speeds of from the same population. They can 1.5-3.0 km/hr, maintaining straight courses therefore be pooled for more detailed and in open water. They moved generally powerful statistical treatment. toward the river, swimming in appropriate The 244 individual twins' IQ's are nor- directions both against and with the ebb mally distributed, with the mean = 96.82, and flood currents, traveling in the day SD = 14.16. The mean absolute dif- and often at night, although few fish ference between twins is 6.60 (SD = were tracked after dark. Water currents 5.20), the largest difference being 24 IQ and sun are implicated as orientation cues, points. The frequency of large twin dif- but we feel that a complex of cues is used ferences is no more than would be expected by migrating salmon. from the normal probability curve. The Preliminary tracking studies with sal- over-all intraclass correlation between monid fishes elsewhere were done in salt twins is 0.824, which may be interpreted water (10 sockeye-Northern British Co- as an upper-bound estimate of the herit- lumbia, 10 chum-Japan) and in fresh ability (h2) of IQ in the English, Danish, water (11 lake trout-Lake Superior, 20 and North American Caucasian popula- coho-Lake Michigan). tions sampled in these studies. The ab- Coho in Lake Michigan showed the solute differences between twins (attribut- greatest consistency in movement pat- able to nongenetic effects and measure- terns, returning rapidly when displaced ment error) closely approximate the chi either 65 km in open water or 1.5 km down- distribution; this fact indicates that en- stream in the "home" river. Responses vironmental effects are normally distrib- of precocious male coho to olfactory cues uted. That is, if P = G + E (where P were tested by EEG (electroencephalo- is phenotypic value, G is genotypic value, graph) recordings off the olfactory bulb. and E is environmental effect), it can be EEG responses were most intense to waters concluded that for this population P, from the home tributary and to tap water G, and E are each normally distributed. in which coho had resided. There is no evidence of asymmetry or of threshold conditions for the effects of A. D.H*ALR environment on IQ. The lack of a sig- R. M. HORRALL nificant correlation (r = -0.15) between A. B. STASKO, A. E. DIZON twin-pair means and twin-pair differences University of Wisconsin indicates that magnitude of differential environmental effects is not systematically related to intelligence level of twin pairs. IQ's of Identical Twins Reared Apart ARTHUR R. JENSEN A new analysis of the original data from University of California, Berkeley the four largest studies (Newman, Free- man, and Holzinger, 1937; Shields, 1962; Juel-Nielsen, 1965; Burt, 1966) of the A Structure Transition in DNA intelligence of monozygotic twins reared apart, totaling 122 twin pairs, leads to DNA undergoes a reversible cooperative conclusions not found in the original studies structure transition at 250 in neutral Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 VOL. 66, 1970 N. A. S. ANNUAL MEETING 1970 243

aqueous solutions containing sufficiently Antiadrenergic Agents and a Putatively high concentrations of simple neutral or Cholinergic System: Action of TM 10 anionic synthetic polymers and univalent on Transmission to Sweat Glands salts. Abrupt, correlated changes are Sweat glands (cat) are muscarino- seen in a number of physical properties; these ar clearly different from the.chan cholinergically innervated. The secretory on denaturation or superhelical twisting. actions of pilocarpine and acetylcholine, Sn te seimntin o rhat (twiinit and rapid complete transmission block by dilution) for bacteriophage DNAait atropine attest to the fact, as does the proaches tofthat of the.terintactintact vutvirus, the new classical experiment of Dale and Feldberg conformation is inferred to be unusually deosrtnliraonnoaprfaedemonstrating liberation ilnto a perfusate compact.compact~TheTh*rniin~~*.transition cannotantbbe in-n of acetylcholiney upon stimulation of sudo- duced with relatively small, double-helical motor nerves. Yet numerous experiments fragments of bacteriophage DNA. Im- prove that catecholamines, injected, stimu- mediate reversal of the transition occurs late sweat secretion, even after atropine when the polymer or salt concentration blockade. So too, numerous experiments is lowered below the critical level. prove that antiadrenergic agents block The circular dichroism spectra, absorp- response of sweat glands to sudomotor tion spectra, and certain other measure- stimulation. Amongst these are phenoxy- ments are conspicuously similar to the benzamine, guanethidine, bretylium, hy- corresponding properties of DNA in nu- drogenated ergot alkaloids, phentolamine, cleoproteins and related model systems. tolazoline and TM 10 (xylocholine). These The spectra of intact T4 and T7 phage, substances possess, in addition to their deducting the protein contribution can antiadrenergic properties, in varying nature be reasonably well fitted assuming that and degree other actions-"side effects"- part of the DNA retains its ordinary solu- which for some purposes are a nuisance; tion spectrum and part has the spectrum for others, a boon. As the number of of the polymer-and-salt-induced conforma- agents studied expands differences become tionf evident. TM 10, stated to have no effect Considerations based on the efficacy on response to stimulation of cholinergic of negatively charged (as well as neutral) nerves, boasts a strong muscarinic action. polymers, the molecular weight dependence, Ergot alkaloids per contra exhibit nicotinic and polymer theory suggest that the inter- properties. Both are adrenergic blockers: action of the polymers with DNA is es- both block transmission to sweat glands. sentially repulsive. It may be inferred TM 10 in the process of so doing depolarizes that the new conformation, as well as the sweat gland cells. Hydrogenated ergot in vivo state with which it may putatively alkaloids do not. Thus the open question, be identified, is determined largely by aside from the fact that TM 10 does affect intramolecular interactions intrinsic to response to stimulation of "cholinergic" DNA when subjected to rather nonspecific nerves, is whether TM 10 depolarizes constraints imposed by nearby proteins sweat gland cells by muscarinic action and or the polymers. blocks by antiadrenergic action, or whether by depolarizing sweat gland cells, whatever the means, TM 10 prevents them from de- L. S. LERMAN, C. F. JORDAN veloping an action potential. Failure J. H. VENABLE, JR., of postjunctional structures to act as P.My otherwise they would to prejunctional im- pulses, for whatever reason, is block! DAVID P. C. LLOYD, A. E. U. EDISEN Vanerbilt University Rockefeller University Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 244 N. A. S. ANNUAL MEETING 1970 PROC. N. A. S.

Blood-Clock Barrier: H2180 given in drinking water in a 100% Its Penetration by Heavy Water concentration had no effect on the clock. Nature of the barrier remains unknown. Evidence at hand indicates existence of IBruce, V. G., and C. S. Pittendrigh. a barrier between the blood and the 24-hr "An effect of heavy water on the phase and clock-a blood-clock barrier. period of the circadian rhythm in Euglena." Until recently, not one of many sub- J. Cell. and Comp. Physiol., 56, No. 1, 25-31; stances tried by various workers pene- August2 Suter,1960.R. B., and K. S. Rawson. "Circa- tratedtratethisthisbarrir.barrier. BuceBruce adand Piten-Pitten- dian activity rhythm of the deer mouse, drigh,l however, reported that heavy water Peromyscus: effect of deuterium oxide. slowed the clock of the single-celled micro- Science, 160, 1011-1014, May 31, 1968. organism, Euglena; and Suter and Raw- CURT P. RICHTER son,2 that heavy water administered in drinking water slowed the clock of the mouse, Peromyscus. We confirmed these observations in rats. In Suter and Raw- son's experiments, the clock was freed from Ultrastructural Study of the Sites of light by keeping the mice in constant dark- Origin and Release of a Cellular ness; in our experiments, by blinding the Product in the Corpus Allatum rats. of Insects It has now been found that the strictly "dark" active hamster, when simply The corpus allatum of insects is the kept in alternating 12-hr periods of light source of an important morphogenetic and darkness, becomes an ideal animal for principle, the juvenile hormone. Ultra- studies on penetration of the clock by structural evidence for the manufacture heavy water and also for gathering infor- and release of distinctive cellular products mation about functioning of the clock and in this endocrine gland is, therefore, of synchronization of the clock and light. interest. One such product, first detected Hamsters were given heavy water in drink- in the cockroach Leucophaea maderae, is ing tubes in concentrations ranging from readily identified by its morphological 1 to 100% (98.8% D20) for periods of 15 characteristics which permit it to be traced to 50 days. In most hamsters, lines of through an extracellular pathway that onsets of the daily active periods are closely affords access to the circulation. The synchronized with the start of the dark highly electron dense material makes its periods. Divergences of these lines of first appearance within Golgi elements of onsets were used to measure effects of corpus allatum cells and then seems to heavy water. On D20, onsets occurred aggregate within cisternae of the smooth later each day with great regularity. These endoplasmic reticulum. Under the vari- readings showed that: (1) times of onsets ous conditions of tissue preparation used, were delayed in direct proportion to con- assemblies of this secretory product tend centrations of heavy water-1% concen- to acquire a regularly structured (often trations had a doubtful effect, while 100% crystalloid) appearance. The resulting concentrations slowed the clock by 4 hr; pattern, although frequently obscured by (2) when lines of onsets approached start excessive electron density, is nevertheless of the 12-hr light period, the clocks be- very characteristic. Small, more or less came disrupted so that no sign of the clock angular bodies can be readily identified remained. Some animals stopped eating; both intra- and extracellularly. Wedged one died; (3) in some, the clocks gradually between the plasma membranes of adja- resumed their activity at the start of the cent cells, they seem to squeeze their way dark period and at their previous rate. into the more spacious stromal compart- Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 VOL. 66, 1970 N. A. S. ANNUAL MEETING 1970 245

ment that constitutes the partitions and basis that an IQ increment for a white the sheath of the gland. Within this ma- pulls up with it other personality traits trix, larger aggregates (diameters up to valuable for earning power to a greater 1.2 ,1) of this conspicuous material may extent than does an equal IQ increment for be stored for an undetermined time. They a Negro. By demonstrating that dis- lose their identity prior to entry into the crimination and prejudice need not be the hemolymph. The dynamics of synthesis only remaining cause of earning disad- and release of this cellular product appear vantages for Negroes after allowing for to be related to variations in physiological IQ and other factors, the cooperative cor- states, but a possible correlation with the relation theory may widen possible re- changing pattern of juvenile hormone pro- search approaches to social ills-a valuable duction remains to be demonstrated. first step on any remedial path. BERTA SCHARRER W. SHOCKLEY Albert Einstein College of Medicine Stanford University

"Cooperative Correlation" Hypothesis for Racial Differences in Earning Power The Staining of Specific Macromolecules for Electron The "cooperative correlation" theory is Microscopy based on known correlations between vari- ous mental traits including personality The high degree of specificity of the traits and intelligence. Data in the Cole- reaction of antibodies and their antigens man, H. E. W. report Equality of Educa- makes antibodies ideal reagents with tional Opportuntty show pronounced racial which to detect and localize their specific differences for correlation between student macromolecular antigens. By coupling attitudes and achievement test perform- to the antibody the electron-dense protein ance. Increased interest in school is as- ferritin, individual antibody (and hence sociated with improved achievement about antigen) molecules may be detected in four times less strongly for Negroes than electron microscopy with a resolution of for white and for orientals (correlation about 300 A. The availability of a new coefficients 0.07, 0.30, and 0.25 respec- and chemically mild method of embedding tively). Comparable correlations of about cells and tissues, the cross-linked bovine 0.25 i 0.1 for whites have been extracted serum albumin method, permits the spe- from data in The Gifted Group at Midlife cific ferritin-antibody staining of intra- of Terman's Genetic Studies of Genius. and extracellular macromolecules on thin These high achievers averaged 151 IQ sections. To illustrate the specificity of or three sigma (standard deviation units) staining, and the potential applications above average and had an earning dis- of the method, several systems have been tribution 1.45 sigma above the national examined, including hemoglobin in red average. Current best estimates (personal blood cells, T4 bacteriophage in infected communication from Phillips Cutright, E. coli cells, alkaline phosphatase in E. coli Joint Center for Urban Studies, M.I.T. cells, and the myelin-specific basic protein and Harvard) of the correlation coeffi- in myelinated nerve fibers. cients between earnings and intelligence S. J. SINGER, J. D. MCLEAN are 0.36 for whites and 0.15 for Negroes. K.J.KSINGE , H. HIRAN The cooperative correlation model ex- K. TOKUYA5U, H. HIRANO plains this large racial difference on the University of California, San Diego Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 246 N. A. S. ANNUAL MEETING 1970 PROC. N. A. S.

Light-Dependent Structural Changes in surement of their capacity for phosphoryl- Isolated Chloroplasts ation. By varying the illumination time of pre-darkened chloroplasts it was possi- The distance between the lamellar mem- ble to demonstrate that structural changes branes of isolated spinach chloroplasts in the chloroplasts and their potential for fixed by glutaraldehyde-acrolein in the dark-phosphorylation after illumination dark or after varying periods of illumina- showed a very similar dependence upon tion was measured by electron microscopy. the time of illumination. This suggests The interlamellar distance decreased upon a relationship between the observed struc- illumination by an amount which depended tural changes and the generation of high upon the illumination time, experimental energy intermediate(s) in photophospho- conditions, and the condition of the spinach rylation. The time-course of the light- from which the chloroplasts were isolated. dependent decrease in interlamellar dis- Under optimal conditions, a decrease in tance and of the light-dependent increase interlamellar distance of 21.4% (224 ±t in light scattering of isolated chloroplasts 22 Ato 176 d= 25 X) occurred during 20-30 were different. The light-dependent de- sec illumination of the chloroplasts; 32% crease of interlamellar distance was 68% of this decrease occurred during the-first inhibited by 10-4 M carbonyl cyanide 5 sec. With apparatus designed to sep- meta-chlorophenylhydrazone. arate the light and dark phases of photo- phosphorylation, chloroplasts could be JUNE E. SUNDQUIST fixed for electron microscopy and samples R. H. BURRIS could be taken simultaneously for mea- University of Wisconsin Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021