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India: Some Reviews of Literature Related to Religions and Development Religions and Development Research Programme India: Some Reviews of Literature Related to Religions and Development Edited by the Religions and Development Research Programme University of Birmingham Working Paper 10 - 2008 Religions and Development Research Programme The Religions and Development Research Programme Consortium is an international research partnership that is exploring the relationships between several major world religions, development in low-income countries and poverty reduction. The programme is comprised of a series of comparative research projects that are addressing the following questions: z How do religious values and beliefs drive the actions and interactions of individuals and faith-based organisations? z How do religious values and beliefs and religious organisations influence the relationships between states and societies? z In what ways do faith communities interact with development actors and what are the outcomes with respect to the achievement of development goals? The research aims to provide knowledge and tools to enable dialogue between development partners and contribute to the achievement of development goals. We believe that our role as researchers is not to make judgements about the truth or desirability of particular values or beliefs, nor is it to urge a greater or lesser role for religion in achieving development objectives. Instead, our aim is to produce systematic and reliable knowledge and better understanding of the social world. The research focuses on four countries (India, Pakistan, Nigeria and Tanzania), enabling the research team to study most of the major world religions: Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism and African traditional belief systems. The research projects will compare two or more of the focus countries, regions within the countries, different religious traditions and selected development activities and policies. The consortium consists of six research partner organisations, each of which is working with other researchers in the four focus countries: z University of Birmingham, UK: International Development Department, Department of Theology and Religion, Centre for West African Studies, Centre for the Study of Global Ethics. z University of Bath, UK: Centre for Development Studies. z Indian Institute of Dalit Studies, New Delhi. z Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research, Ibadan. z University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. z Lahore University of Management Sciences, Pakistan. In addition to the research partners, links have been forged with non-academic and non-government bodies, including Islamic Relief. http://www.rad.bham.ac.uk Contact: [email protected] Religions and Development Working Paper 10 India: Some Reviews of Literature Related to Religions and Development Edited by the Religions and Development Research Programme University of Birmingham ISBN: 0 7044 2655 2 978 0 7044 2655 9 © International Development Department, University of Birmingham This document is an output from a project funded by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) for the benefit of developing countries. The views expressed are not necessarily those of DFID. 2 Working Paper 10 India: Some Reviews of Literature Related to Religions and Development Contents Preface Introduction 1 Chapter 1 3 Religion and development in India: an introduction Surinder S. Jodhka Chapter 2 19 Religion in the making of modern India: an historical profile Umakant Mishra Chapter 3 43 Some demographic aspects of the religious communities of India Umakant Mishra Chapter 4 63 Contributions of Roman Catholic FBOs in the field of education T.A John Chapter 5 76 Religion and development in North-east India: A sociological understanding Ksh Imokanta Singh Chapter 6 101 Mapping faith-based organizations at State level – a preliminary study of Bihar Purushottam Mishra 2 Working Paper 10 Preface As part of the initial work of the Religions and Development Research Programme, a number of reviews of the literature emerging from various disciplines were undertaken, as one part of an attempt to identify work relevant to the research programme and assist in the clarification of key concepts, contribute to conceptual thinking and inform the design of new empirical research (see back cover). A second component of the preparatory work was comprised of reviews of the available literature in the focus countries of the research programme: India, Nigeria, Tanzania and Pakistan. Some initial members of the research teams in these countries had participated in the design of the programme and were entrusted with commissioning these literature reviews. Each approached the task somewhat differently, depending in part on the nature of the materials available to them. In the Indian case, decades of academic endeavour and an indigenous publishing industry mean that there is a great deal of published literature on which to draw, in addition to secondary sources. This is less so in the other three countries, where the intention was, above all, to identify the secondary material available in the absence of very much directly relevant published literature. Relatively short-term and constrained exercises, these reviews were seen as preliminary and it was anticipated that they would be incomplete. The intention is that each of the specific research components to be carried out between 2006 and 2010 will build on the disciplinary and country reviews to prepare more detailed reviews of the literature relevant to their research questions, as a preliminary to new empirical work. In the Indian case, the then country coordinator commissioned seventeen preliminary papers that were presented at a workshop held at Jawarharlal Nehru University in Delhi in 2006. Following the workshop, a number of the presenters were asked to revise their papers for inclusion in an edited collection. This working paper represents a selection of the best of the revised papers. It has been further edited at the University of Birmingham. The Religions and Development Research Programme is responsible for the final selection of the papers that have been included. Without the hard work of Umakant Mishra in the earlier stages of the project, this collection would not have been published – his contribution was invaluable. The assistance of Tamsin Bradley, Research Associate of the RaD programme, London Metropolitan University, with the final editing is gratefully acknowledged. Carole Rakodi Director, Religions and Development Research Programme India: Some Reviews of Literature Related to Religions and Development 1 Introduction This collection of essays is intended to assist in the development of an inter-disciplinary framework for understanding religions and development in modern India.1 It was motivated by the increasing realization amongst social scientists that there is a need to take faith seriously in understanding the complexity of discourses of development, as promoted by the imperatives of democratic nation- building in post-colonial India. The first chapter, entitled “Religion and development in India: an introduction” is written by Professor Surinder Singh Jodhka, who contextualizes the study of religion and development in post- Independence India. He reminds us that India had to negotiate numerous challenges in the immediate aftermath of Independence. Independence from colonial rule saw the largest ever uprooting and migration of people on religious lines, along the India and Pakistan border. The communal bloodshed, assassination of Gandhi and refugee situation in the immediate aftermath of 1947 convinced Indian leaders that religion must be kept a private affair, and there must not be any role for religion in the public sphere. India adopted secularism as a state policy and turned its attention to economic development through a command economy. The author of this opening chapter then goes on to highlight that, despite the centrality of religion in India, it did not acquire centrality in the research agenda of any of the social science disciplines. Issues of development have been left mostly to economists. According to Professor Jodhka, the continued poverty of the vast majority of Indians, together with the failure of the command economy and its subsequent liberalization raises serious questions about the secular policies pursued since Independence. The second chapter is written by Dr. Umakant Mishra and is entitled “Religion in the making of modern India: an historical profile”. He looks at Indian responses to the challenges of the colonial discourse on Indian poverty and its cultural roots in the colonial and post-colonial periods. He reviews a series of studies that have critically analysed the core values of religion in the Indian context of development. The Indian tradition emphasizes material wellbeing, wealth and salvation, but all three goals of human life should, it is argued by many, be anchored in the principle of dharma. On the other hand, the colonial discourse located Indian poverty in the cultural traditions of India. Indian responses to this view were varied and complex and Dr. Mishra examines some of these responses in 19th and 20th century India. Alternative models of development attempted to anchor themselves in indigenous value systems, especially those with religious roots. 2 Working Paper 10 Chapter Three, also by Umakant Mishra, is a preliminary analysis of some demographic aspects of the religious communities of India. The chapter analyses different indicators of development, such as literacy, education
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