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The Sea Harrier Story

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The Sea Harrier Story MILITARY HISTORY SEA HARRIER NAVAL UPS ANDTHE SEA DOWNS HARRIER STORY The Indian Navy has just retired its remaining Sea Harriers, ten years after the UK’s were withdrawn. Richard Freail looks at the development and service of the British Aerospace Sea Harrier he UK’s declining overseas In a devastating blow for UK naval decommissioning of serving carriers, commitments in the post- aviation, the decision was taken in although HMS Ark Royal continued war years resulted in a 1966 to phase out the Fleet Air Arm’s until the end of the 1970s. Meanwhile, rapidly diminishing Royal (FAA) fixed-wing aircraft and cancel the FAA’s McDonnell Douglas F-4 TNavy (RN) fleet and a much smaller the planned CVA-01 large aircraft Phantoms and Hawker Siddeley defence budget for the armed forces. carriers. There followed a fairly rapid Buccaneers were transferred to the The ‘Ski Jump’ idea was proposed in 1973 and tests saw increasing angles of slope employed to help increase the aircraft’s upward velocity as it launched into the sky 58 JETS May/June 2016 Although the P.1127 made the first vertical deck landing by a fixed-wing aircraft in February 1963, a number of other trials were conducted before the Sea Harrier was finally ordered more than a decade later. Here, a pair of Kestrels from the Evaluation Squadron operate from a US carrier in the mid-60s Sea Harrier FRS.1 XZ438 seen during assembly at Dunsfold in 1978 PRMAVIA Collection RAF to make up for shortfalls following the cancellation of several key projects. The fleet was to be left without proper air cover for the first time in over half a century. However, in 1969 the RN suggested the ‘Through-deck Cruiser’, which would have three roles: the deployment of anti- submarine warfare (ASW) helicopters; the command and control of naval and maritime air forces; and a contribution to air defence. Neatly avoiding the politically sensitive The first production Sea Harrier FRS.1 was XZ450, which completed its maiden flight from suggestion of bringing back large carriers Dunsfold on August 28, 1978 with John Farley at the controls. It is seen here on an early test flight these new smaller ships, nevertheless, provided a significant deck area; if they were was cleared for ship deployment despite small squadrons of just six aircraft onto capable of operating helicopters then they having no air defence capability and also each of the three new ‘Command Cruisers’ could accommodate V/STOL aircraft. being assigned to cover NATO’s northern HMS Invincible, HMS Illustrious and HMS Ark Although the V/STOL Hawker P.1127 flank (Norway) in a time of war. Royal. However, the number delivered would was entering service with the RAF as the Hawker Siddeley had previously suggested eventually rise to 57. Harrier, the RN had no interest. Previously, a ‘Maritime Harrier’ in the late 1960s, which Money was also provided to convert two, it had examined the possibility of operating was radically different to the land-based and later a third, two-seat Hawker Hunter a supersonic VTOL aircraft, the Hawker version, but received little official interest. aircraft (XL580, XL602 and XL603) to T.8M P.1154, but that turned into a debacle as However, following Navy pressure the configuration with the Sea Harrier’s Blue both services fought for supremacy over the government awarded the manufacturer a Fox radar, for training. A single Harrier T.2 project. In August 1963 the RN declared it a design study contact in 1972 for a ship- would also be loaned from the RAF. ‘second rate interceptor’ and opted instead borne Harrier. for the F-4 Phantom. This was against the Just two years later, the RN pointed out Development backdrop of a P.1127, XP831, making the that five embarked ‘Sea Harriers’ would be Limited funds ensured there would be no first vertical deck landing by a fixed-wing capable of providing one airborne aircraft radical re-design of the Harrier; instead the Harrier GR.3 formed the basis for the sea variant. The changes essentially fell into two Sea Harriers shot down at least groups – those required for the aircraft to 20 Argentinean aircraft in undertake its designated roles and those necessary for the Harrier to withstand the air-to-air combat rigours of naval operations. Ferranti’s Blue Fox radar was fitted, aircraft in February 1963, onto HMS Ark for fleet defence for 97% of the time with developed from the Seaspray unit found in Royal. Throughout the 1960s, with the British another on standby on deck for over 90% Westland Lynx helicopters. The weapons and Americans conducting sea trials, the of the time. For the RAF to provide two F-4 system incorporated a larger Smiths HUD body of knowledge rapidly increased and Phantoms on patrol, at 750 miles distance and digital computer with air-to-air and it appeared there was nothing to prevent from their base, would require 12 Phantoms air-to-surface capabilities. As per the GR.3, regular Harrier deployment and operations and ten Handley Page Victor tankers (from there were five weapons pylons – two from suitably sized decks. fleets of 30 and 19 airframes). under each wing and one under the fuselage The RN therefore argued that the – in addition to the two gun pods. However, Maritime Harrier Harrier should be ordered for attack, a wider range of weapons could be carried With diminishing carriers and fixed-wing reconnaissance and all-weather defence including the AIM-9 Sidewinder (on the aircraft, the plan was that the RAF would operations at sea, and in May 1975 the first outboard pylons) and the Harpoon and provide worldwide air cover for the fleet – a batch of 24 Sea Harriers were contracted Martell missiles. The aircraft was also cleared somewhat fanciful notion at best. by the government. The order was limited to carry nuclear weapons. By 1971, the Harriers of the RAF’s 1 Sqn because it was intended to embark only The forward fuselage gained a reshaped May/June 2016 JETS 59 MILITARY HISTORY SEA HARRIER The FRS.1 entered service with the The most notable difference between the Sea Harrier and the standard aircraft was the FRS.1’s FAA in 1979 and the aircraft were reshaped nose (to accommodate the new radar) and the canopy, which was enlarged and raised by soon embarked with the fleet approximately 11in to provide a better all-round view A Sea Harrier taxies into a parking spot alongside three squadron mates while deployed aboard the USS Dwight D Eisenhower in October 1984 US Navy Operations at sea required the removal of all magnesium from the engine and airframe and replacement by aluminium, which resulted in a small weight increase. The GR.3’s reaction control system was tweaked to improve performance in the hover with smaller control inputs giving larger movement of the nozzles. The airframe was also strengthened for carrier operations nose to accommodate the new radar while was tweaked to improve performance end of the aircraft’s take-off run would the cockpit was raised by approximately in the hover with smaller control inputs increase the machine’s upward velocity 11in which gave the additional benefit, with giving larger movement of the nozzles. as it launched into the sky. It also had the a larger canopy, of providing a better all- The airframe was strengthened for carrier advantage of lowering take-off speeds and round view – essential in a fighter aircraft. operations, but following operational allowing greater loads to be carried. The The radome was hinged to facilitate experience this proved to be insufficient and MoD and Hawker Siddeley developed on-board storage. Within the cockpit a further significant work was required to the computer models and a ramp was Martin-Baker Mk.10 zero-zero ejection rear fuselage. constructed at RAE Bedford. The first launch seat was provided together with a new The first production Sea Harrier FRS.1 took place on August 5, 1977 when John oxygen system. The RAF’s Inertial Navigation (XZ450) completed its maiden flight from Farley piloted Harrier GR.1 XV281. Initially, and Attack System (INAS) was replaced Dunsfold with John Farley at the controls on the ramp was set at six degrees with later with the Navigation, Heading and Attitude August 28, 1978. This aircraft was followed by trials being conducted at 12 degrees and 20 degrees – the latter producing significant The Intensive Flight Trials Unit stresses on the undercarriage and adjacent airframe but a take-off speed of just 42kts. was dogged by problems caused by The successful trials, undertaken with industrial action both single and twin-seat Harriers, resulted in a seven-degree ramp being installed Reference System (NAVHARS), which was three development examples, used for the on HMS Invincible and subsequently HMS quicker to align. majority of development and clearance trials, Illustrious. A greater angle was impossible at The 21,500lb/thrust Rolls-Royce Pegasus XZ438 (first flew in December 1978), XZ439 that time due to the ships’ forward-mounted 104 powerplant was selected and fitted (March 1979) and XZ440 (June 1979). Sea Dart missiles. The final ship, HMS Ark with an improved gearbox and generator Royal, which was not commissioned until to provide more power for the avionics. Ski Jump 1985, had a 12-degree ramp with a 40ft Operations at sea required the removal A key element in the development and extension – capable of launching a Sea of all magnesium from the engine and deployment of the Harrier for carrier Harrier at its maximum weight. In 1980/1 airframe and replacement by (less-reactive) operations was the ‘Ski Jump’, an idea HMS Hermes (a Centaur-class carrier that aluminium, which resulted in a small weight proposed by Lt Cdr Taylor in 1973.
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