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Transforming Brownfield Sites Into Urban Areas in Shenzhen Soil Contamination As a Threat for Urban Areas with an Industrial Past , a Case Study in Huaqiangbei

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Transforming Brownfield Sites Into Urban Areas in Shenzhen Soil Contamination As a Threat for Urban Areas with an Industrial Past , a Case Study in Huaqiangbei Transforming Brownfield Sites into Urban Areas in Shenzhen Soil contamination as a threat for urban areas with an industrial past , a case study in Huaqiangbei Student: C. (Cor) Bollemeijer Student number: 11044101 Deadline: 15 August 2016 Course: Master Thesis Urban and Regional Planning Course manager: B.M. Hissink Muller Supervisors: M.A. Bontje & C.W. Yang Second reader: M. Giezen School: University of Amsterdam Department: Graduate School of Social Sciences Partner: International New Towns Institute (INTI) Transforming Brownfield Sites into Urban Areas in Shenzhen C. Bollemeijer University of Amsterdam i Transforming Brownfield Sites into Urban Areas in Shenzhen C. Bollemeijer Abstract There is a wealth of literature describing problems with soil contamination by brownfield redevelopment in western cases. This literature is missing for the Chinese context where redevelopment goes on a higher pace than in the western world and they deal with a different juridical system and culture. This thesis is based on a case study of the Huaqiangbei area in Shenzhen. The area experienced rapid change from an agricultural use, to an industrial area and functions nowadays as a mixed use urban area. Potential soil contamination due to the industrial past did not seem to play a role in the decision making process. The leading question in this thesis is: What causes the lack of attention for soil contamination in the transformation processes of brownfields into a liveable neighbourhood in Huaqiangbei? This question is answered with the help of data that is gathered by semi-structured interviews. This data is analysed with Kingdon’s ‘streams’ model that distinguishes between a problem, policy and politics stream. The inhabitants of the area are not aware of the potential soil contamination and none of the parties took the responsibility to do measurement to check if the soil is polluted. Official rules are insufficient and the existing rules are not strict enough enforced. Awareness about the risks of soil contamination is growing by the population, due to some recent publications. Governments start to see the need for stricter enforcement of the rules. A policy window for a new approach to fight soil contamination did not arise yet, however the streams are still on the move, so the policy window might arise soon. Keywords: Brownfield Redevelopment, Brownfield Transformation, Futian, Huaqiangbei, Residential Areas, Urban growth, Urban Planning, Shenzhen, Soil Contamination University of Amsterdam b Transforming Brownfield Sites into Urban Areas in Shenzhen C. Bollemeijer Preface This work is written as a graduation thesis of the Master programme of Urban and Regional Planning of the University of Amsterdam. It is the final work as a student of the University of Amsterdam after a successful and educative one year Master programme. I chose the topic of brownfield redevelopment, since I am personally interested in this topic for many years. In today’s society there is more and more attention on sustainability. It is also important to take this into account for one of the most valuable assets we have, the land. Brownfield redevelopment is recycling of previously used lands and contributes to urban sustainability. It is interesting and useful to identify and overcome the barriers for those redevelopment projects and learn from best practises and mistakes that are made in the past. The reason to do this research in Shenzhen, instead of my home country, the Netherlands, is that there is already a lot of literature and knowledge available about Western cases of brownfield redevelopment. I strongly believe that China deals with different issues for brownfield redevelopment, since this happens in a very different context. It is important to improve the brownfield redevelopment in China, because a huge and still increasing part of the world population lives in Chinese cities. It is important that those people can live in a safe and healthy environment. I hope that you find the topic interesting like I do and that you will enjoy reading this thesis. Cor Bollemeijer Delft, July 2016 University of Amsterdam c Transforming Brownfield Sites into Urban Areas in Shenzhen C. Bollemeijer Acknowledgments This thesis would not be what it is right now without the help of several people. I would like to thank Linda Vlassenrood from the International New Town Institute for all her help with the preparation of our stay in Shenzhen. Her support was not only a great help in the preparation phase, but also during our stay in Shenzhen. She made a very interesting programme in the first week, in which we got introduced to several valuable organisations and people in Shenzhen. I would also express my gratitude to Marco Bontje and Chingwen Yang for all the tips and feedback on my work. Those critical comments were very useful to improve this thesis. Chingwen was also of great support for us during our stay in Shenzhen, since she helped us a lot to overcome the language barrier between the Chinese presenters and us during the introduction week. I would like to thank all the employees of the Shenzhen Center for Design for their hospitality in their office. We were anytime welcome to work there on our thesis during our stay in Shenzhen. When we had questions they were also of great help. Another important place where I made great progress in the writing part of my thesis was Gee Coffee Roasters, a coffee bar in OCT Loft. I spend there a lot of mornings writing my thesis. They were always interested in what I was doing and offered a helping hand when I had questions about China in general. Furthermore, I would like to express my gratitude to all the people willing to share their knowledge with me during the interviews. Without them I would not have been able to grasp the Chinese planning system. They were also essential to gather the needed information about Huaqiangbei and the redevelopment process. It were not just interviewees in Shenzhen that helped me to answer several questions, but also some professors in the Netherlands. They helped me to understand which kind of pollution can be expected and which risks there are for human health. A group of Chinese students from Peking University and Shenzhen University were also of great help. They supported me with practical issues like writing emails to government officials, understanding the Chinese context and gave me a sneak preview in the Chinese culture. Furthermore, I would like to thank the other students of the ‘Shenzhen’ master thesis group. My stay in Shenzhen would not have been that pleasant without them. They were also always ready to help and give advice in case I had practical and academic challenges. Last but not least I would like to thank Posta Éva and Eva Führer for proof reading this thesis and all their useful comments. Without their comments the thesis would not be of the same quality as it is right now. University of Amsterdam d Transforming Brownfield Sites into Urban Areas in Shenzhen C. Bollemeijer Table of Contents Abstract b Preface c Acknowledgments d 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Available knowledge 1 1.2. Knowledge gap 2 1.3. Relevance 2 1.4. Outline 3 Section 1 - Theory 5 2. Brownfield redevelopment 6 2.1. Importance of brownfield redevelopment 6 2.2. Challenges 6 2.3. Soil contamination 7 3. China 8 3.1. Shenzhen 8 3.2. Formal planning system in Shenzhen 10 3.3. Different contexts 11 4. Kingdon’s ‘streams’ model 13 4.1. An introduction to Kingdon’s model 13 4.2. The choice for Kingdon 14 4.3. Limitations of Kingdon’s model 15 4.4. An example of a policy window in China (Air quality) 15 4.5. The ‘streams’ model in this thesis 16 Section 2 - Research 17 5. Research questions 18 5.1. Main research question 18 5.2. Sub-questions 18 6. Concepts 20 6.1. Definition of core concepts 20 6.2. Conceptual model 22 7. Research design 23 7.1. Methodology 23 7.2. Site assessment 23 7.3. Process analysis 25 7.4. Ethical aspects 26 Section 3 - Case Study 29 8. Case: Huaqiangbei 30 8.1. Futian 30 8.2. Huaqiangbei 31 9. Problem stream 33 9.1. Former industries and possible health effects 33 9.2. Perception of health conditions 35 University of Amsterdam e Transforming Brownfield Sites into Urban Areas in Shenzhen C. Bollemeijer 9.3. Conclusion of the problem stream in Huaqiangbei 36 9.4. Changes in the stream 36 10. Politics stream 37 10.1. Stakeholders 37 10.2. Power in the decision making process 39 10.3. Conclusion of the politics stream in Huaqiangbei 40 10.4. Changes in the stream 40 11. Policy stream 41 11.1. Redevelopment process 41 11.2. Actual policies and regulations 42 11.3. Conclusion of the policy stream in Huaqiangbei 42 11.4. Changes in the stream 42 Section 1 - Results & Advice 43 12. Conclusions 44 13. Towards a policy window 47 13.1. Policy recommendations 47 13.2. Recommendations for further research 47 14. Discussion 48 14.1. Collected data 48 14.2. Contribution to academic field 48 14.3. Limitations 48 14.4. Consequences of limitations 49 14.5. Improvements suggestions 49 References 50 Appendices 55 Appendix 1: Topic lists of semi-structured interviews i Researchers and Academics ii Commercial Stakeholders iii Civil Servants iv Inhabitants v Appendix 2: Interview reports vi Respondent RA1, Researcher of Huaqiangbei Area vii Respondent RA2, Professor in Urban Planning ix Respondent RA3, Researcher Environment Science xi Respondent RA4, Professor Environmental Impact Assessment xiii Respondent RA5, Professor Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology xv Respondent RA6, Professor Environmental Chemistry xvi Respondent RA7, Professor Environmental Technology xvii Respondent CS1, Architect in Shenzhen xviii Respondent CS2, Employee Wonder Shine Real Estate in Huaqiangbei xx Respondent CS3, Employee of Huaqiang Group xxi Respondent CS4, Employee of Avic Real Estate xxii Respondent C1, Civil servant of Huaqiangbei sub-district office xxiii Respondent C2, Employee of Huaqiangbei Chamber of Commerce xxiv Respondent C3, Civil Servant of Futian Planning Department xxv University of Amsterdam f Transforming Brownfield Sites into Urban Areas in Shenzhen C.
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