Introduction Cross-Cultural Vernacular Landscapes of Southern Arizona A Field Guide for the Vernacular Architecture Forum 25th Anniversary Conference Tucson Arizona 2005 Edited by: Laura H. Hollengreen R. Brooks Jeffery Conference Sponsors: Preservation Studies, College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, The University of Arizona The Southwest Center, The University of Arizona Additional funding for this publication has been provided by: The Robidoux Foundation The Southwestern Foundation for Education and Historical Preservation Copyright © 2005 by the Vernacular Architecture Forum. All rights reserved. Essays, articles, and illustrations appearing in this publication may not be reproduced, in any form, except for classroom and non-commercial use, without permission from the Vernacular Architecture Forum, www.vernaculararchitectureforum.org. i TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments iv Table of Maps vii Foreword (Laura H. Hollengreen) 1 Introduction (R. Brooks Jeffery) 3 Chronology 5 I. Vernacular Landscapes in Context 12 1. Matthew Sterner 15 Native American Architecture of Southern Arizona 2. John Messina 27 Architecture and Urbanism of the Pimería Alta during the Periods of Spanish Colonization and Mexican Independence, 1692-1854 3. Anne M. Nequette 43 Architecture of the Territorial Period in Southern Arizona, 1848-1912 4. Josephine Antoinette Hilliard and Matthew Sterner 55 Cattle Ranching and Ranch Architecture in Southern Arizona 5. James E. Ayres and Janet H. Parkhurst 71 Mining and Mining Towns in Southern Arizona 6. R. Brooks Jeffery 87 20th-Century Residential Landscapes 7. Melissa J. Huber and Michael Lovato 95 Traditional Typologies — New Applications ii II. Tour Site Descriptions 104 Thursday Tours Southern Arizona 8. San Xavier del Bac (John Messina) 109 9. Canoa Ranch (Josephine Antoinette Hilliard) 117 10. Tumacácori (John Messina) 127 11. Patagonia (R. Brooks Jeffery) 133 12. Empire Ranch (Simon Herbert) 141 Friday Tours 13. Mining Towns (Janet Parkhurst and Harris Sobin 149 with the assistance of R. Brooks Jeffery) 14. Downtown Tucson Historic Districts 173 El Presidio (University of Arizona students coordinated by Andrew Gorski) 173 Barrio Viejo (University of Arizona students coordinated by Andrew Gorski) 202 15. Tumamoc Hill and University Indian Ruin (Paul Fish) 219 16. 20th-Centurt Residential Landscapes (R. Brooks Jeffery) 229 Sidebars (R.D. Phares) Tequila 124 Desert Flora 202 Music 224 Glossary of Terms 246 Selected Bibliography (compiled with the assistance of Tania Messina) 248 Notes on Contributors 250 Index 254 iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A collaborative enterprise such as the compilation of this volume and the organization of the conference for which it was produced entails the chal- lenge of coordinating the contributions of many people and institutions but also, at the end, the very real pleasure of thanking all those who put their resources, expertise, and time to work for the common cause. Thanks must go first to the conference organizing committee in Tucson, Arizona, led by R. Brooks Jeffery as Conference Coordinator, John Messina as Conference Vice-Coordinator, Cynthia Lindquist, Conference Planner, Lupita Cruz, Conference Business Manager, and Laura H. Hollengreen, Field Guide Editor. The following members of the commit- tee have also devoted countless hours and unfailing support to the effort; without them, the conference would not have taken place and the Field Guide would not have been published. They are James E. Ayres, Mark Barmann, Susan Bartlett, Catherine Gilman, Andrew Gorski, Simon Herbert, Josephine Antoinette Hilliard, Melissa J. Huber, Michael Lovato, Bill Mackey, Anne M. Nequette, Janet Parkhurst, Matthew Sterner, James Turner, and Stephen Vollmer. Next, the conference organizing committee wishes to thank the following private property owners for graciously allowing access to their homes for purposes of documentation and again as destinations on the VAF tours: Rocky and Wendy Brittain, Burns and Wald-Hopkins Architects, Chris Carroll and Susan Aiken, John Crow, David and Billie Hardy, Rick Joy, Tom Peterson, Abigail Roanhorse, Ilya Sloan, Tony and Mary-Helen Valdez, Joe and Peggy Wilder, and Emily Wilson. In preparing for the tour of the Downtown Tucson Historic Districts, several University of Arizona students participated in the field work necessary to produce the associated floor plans published in this volume: Julia Arriola, Jessi Faust, Ariel Fisher, Katie Gannon, Lisa Gavioli, Geoffrey Gay, Katrina Ledy, Joy Lyndes, and Davita Mueller. The following organizations and institutions, and the contact persons named, have made it possible to mount the conference by providing sup- port in any number of ways: Arizona Historical Society, Southern Arizona Division—Deborah Shelton, Acting Director; Arizona State Museum— iv Paul Fish, Curator of Archaeology; Barrio Viejo Association—Eddie Flores; Bureau of Land Management—Max Witkind and Shela McFarlin, Field Area Manager; City of Tucson Historic Preservation Office—J.T. Fey and Marty McCune; Desert Archaeology Inc.—Homer Thiel, Research Archaeologist and William Doelle, President; Design W, LLC—Arturo Vazquez; Empire Ranch Foundation—Bruce Lehman, Board Member; Franciscan Fathers of San Xavier; Patagonia Public Library—Jeffrey Cooper, Librarian; Patagonia Women’s Club/Cady Hall—Maureen O’Brien, President; Patronato San Xavier—Bunny Fontana, President; Pima County—Robie Pardee, Canoa Ranch Manager, and Linda Mayro, Cultural Resources Manager; El Presidio Historic District Advisory Board—Ilya Sloan; Ryden Architects—Don Ryden; Saint Philip’s in the Hills Episcopal Church—John Kitagawa, Rector; Southwest Center, The University of Arizona—Joe Wilder, Director; Statistical Research Inc.— Jeffery Altschul, President; Tucson Museum of Art—Laurie Rufe, Director; Tumacácori National Historic Park—David Yubeta and Ann Rasor, Superintendent; Vint and Associates, Architects—Bob Vint; Winterhaven Neighborhood Association—Ray Brice; and Preservation Studies Program, College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, The University of Arizona—R. Brooks Jeffery, Coordinator and Interim Associate Dean. Last but certainly not least, the committee acknowledges with gratitude the funding support that has been provided by several organizations and institutions: the College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, The University of Arizona, for conference planning; the Robidoux Foundation, for design and publication of the VAF Field Guide; the Southwest Center, The University of Arizona, for conference planning; the Southwestern Foundation for Education and Historical Preservation, for purchase of reproductions of historic photographs and for production of the maps in the Field Guide; and the Vernacular Architecture Forum for start-up confer- ence planning. v “The Sonoran Desert lies mostly below 3,000 feet at its eastern edge, sloping to sea level near the Colorado River, crossing it into southern California, extending southward into both main- land Mexico and Baja California. It is the only North American desert with sizable “subtrees” and treelike cacti, along with numerous deciduous and evergreen shrubs, and a marvelous variety of succulents. This particular assemblage of desert plants has been in place only about four thousand years. An Egyptian ecologist, seeing the Sonoran Desert for the first time, exclaimed that this was not a desert at all but a veritable flower garden.” Ann Zwinger, The Mysterious Lands vi TABLE OF MAPS Southeastern Arizona Overview 10 Southeastern Arizona Tour Map 106 Tucson San Xavier Tumacacori Nogales Patagonia Empire Ranch Tombstone Bisbee/Warren Tucson Key Map 107 Marriott Hotel El Presidio Barrio Viejo Hope VI/Santa Rosa El Encanto Colonia Solana Binghampton Catalina Foothills Estates Winterhaven Tumamoc Hill University Indian Ruins Patagonia Walking Tour 132 Bisbee Walking Tour 166 El Presidio Walking Tour 172 Barrio Viejo Walking Tour 202 vii viii FOREWORD Laura H. Hollengreen The purpose of this foreword is to provide some general information about the conven- tions adopted in the following text. It must first be noted that the text is divided into two distinct, albeit related, parts: a first section of essays meant to provide necessary historical and contextual information for the understanding of vernacular landscapes in southern Arizona and a second section of essays supplying detailed descriptions of the sites to be visited on the various tours organized for the Vernacular Architecture Forum conference. The first section is organized largely according to chronology and the differentiation of building types within specific vernacular cultures. For the sec- ond section, we have chosen to indicate the days on which the tours are scheduled in the Table of Contents, for ease of reference on the part of tour participants, but have also endeavored to group the sites geographically, for ease of use by other potential readers in the future. The maps, which have all been commissioned especially for this volume and are printed on a different, heavier stock than the rest of the guide so that they may be found quickly when needed, will doubtless serve as an important means for correlating sites across the region and for understanding their evolution in relation to natural and man-made environments. Where there are multiple authors who have contributed equally to a given text, their names have been given in democratic, alphabetical order on the Table of Contents and on the first page of the essay; if their contributions