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Home , Ground tissue, Lycopodiopsida

Organismal Test 2 Notes Organism-of-the-week:  Species: digitatum o Commonly known as running cedar  Genus: Lycopodium  Family:  Order: Lycopodiales  Class: Lycopodiopsida  Phylum: Lycophyta o Commonly known as club “”  : Plantae  Domain: Eukarya  Characteristics: o Microphyll= small because of single vein of vascular o Seedless o Vascular o Not truly a moss because it would be in Phylum Bryophyta

Super Phylum: Seedless Vascular  4 phyla plus 3 extinct groups  Terrestrial (land) adaptations: o . tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport and nutrients throughout the plant body . Allows plants to move water from underground to above ground . Allows plants to get taller o Dominant generation o True tissues and organs . 3 tissue systems:  Dermal tissue system o Outer most part o protective  system= plant tissues that are neither vascular nor dermal, fulfilling a variety of functions, such as storage, , and support o Part we eat often o The middle layer  Vascular tissue system= a transport system formed by and throughout a o Xylem= vascular plant tissue consisting mainly of tubular dead cells that conduct most of the water and minerals upward from the to the rest of the plant o Phloem= vascular plant tissue consisting of living cells arranged into elongated tubes that transport and other organic nutrients throughout the plant . Organs:  (above ground parts) o Stem+  Annuals and Perennials o Annuals reproduce themselves every year o Perennials live more than one year o Both experience primary growth . Primary growth= Growth produced by apical which lengthens stems and roots, increasing length of plant (vertically) o Perennials are the only ones to have . Secondary growth= growth produced by lateral meristems (after the plant is one year old), thickening the roots and of woody plants (causes plant to get wider/ lateral growth)  Homospory o = male Microspores (little)  tiny  tiny gametes o = female Megaspores (big)  Big gametophytes  big gametes o Separation of male/female life cycles . Different strategies will eventually lead to  First step: heterospory  Phylum Pterophyta o Commonly known as true o Largest o Dominant sporophyte . Fronds (aka leaf)  Megaphyll= a leaf with a highly branched vascular system  Pinnately compound (compound: divided into little parts) o Feather shaped  Pinna (leaflet of compound)  Circinate vernation o Coil leaf formation o Fiddle head .  Neither root nor stem  The roots coming out of are adventitious o Adventitious=formed accidentally or in an unusual anatomical position.

o Terrestrial rosettes . () . (growing upon a plant) . Aquatic  Floating  Submerged  Emergent (out) . ferns o Most are perennial . Some woody o Pinna . Sorus= spots underside leaf; a cluster of sporangia on a fern  Indusium= gives color on outside (scale)  Peel away indusium and find containers called  Sporangium o Sporocytesmeiosismeiospores o Annulus (ring) . Hygroscopic . Spore dispersal  Springs open when hot and are dispersed o (n) . Prothallus= gametophyte stage . Picture of prothallus:

. Zygote=sporophyte (2n) sporeling  Phylum Monilophyta o Pterophytes - Ferns o Psilophytes . Stems only . Dicitomous braching . No leaves or roots . Sporangia on stems o Arthrophytes  Phylum Arthrophyta o More : Equisetophyta . Name needs to be changed to a living genus o Microphylls= small leaf with a single unbranched vein . Attached all the way around stem o Hollow stems with microphylls=whorls o Jointed stems (nodes) o Internode o Silicious cell walls . Used to make scouring pads o Commonly known as: scouring rushes and horse tails o . Cluster of (cone)  Sporophylls have 1 or more sporangia o Meiospores=homosporous . Elaters= hygropscopic spore dispersal strctures  Occurs when its dry and strengthens out  Phylum Lycophyta o Common name: club o The “club” is a strobilus o Heterosporous microspores and megaspores . Microsporesmicrogametophytesmicrogametes . Megasporesmegagametophytesmegagametes o Microphylls o Microsporangium

Organism-of-the-week:  Species: Ambystoma opacum o Common name: marbled salamander  Genus: Ambystoma  Family: Ambystomatidae  Order: Caudata – having a tail  Class: Amphibia o “double life”= can live on land or in water  Phylum: Chordata  Kingdom: Animalia  Domain: Eukarya  Characteristics o Metamorphosis= “double life” o Larva (-ae) is their young o External gills o Moist glandular skin . Allows them to live without efficient respiratory system o Cutaneous respiration . Because they have moist skin Seeded Vascular Plants  o 4 phyla o Naked seeds, no o Heterospory o Reduced gametophyte generation o within . Results from heterospory . Dormancy and dispersal . Adaptation o “baby in a lunch box” . 3 generations . Picture:

o Life Cycle: o Phylum Coniferophyta . Common names: pines, , cedars, cypress, juniper, spruce, fir . “cone-bearing ” . Used for lumber, Christmas trees and paper . Redwoods  tallest trees . General Sherman  320 feet tall  57 feet in diameter  4000 years old  The biggest tree (around)  A Giant Sequoia . Bristle Cone Pine  Oldest tree  4600 years old . Pacific Yew  Located in Old Growth Forest of the North West  Used for taxol cure for breast cancer  Won’t return in regrowth  Spotted Owls . Monoecious trees o Phylum Cycadophyta . Mainly tropical, small , kind of palm-tree like (compound leaves) . Dioecious sporophyte – two houses for the separate sexes . occurs by insects o Phylum Ginkgophyta . Ginkgo biloba  Common name: maidenhair tree  Only species in phylum  Extract good for memory . Dioecious . Dichotomous= two way branching of leaves . Deciduous= loses leaves . Dwarf branches . Monotypic . Fleshy seed coat on female trees (smells) . Pollution resistant . Under cultivation only . Leaf extract o Phylum . Common name: mormon’s tea . Drugs are made from extract . Dry adaptive plant in deserts . Protected by poisonous chemicals  Animals get sick if they eat them . Gnetum  Seed with bright color, fleshy coat . Welwitschia  In driest places on earth  Ever growing leaves o 2 leaves  Live with no rain  Draping leaves over dunes and absorbs moisture from dew  Doesn’t absorb water from roots o Water moves backwards from leaves to (center)  Picture:

Angio & Gymno = seed producing plants  Angiosperms -- (Anigio: container| Sperm: seed) o Seed producing plants o Produces fruit . Fruit used for o 90% of all plant species o Most successful and dominant group o 1 phylum= Phylum Anthophyta . Antho= . Should be Phylum Magnoliophyta  Genus Magnolia o Plesiomorphic o Angiosperms have fruit and . Flowers used for reproduction (pollination) o Characteristics of Angiosperms: . Reduction in gametophyte generation  2 celled  7 celled megagametophyte o No . o Flower . Determinate sporophyll- bearing shoot . Leaf arrangements= alternate, opposite, . 4 whorls (determinate because 4 and no more)  2 sterile (don’t directly produce spores)  2 fertile- male and female: involved in reproduction . Flower picture:

. + = sterile parts . All petals= corolla . All sepals= calyx . Stem = . = squashed together, swollen part with four nodes . Corolla + calyx= sterile, responsible for attraction . Corolla + calyx= (sterile) . = modified leaves (sporophylls)  Pollen produced in stamens  have anthers with a tiny hole to get pollen out  Androecium= male house o Made up of the anther and the filament  Male life cycle takes place in anther = microsperangia . + style + = carpels . The carpel is the  If carpels are fused= pistil  gynoecium . Fusion – in or between whorls  Connation= fusion of like parts / fused petals within a whorl  Adnation= fusion of unlike parts . Presence/Absence of parts:  complete= all four whorls are present  incomplete= missing one or more whorl  imperfect= fertile whorls absent o carpellate- carpels present, stamens absent o staminate- stamens present, carpels absent o monoecious or dioecious  perfect= fertile whorls present o if it is perfect it is monoecious . Monoecious = Both sexes at same time . Ovary position  Hypogynous o Superior (above) ovary o All other flower parts are below ovary  Epigynous o Inferior ovary o All other flower parts are above the ovary  Perigynous o With . Symmetry  Actinomorphic o Radial symmetry  Zygomorphic o Bilateral symmetry . :

 Pollination syndromes o Example entomophily = Insect loving  Seed dispersal syndromes o Example hydrochory= water seed dispersal . Ex: coconut . Morning glory- connation of corolla . Yellow fringed orchid-  Pedestal and peduncle zygomorphic . Butterfly weed  Compound umble  Pollination by butterflies . Bat pollination syndrome  Odor= rotten fruit  Color=white  Structure= deep  Nocturnal anthesis (opens up at night)  Connation of corola . Hummingbird pollination syndrome  Odor= none  Color= yellow  Structure= long, tube like  Coral plant  Example: coral bean . Carion Fly pollination syndrome  Odor= dead rotten meat  Structure= looks like dead meat, hairy  Color=deep red  No benefit for flies (antagonistic relationships)  Largest flower on earth is a Carion Fly pollination flower . Beetle pollination syndrome  Color=plain white  Odor= musky or fruity  Structure= open, dish shaped . Bee pollination syndrome  Color=bright spots, “arrows”, etc o Nectar guide  Examples: violets, passion flower, blueberry flower, blue-eyed marry  Bees are hairy and the pollen sticks to their hairs  Anthers in bee pollination flowers only have one tiny hole and bees must vibrate at the right frequency to get the nectar/pollen out  Insects see in UV, UV is invisible to humans  Pollen= male gametophyte – 2 cells big . Moth pollination syndrome  Odor= fruity  Color=white  Structure= long tube  Nocturnal anthesis  Spike  Ethrodynamic: sticky, like playdo . Butterfly pollination syndrome  disc like  flat surface for landing  example: Thistle o disc flowers only, no ray flowers . Wind pollination syndrome  Grass flowers have no calyx, no nectar, no odor, no corolla, no perianth  Abundant pollen  Anemophily= wind pollination  No wind, oder or color  Lacking: purine . Yuca Flower  Moths live in them o feed on nectar o gather pollen=stamen to stigma o ethnodynamic= moths can ball up pollen even though its sticky and carry it to another flower’s stigma . Orchids  Yellow lady slipper orchid  “tricky” flowers o Has an opening that is slippery and attracts insects o Insects get stuck for awhile and eventually escape through a “back door” o Self pollinates= insect comes in one way, passing by the stigma and dropping off pollen from another flower, and then goes out another way . Ensures Cross pollination . Prevents self pollination o Fruit . Seed container and dispersal . Fruit forms from ovary wall  Pericarp=ovary wall=outside of fruit . Cockleburrs  Epizoochory- seed dispersal via transportation on outside of animals . Maple  Samara= fruit in which pericarp bears wings and allows for wind dispersal  Anemochory= wind seed dispersal . Coconut  Widest dispersed fruit in the world o Because coconuts can float, they float al around the world  Hydrochory  Has largest seed of all fruit  Hard endocarp= pit  3 layers of pericarp o Fibrous mesocarp o Hard endocarp o = type of fruit that has a “pit” o Peach . Strawberry  Achene=A small, dry, indehiscent one-seeded fruit with a thin wall  Accessory fruit= fruit in which the fleshy parts are derived largely or entirely from tissues other than the ovary o Receptacle= swollen stem tissue that forms fruit (accessory tissue)  Aggregate fruit= many one-seeded achenes produced by a single flower  No pistal  Carpels unfused . Pineapple  Multiple fruit= opposite of aggregate fruit o More than one flower that fuses to form a fruit  develops into single fruit .  Fleshy all the way through  Grapes, tomatoes, blueberries  Addapted to survive being eaten  All or most of the pericarp is soft/fleshy  Pepo= a with a hard thick rind o Example: watermelon & tomato  Hesperidium= berry with a leathery rind o Example: lemons or limes . Peaches  Use animals for seed dispersal  Drupe  Stony endocarp protects seed  3 layers of pericarp (see coconut) .  Pome= ovary surrounded by fleshy hypanthium o with a core  Seed within ovary (core)= pericarp  Accessory fruit . Corn  Dry fruit  Caryopsis= dry fruit in which pericarp layers are tightly together around seed (indehiscent) . Dry dehiscent fruits:  - splits on two sides o - okra  Follicle- splits on one side o Milk leaf . Dry indehiscent (doesn’t split) fruits:  Samara  Nut (single seed not attached) o Acorn  Achene (single seed attached on one end) o Sunflower seed . Sweet Gum and Magnolia fruit  Developed from single flowerhad unfused carpels  Aggregate of follicles  Follicles= dry dehiscent that splits on one side o Within an Anther of an Angiosperm: . and microgametophytes . 4 Cells of Pollen grain  Tube cell and generative cell – essential to pollinate . Pollen sac picture:

o Within an ovary of an Angiosperm: . Picture

. Parts of a seed:  Embryo originates from zygote  Endosperm originates from fertilized central cell  Seed coat originates from integuments . Sperm + egg= zygote . Sperm +central cell= triploid (3n)  Seed comes from this o Seed coat (2n) o Endosperm (3n) o Embryo (2n) o Ripening . Seed/fruit both go through ripening process o Seed dispersal . Fruit . ______chory o After ripening . When dormancy is accomplished  Scarification  Cold period  Fire adaptation  Time o Embryogenesis . Picture:

. Types of seeds  Albuminous o Endosperm surrounds embryo  Exalbuminous o Endosperm absorbed by .  Types o Epigeous (epigeal) seed germination . Cotyledons above ground o Hypogenous (hypogeal) germination . Cotyledons remain below ground

Primary Growth  Primary meristems o Shoot apical meristem . Including axillary o Root apical meristems . Initial and derivative cells . Protoderm, ground tissue meristem, procambium Plant Growth  Primary= primary meristems  3 tissue systems o Ground Tissue System . —simple  Parenchyma cells o Also in complex tissues o Most common type of cells in plant tissue o Alive at maturity o Capable of mitosis o Functions: . Healing and regrowth . Storage . Photosynthesis . Collenchyma tissue—simple  Collenchyma cells o Also in complex tissue o Alive at maturity o No mitosis o Elongate, stretchy o Supportiveespecially in growing parts . Sclerenchyma tissue—simple  Sclerenchyma cells o Also in complex tissue o 2 types: .  Short, branched  Makes up hard plant parts (ex: nut shells) . Fibers  Long, narrow  Example: Cotton o Dead at maturity o Secondary on top of primary cell wall . Lignified o Dermal Tissue System . tissue—complex  Epidermal cells – any tissue that covers outer surface o Thin, flat o Light passes through o Not green o Not capable of photosynthesis o Cuticle is produced . for protection . waterproof . non-living layer on outer surface of epidermal cells . contains waxes, oils, etc. for water proofing to prevent water loss  Guard cells o Found in pairs o Form . Plural stomata . Openings/breathing holes o Control openings to prevent water loss – desiccation adaptation o Photosynthetic . Produces oxygen (cellular respiration uses that oxygen)  o Plant hairs o Antiherbivory . Some with toxins . When hairs are broken, some will let off toxins that cause welps, etc so animals will not eat them o Insulation . Prevents water loss o Carnivory o Salt adaptation o Vascular Tissue System . Xylem—complex tissue (not all cells are same)  Water transport  Parenchyma cells, collenchyma cells, and sclerenchyma cells are found within Xylem  Conducting cells – how water travels o Dead and hollow o Water channels o Undergoes Autolysis ( becomes hollow by lysosomes) o 2 types: .  = pits: places for water passages  Pit pairs  Gap in  Pit membrane= 2 layers of primary cell wall; where water passes through . Vessel members  = pits  Perforations= absolute openings  Holes in primary and secondary cell wall . Phloem—complex  Transport of photosynthate  Flow: leaves  stem roots materials that are stored (photosynthate)  Parenchyma cells, collenchyma cells, and sclerenchyma cells are found in phloem  Conducting cells o Alive at maturity, no mitosis o dependent o Sieve cells o Sieve tube members o Sieve areas= cluster of pores through which photosynthesis is transferred  Primary and secondary Xylem and Phloem Random Facts  Long leaf pine forests=woodpecker home o Long leaf pines must have red heart disease so the woodpeckers can make a hole on the tree to live in easily  Yellow belly sapsucker makes holes in the phloem to drink the  Dark ring= meristem  Outward= larger rings under small rings  Tissues slack off in ; not useful for counting age