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Studium Hvězd S Velkou Vlastní Rychlostí. Bakalářská Práce

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Studium Hvězd S Velkou Vlastní Rychlostí. Bakalářská Práce MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA Pøírodovìdecká fakulta Ústav Teoretické fyziky a Astrofyziky Bakalářská práce Brno 2020 Dominika Batková Pøírodovìdecká fakulta Ústav Teoretické fyziky a Astrofyziky Studium hvězd s velkou vlastní rychlostí Bakalářská práce Dominika Batková Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Filip Hroch Ph.D. Brno 2020 Bibliograficky´za´znam Autor: Dominika Batkova´ Prˇı´rodoveˇdecka´fakulta, Masarykova univerzita U´ stav Teoreticke´fyziky a Astrofyziky Na´zev pra´ce: Studium hveˇzd s velkou vlastnı´rychlostı´ Studijnı´program: Fyzika Studijnı´obor: Astrofyzika Vedoucı´pra´ce: Mgr. Filip Hroch Ph.D. Akademicky´rok: 2019/2020 Pocˇet stran: xvi + 74 Klı´cˇova´slova: hyper-rychla´hveˇzda; HVS; unikajı´cı´hveˇzda; Gaia DR2; masivnı´ cˇerna´dı´ra; galpy; gala; dynamika Galaxie Bibliographic Entry Author: Dominika Batkova´ Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Department of theoretical physics and astrophysics Title of Thesis: On galactic high-velocity stars Degree Programme: Physics Field of Study: Astrophysics Supervisor: Mgr. Filip Hroch Ph.D. Academic Year: 2019/2020 Number of Pages: xvi + 74 Keywords: hypervelocity star; HVS; runaway star; Gaia DR2; massive black hole; galpy; gala; Galactic dynamics Abstrakt V te´to bakala´rˇske´pra´ci studujeme hveˇzdy s vysokou galaktickou rychlostı´, ktere´jsou v poslednı´dobeˇdiskutova´ny v souvislosti se satelitem Gaia. Gaia poskytuje v soucˇasnosti nejprˇesneˇjsˇı´ astrometricka´ meˇrˇenı´ spolecˇneˇ v kombinaci se spektroskopiı´ a fotometriı´. Mu˚zˇeme proto analyzovat pozice a pohyby miliard hveˇzd v Galaxii. Rychle´hveˇzdy historicky deˇlı´me na skupiny ”runaway” a ”hypervelocity”. Existuje neˇkolik mechanismu˚jejich urychlenı´. Jejich pu˚vod hleda´me v objektech Galaxie. Zna´my´ sce´na´rˇvyuzˇı´va blı´zka´setka´nı´s cˇerny´mi dı´rami, ktere´mohou narusˇit dvojhveˇzdny´syste´m. Nejprve jsme vyhledali neva´zane´objekty z katalogu Gaia, zpeˇtnou integracı´v cˇase nasˇli pru˚secˇnı´ky s rovinou galakticke´ho disku a porovnali jsme je s pozicemi zna´my´ch cˇerny´ch deˇr. Vy´sledky ukazujı´jistou vza´jemnou korelaci. Abstract In this thesis we study high velocity stars which are lately very discussed in connection with Gaia satellite. Gaia has the most precise astrometric measurements in combination with spectroscopy and photometry. Therefore we may analyse positions and movements of billions of stars in the Galaxy. These stars are historically divided into runaway and hypervelocity stars. There is several proposals for their ejection and it is essential to look for their origin in the Galaxy and objects that caused their velocity kick. The most known scenario uses close encounters with black holes that can tidally disrupt binary systems. Firstly we found unbound objects from catalogue Gaia, found their intersections with the disk plane and compared to positions of possible stellar mass black holes in the Galaxy. Results show certain mutual correlation. MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA Přírodovědecká fakulta MUNI Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno IČ: 00216224 SCI DIČ: CZ00216224 Zadání bakalářské práce Akademický rok: 2019/2020 Ústav: Ústav teoretické fyziky a astrofyziky Studentka: Dominika Batková Program: Fyzika Obor: Astrofyzika Ředitel Ústavu teoretické fyziky a astrofyziky PřF MU Vám ve smyslu Studijního a zkušebního řádu MU určuje baka- lářskou práci s názvem: Název práce: Studium hvězd s velkou vlastní rychlostí Název práce anglicky: On galactic high-velocity stars Jazyk závěrečné práce: angličtina Oficiální zadání: Poslední velmi přesná měření poloh a radiálních rychlostí, společně s nepřímými metodami jejich určení, otevírají cestu k serioznímu studiu hvězd s velkou rychlostí vůči svému okolí. Hvězd, jež zaměstnávají astronomickou mysl už od dob svého objevu, poněvadž jde o poměrně nečekaný objev. Jde o hvězdy, které by se dle stávajících teorii hvězdného vzniku, neměly vůbec pozorovat, jakožto dynamický vázaný objekt v Mléčné dráze. Musíme konstatovat, že hypotézy jejich zrodu nejsou nikterak přesvědčivé. Cílem této práce je proniknout do podstaty problému prostřednictvím studia nejnovějších dat ze satelitů. Pro realizaci je nutná všeobecná znalost astronomického, statistického a počítačového zpracování dat. Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Filip Hroch, Ph.D. Konzultant: Mgr. Michal Prišegen Datum zadání práce: 23. 10. 2019 V Brně dne: 23. 1. 2020 Souhlasím se zadáním (podpis, datum): ................................... ................................... ................................... Dominika Batková Mgr. Filip Hroch, Ph.D. prof. Rikard von Unge, Ph.D. studentka vedoucí práce ředitel Ústavu teoretické fyziky a astrofyziky Podeˇkova´nı´ Na tomto mieste by som chcela pod’akovat’vedu´cemu pra´ce Mgr. Filipovi Hrochovi Ph.D. a konzultantovi pra´ce Mgr. Michalovi Prisˇegenovi za cenne´rady pri pı´sanı´pra´ce. Mojej rodine d’akujem za podporu pocˇas cele´ho sˇtu´dia a priatel’ovi Martinovi za motiva´ciu pokracˇovat’aj v zly´ch cˇasoch. Prohla´sˇenı´ Prohlasˇuji, zˇe jsem svoji bakala´rˇskou pra´ci vypracovala samostatneˇ pod vedenı´m vedoucı´ho pra´ce s vyuzˇitı´m informacˇnı´ch zdroju˚, ktere´jsou v pra´ci citova´ny. Brno 16. srpen 2020 . Dominika Batkova´ Acknowledgement: This work has made use of data from the European Space Agency (ESA) mission Gaia (https://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia), processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC, https://www.cosmos.esa.int/ web/gaia/dpac/consortium). Funding for the DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement. Contents Introduction................................................................1 1. High Velocity Stars.......................................................3 1.1 History...............................................3 1.2 Runaway Stars.........................................4 1.3 Hypervelocity Stars......................................5 1.3.1 Intermediate or stellar mass black holes.....................8 1.4 Extreme findings........................................9 1.4.0.1 The fastest found hyper-runaway star..........9 1.4.0.2 The fastest found hypervelocity star...........9 2. The satellite Gaia......................................................... 11 2.0.1 Introduction....................................... 11 2.0.2 The aims and goals of the Gaia mission..................... 12 2.0.3 The spacecraft and payload............................. 12 2.1 Data from Gaia......................................... 13 2.1.1 The data releases.................................... 13 2.1.2 Problems and Access of Data............................ 14 2.1.2.0.1 Access of Data................. 14 2.1.2.0.2 Problems.................... 15 2.1.3 Chosen Dataset..................................... 16 3. Galactic Dynamics....................................................... 17 3.1 Morphology and dynamics of Galaxy.......................... 17 3.2 Python Packages for Galactic Dynamics........................ 18 3.2.1 Introduction....................................... 18 3.2.2 Definition of used Milky Way Potential from Gala............. 19 3.2.3 Functions used in script............................... 22 4. Orbits of hypervelocity stars.............................................. 25 4.1 Results of the integration................................... 25 4.1.1 Samples of Orbits................................... 26 4.1.1.1 Unboud Group...................... 26 4.1.1.2 Almost Unbound Group................. 27 4.1.1.3 Disk Group........................ 29 – xv – 4.1.1.4 Chaotic Group...................... 31 4.1.2 Trials of orbits - runaway stars........................... 32 4.1.3 Tables........................................... 33 4.2 Unbound stars intersecting the galactic disk...................... 34 4.2.1 Negative radial velocity............................... 35 4.2.2 Positive radial velocity................................ 37 4.2.3 Looking for possible cause of ejection...................... 40 4.3 Script for a future release.................................. 43 Discussion and Future Insights.............................................. 45 Summary and Conclusion................................................... 47 A. Trials.................................................................... 49 A.1 Changes in vy .......................................... 49 A.2 Changes in vx .......................................... 50 A.3 Changes in vz .......................................... 51 B. Tables................................................................... 53 C. Script for rotation of positions of intersections and comparing them with positions of stellar-mass black holes....................................... 61 D. Python Script for the future.............................................. 63 Bibliography................................................................ 67 Introduction With more precise measurents of positions and motions of stars we have opportunity to search for more high velocity objects in our Galaxy. However not only precision is the most important. Due to increasing range of measurable magnitudes we reveal more distant parts of our Galaxy. Nowadays, the most precise measurents of this type are fairly attributed to Gaia satellite which created the greatest catalogue of positions and velocities of stars with magnitudes up to 20. Even we call it the greatest catalogue it only cover about 1 % of Milky Way stars. It is neccessary to constantly cross our current limits to obtain data of more objects for a better understanding of our Galaxy. The most important
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