New Mexico Archaeology New Mexico Archaeology

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May 2012 From The Director by Eric Blinman PhD, OAS Director

There are multiple sides to the model of OAS as a not-for-profit enterprise. non-invasive techniques in archaeology (such as The first is the balance between satisfying clients and maintaining continu- ground penetrating radar). None of the research at ous employment for archaeologists who need to eat, pay rent and utilities, the Water Canyon Paleoindian Site would be possible deal with illness, and cover the costs of college for their children. This was without the generous contributions of individual FOA relatively easy ten years ago when the highway department was request- members. The volunteer labor of FOA members has ing large projects. The field work was urgent, but relaxed schedules for the allowed OAS projects to stretch budgets beyond ac- subsequent analyses and write up allowed OAS to buffer the work stream. complishing the bare minimum, enriching everyone’s The danger was that some final reports emerged slowly, but the rhythm understanding of the past. FOA authorized activities has allowed stable career employment for 30-40 people and has allowed have also provided small buffers, keeping employees OAS to attract, develop, and retain some of the most skilled archaeologists productively occupied during short periods between in the state. I can’t really conceive of the alternative which would have client projects. And FOA members have been gen- been a rapid oscillation of hiring and layoffs. The modern world of smaller erous in their support of the new Center for New projects that require intense and discrete schedules is challenging our tra- Mexico Archaeology, contributing to the future of dition of continuity, but we are committed to making the balance work. OAS capabilities. A second dimension is that we are caught in a tension between “least For your support, we offer our collective thanks, cost” and “quality research.” Clients never engage in archaeological stud- and in return we hope to provide you with informa- ies because they want to. The costs of archaeology take away from square tion and opportunities that are interesting, exciting, footage, whether of a building or of asphalt, or the costs add to the price of and meaningful. a commodity, whether timber or natural gas. We are always under pressure --Eric to do the least amount of work that will still satisfy the client’s preservation responsibilities. Since we can never really know what is in the ground when we are composing budgets and research plans, surprises are often under-served in a research sense simply because there aren’t enough funds The 2012 Excellence in to take advantage of an unexpected “opportunity.” The same applies to Public Education Award education. Clients occasionally see value in public programs connected to By Eric Blinman PhD, OAS Director their projects within the local community, but they calculate little gain in presenting a program to a school in Hobbs or Lordsburg when any benefit We are proud to announce that the Society for of good publicity would be felt in Santa Fe. American Archaeology has recognized the Office Another dimension is that we haven’t been clever enough to save of Archaeological Studies education outreach overhead for employee training and development. Technology is con- program with its 2012 Award for Excellence in stantly changing and improving, and both the purchase of state-of-the-art Public Education! equipment and the training of staff in its use can’t be routinely charged to The award category has been open for individual client projects. Instead, efficient management has to be com- institutional nominations five times since 1997. bined with luck to build up overhead savings that can then be invested in OAS has now been recognized with two of those the future. This sort of optimistic outcome happens occasionally but is five awards (2005 was our previous recognition), improbable in the situation where the work we do is, by its nature, a form the others going to Crow Canyon Archaeologi- of triage. cal Center, the Smithsonian Institution’s Anthro Although these realities are challenging, they actually highlight how Notes, and the Center for American Archaeology thankful we all are at OAS for the Friends of Archaeology. The FOA in Kampsville. has supported OAS education programs for more than 20 years, and the collaboration is directly responsible for the national award we have just continued on next page received. This year an FOA grant supports three staff members who are attending a National Park Service workshop on the latest techniques on From the Field and Lab

Recent Investigations in the Capitol Complex Historic Neighborhood By Matthew J. Barbour, OAS Project Director

Between October 31 and December 9, 2011, the OAS con- and an underground metal storage tank. The cesspit appears to ducted archaeological excavations on state land just south of the have serviced both residences. It was constructed of bricks from Bataan Building in preparation for the governor’s new Execu- the Standard Firebrick Company of Pueblo, Colorado, using tive Office Building. The proposed location for this structure a header bond. It measured 2.3 m (7 ft 7 in) in diameter and 4 is within the boundaries of LA 158037, an archaeological site m (13 ft 2 in) in depth. Roy Butler, the plumber living at 120 with deposits dating primarily to the late nineteenth and early South Capitol, was awarded the American Institute of Archi- twentieth centuries. During the late Territorial and New Mexico tects Craftsmanship Award in 1954 and it was likely Roy who Statehood periods, this site was part of a multi-ethnic residential constructed the cesspit in the 1930s. A full array of macrofloral, area in the Capitol Complex Historic Neighborhood of Santa pollen, and coprolite (fossilized feces) samples were collected Fe, New Mexico. from the cesspit. These samples should provide information regarding diet and diseases afflicting members of the Beacham and Butler families. Analysis of all cultural materials collected in association with the project is currently underway. The goal of these studies is to compare consumption and discard patterns of the Beacham and Butler families with others in the neighborhood, such as the Alarid, Parker, and Muller households, which have already been studied as part of the Capitol Parking Facility research. While this research does not have the glitz and glamour of Chaco, understanding local trends in the consumption and discard of cultural materials helps archaeologists study the effects of radio, television and other advertising media on consumer behaviors, as well as, the impacts of Prohibition and economic depres- 1930s photo of the backyard at 120 South Capitol Street sion on the New Mexico populace. Ultimately, these studies of consumer behavior in the twentieth century document American Previous archaeological studies of the site for the Capitol transformation of local and regional economies into the greater Complex Parking Facility resulted in the documentation of 11 national market we have today. structures, 219 features, and 23,188 artifacts. Investigations associated with the Executive Office Building added an additional 3 structures, 157 features, and 2,278 artifacts. Work in the area of the Executive Office Building focused primarily on two historic properties: 116 and 120 South Capi- tol Street. Constructed sometime between 1908 and 1912, the structures had identical floor plans that were oppositely arranged and were initially developed as rental properties on land owned by Frederick “Fritz” Muller, former Rough Rider and Republican rival of Governor Miguel Otero. During much of the early twentieth century, the Beacham (116 South Capitol) and Butler (120 South Capitol) families lived at the two residences. Both families were representative of Santa Fe’s middle class. The Beacham family owned a hardware store and the Butler family ran a plumbing business. Both heads of the household were also avid outdoorsmen, Roy Butler enjoyed hunting and William Beacham was among New Mexico’s first advocates of fly fishing. Unlike many of the other residents in the neighborhood, these families do not appear to have had strong ties with the Republican Party or the Straight-line cesspit privy, Feature 382 Baptist Church. Some of the more interesting finds associated with these residences included a large chrysanthemum garden, a cesspit, Friends of Archaeology May | 3

Plans for Ceramic Typology Website by C. Dean Wilson, OAS Project Director and ceramicist

I would like to announce a project currently underway by OAS sites illustrating the frequency of various types. Also linked to relating to the creation of a typology web-site for New Mexico these outlines, maps, and tables will be a series of type descrip- pottery. This will represent one of a long series of attempts to tions by tradition. So far our effort has focused on descriptions address the problem of how to effectively present, organize, of types for the Northern Rio Grande tradition, and we are in and compare the vast information reflected in the large number process of completing descriptions for the Northern Mogollon, of ceramic type descriptions that been compiled since the early Mimbres, Jornada Mogollon, Mesa Verde, Cibola, and Navajo twentieth century when A.V. Kidder defined Biscuit A and B traditions. We also hope other archaeologists will post type at LA 2 on the Pajarito. These include descriptions of pottery descriptions for other traditions. Once this data is posted, there defined for various cultural and regional traditions occurring will also be a place for comments as well as responses. We are across the Southwest known to have been produced from A.D. currently creating and organizing photos of the various types 200 to today. The primary goal of this project is to provide described from both our project photo files and vessels stored researchers access to vetted ceramic type descriptions in a man- at the Museum of Indian Arts collections that are being photo- ner that will allow for the effective accumulation, communica- graphed. While the posting, organization, of such files will be a tion, and modification of ceramic typological data useful in the long and incremental process, many of the pieces are starting to examination of a wide range of trends and issues. come together, and we hope to start posting material soon. 

Ceramic types have long been presented in terms of nested categories that allow for the separation of pottery into flexible groupings. These groupings provide for the documentation and comparison of aspects of pottery that may have spatial, functional, and historical significance. The first step involves assigning pottery to a cultural tradition, a spatially defined Excellence Award group with cultural and geographic associations that reflect continued from front page the long use of specific technologies and resources in different geographic provinces. Examples of these traditions are white Chuck Hannaford has directed the OAS program and gray wares in the Four Corners Anasazi, brown wares in since its inception, and this award is a testament to his the Mogollon Highlands, as well as forms produced by later personal commitment to education as well as to the over- arrivals such as Athapaskan and Uto Aztecan groups. Smaller all commitment of the OAS staff. In the course of our 20+ regional traditions can often be further defined based on temper, years, we have interacted with more than 100,000 New paint, and styles known to have been used in specific localities. Mexicans and have presented multiple programs in every Pottery associated with cultural or regional traditions are then one of New Mexico’s 32 counties. assigned to particular ware groups based on broad technologi- cal and functional attributes. Finally, this pottery is assigned Throughout the decades, the costs of the program to a ceramic type based on temporally sensitive painted styles (time and travel) have been supported by the Friends of or textured treatments. Almost all defined formal type cat- Archaeology, by grants from the highway department, egories include a reference to the associated ware as well as a the Bureau of Land Management, Bank of America, and geographic name based on the locality where it was defined. most recently by the MNMF Fund for Museum Educa- Examples of this nomenclature include Mesa Verde Black-on- tion. We were hesitant to submit a nomination package white, Alma Brown, and Agua Fria Glaze-on-red. for a second time, but we were encouraged by the Chair of the award committee, so we put together information We are currently involved in the initial stages of creating based only on our accomplishments since 2005. Although a web-site that can serve as a venue allowing for the presenta- we tend to take our work for granted within the office, just tion, organization, review, and modification of descriptions for the process of assembling and describing what we have the range of native ceramics found in New Mexico. Our initial done was a powerful experience. We will post the nomina- efforts have focused on accumulating, culling, and organiz- tion packet on the OAS web site so that you can see what ing ceramic data relating to the multitude of New Mexico the program has accomplished – something we can all be ceramic types so far described into a broad outline that are first proud of!  grouped by culture area and traditions, then ware, and finally by type. Similar information will be organized and linked to a map showing the extent of the boundaries of traditions and the location of sites for which ceramics have been similarly defined. These maps will also be linked to tables from different 2012 Chiles and Sherds Mining, Santa Fe, by Wolky Toll PhD, OAS Project Director

The rich mining history of the Santa Fe area is often an af- terthought in the larger picture of the history and culture in northern New Mexico. We can see the visible scars of gold mine tailings on the Ortiz Mountains, and coal mine tailings provide color and texture along NM 14 near Madrid, but there is little modern tradition of what those sights mean. Closer to Santa Fe, the mines of Los Cerrillos* are better known today from academic references and folk mythology than from firsthand experience, and as such they are less appreciated than they should be. “Cerrillos turquoise” is part of our vocabulary, but relatively few people understand what that really means in terms of archaeology, mining, or jewelry. The mineral resources of the region just south of Santa Fe are diverse, including lead, zinc, copper, gold, silver, coal, turquoise, and even clay for pottery and bricks. Much evidence of prehistoric mining has been obliterated by historic activity, but we have enough evidence to know that Pueblo peoples were mining turquoise, lead, and clay well before the arrival of the Spanish colonists. Turquoise was traded as both raw material and finished jewelry, and early analytic studies linked Cerrillos sources with places as distant as Chaco Canyon and Mesoamerica. Lead was an essential ingredient in the beautiful glaze ware pottery industry of the Galisteo Basin beginning in the fourteenth century, and the Albuquerque Archaeological Society found evidence of prehistoric as well as Spanish lead mining in their innovative excavations of a mine in the Bethsheba area of Los Cerrillos. The Spanish colonists first were motivated toward New Mexico by dreams of gold and silver, but in the end they settled for copper and lead. The Spanish surrender of their dream was ironic since gold nuggets were found on the ground surface of the Ortiz Mountains in the nineteenth century, and modern technology supported large scale mining ventures in the twentieth century. Less obvious but abundant small scale Hispanic and Anglo mining took place around the turn of the last century, leaving hazardous shafts, pits, and tunnels, as well as somewhat toxic waste sites that a division of the Energy, Minerals, and Natural Resources Department works to make safe today. Mining towns, such as Carbonateville, sprouted, flourished, and were abandoned to become ghost towns or archaeological sites. In their heyday the towns were fed by large dreams and hun- dreds of small claims, supported by hard work and sweat. But the rough and tumble social settings of the camps and towns Tiffany Mine tour

*Cerrillos (n) can mean matches or something used to strike a light, or cerrillos is the diminutive of cerro which means hills. Thus the name Cerrillos Hills is a lot like Rio Grande River, unless you prefer to think of it as matchstick hills. Friends of Archaeology May | 5 - Mining the Blues & Chiles and Sherds were also subject to the political and legal dealings and corrup- tion of government institutions and financiers. Turquoise mining has been less constant through time but is also more prominent today as part of our Southwestern culture and aesthetic. Veins of this secondary mineral were worked intensively before Spanish colonization and then again in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Native American mining continued throughout Los Cerrillos during the historic period, but their efforts were usually clandestine and not intensive. Everything changed, however, when turquoise was marketed as high fash- ion in the eastern United States. Tiffany & Co. gave their name to a pre-existing mine that yielded just the right shade of Tif- fany blue, and for a time turquoise eclipsed the value of other minerals. This era began in the 1890s and ended in the early 1930s, when neither the market nor the mines could support both the dreams of the financiers and the needs of the miners. The Chiles and Sherds tour of the Tiffany Mine will allow us to see traces of both the pre-European and early twentieth century industrial mining. Experts in turquoise and in regional mining history will provide talks, exhibits, and tours, and the The intersection of prehistoric and historic mining techniques Friends of Archaeology will provide our usual tasty and conviv- inside the Tiffany Mine. ial Southwestern lunch. DETAILS June 10, 2012 This year’s Chiles and Sherds event will return to the rary jeweler, is our host for tours of the Tiffany Mine, Tiffany Mine for a celebration of the dreams and reali- lunch will be provided by Cowgirl Catering, and presen- ties of mining in the Santa Fe area. Located at the base tations in both the morning and afternoon will explore of Turquoise Hill just over 20 minutes from the Santa Fe the history of mining and the passion for turquoise from Plaza, The Tiffany Mine is both unique and representative the prehistoric through the modern era. of several eras of New Mexico history. Los Cerrillos and the larger Ortiz Mountains just to the south are rich with diverse minerals and ores. With a few exceptions, the scale Cost is $95 per person of which $75 is tax deduct- of potential riches is well below what we associate with ible for the adult rate, which includes lunch and commercial mining today, although at today’s gold prices either a full morning or full afternoon of presenta- interest in the Ortiz is heating up. The patchwork of lead, tions and tours. The easiest payment is through the silver, gold, zinc, copper, coal, and turquoise encouraged MNMF Shops web site, but you can call the hotline individual prospectors and small syndicates for at least the (505-992-2715 ext. 8) if you would prefer not to past 1000 years. The dreams that brought Spanish Colo- pay through the internet. If you pay on the web site, nists northward into New Mexico continue today, with please remember to e-mail the registration form small prospects yielding just enough reward (especially provided or call the hotline to register your morn- turquoise) to feed the passion of the individual miner in the ing or afternoon tour preference. Once morning face of danger and hard labor. The rich history of mining, tours are full, later registrants will be limited to as opposed to a history of riches, will be focus for this lunch and afternoon times. Sign up begins May 5, year’s Chiles and Sherds event. Doug Magnus, contempo- 2012 after midnight. Trips

Field Trip: Santa Clara Feast Day 2012 August 11& 12, 2012 Trip Rating Easy. The Tewa of Santa Clara Pueblo call their lands Kha’p’oo Owinge or the Valley of the Wild Roses. The pueblo is noted for its stunning high desert landscapes and beautiful Journey to and from the event polished blackware pottery. Every August 12, members of this community, southwest of will be on maintained roads and Espanola, dance and give thanks to their patron saint, St. Clare, for a bountiful harvest and sidewalks. However, participants ask for rain in the coming months. Mixing traditional Tewa and Catholic practices, these will be standing in the sun for dances last all day and are combined with a spectacular feast of Native American cuisine. prolonged periods of time during dances. Participants are advised to dressed appropriately, wear This August 12, the Friends of Archaeology invite you to experience Santa Clara sunscreen, and carry water. Feast Day as never before with an exclusive two day event! On the night of August 11, participants will be treated to an informal presentation and Q&A session with OAS staff Reserve your place: member and Santa Clara Indian, Ms. Mary Weahkee. During this presentation, Ms. Weah- Please call the FOA Reserva- kee will discuss the dance, the dancers, and the cultural beliefs associated with Santa tion Hotline, (505) 982-7799, ext. Clara Feast Day. The location of the talk has not been finalized and will be announced as 5. Participation is limited to 20 the trip draws closer. people. Signup begins on July 2 at 12:05 AM. Cost: $85 for FOA This will be followed by a trip to the pueblo on August 12. Led by Historical Archae- members, $95 for nonmembers of ologist Matthew Barbour and Friends of Archaeology Volunteer Robert Mizerak, tour par- the Museum of New Mexico Foun- ticipants will witness the dances and then be treated to an authentic Tewa feast at Ms. Nina dation. A $35 tax deductible con- Motah’s house. While there, Ms. Motah, a Santa Clara native, will discuss the importance tribution to the OAS research and of the feast and her own personal perspectives on living within this remarkable pueblo. Education Program is included in the trip fee.

Day Trip: Agricultural Fields above Zia Pueblo August 25, 2012

Located above the eastern bank of the Jemez River, Zia Pueblo was one of several related Trip Rating villages that were occupied for at least 200 years before Capitan Juan Jaramillo of the Strenuous. Francisco Vasquez de Coronado came upon the settlement in 1541. The settlement was described two years later by Espejo as a city with eight large plazas and housing 4,000 Reserve your place: adult males in addition to women and children. Subsequent reports by various early Check the FOA website for details Spanish colonizers praise the variety of fine crops grown in the area. Today the pueblo is as they become available. The hot- known for distinctive pottery produced from rich red clay painted with polychrome geo- line reservation number is 992-2715 metric or bird designs on white or orange background. A historic Zia vessel is the source ext.8. Signup begins on July 25 at of New Mexico’s state symbol: the Zia sun. 12:05 AM. Trip cost is $85 for members and $95 for non-members. An enigma of Zia regional history is extensive areas of agricultural terraces in the hills Reservations will be awarded on a above the modern pueblo. These are in the tradition of the gravel mulched fields of the first come-first serve basis. Once Chama River valley and the waffle gardens of Zuni Pueblo, but they are unique. Despite your reservation is confirmed, you their dramatic scale, details of their history are uncertain even in the oral tradition of the will receive more trip information pueblo. closer to the tour date. A waiting list will be kept and refunds will Pending final permission by the Governor and tribal council, join Ulysses Reid of Zia follow normal FOA trip policy. Pueblo and the FOA for a trip to Zia’s fields high above the river. This will be a strenuous Participants will be informed of any hike in the cool of the morning from a parking area up into the hills behind the pueblo. schedule changes due to inclem- After the hike, a feast-day style lunch will be served at the pueblo, and we will arrange ent weather or other unexpected to see the wares of modern Zia artists. Mr. Reid was The School for Advanced Research circumstances. 2009 Ronald and Susan Dubin Native Artist Fellow. Before becoming a potter, Mr. Reid worked with the Pueblo of Zia language and cultural preservation program. Friends of Archaeology May | 7

Trip - FOA is going to Central Mexico! October 18th – 30th, 2012 with Tim Maxwell, OAS Director Emeritus Reserve your place:

Mexico is a wonderful and culturally rich country; from its amazing archaeological Trip costs include: International treasures to its fascinating colonial towns. Travelers to Mexico City and Central Mexico airfare to and from Mexico, Accom- find themselves in a melting pot of history and culture where the ancient past and contem- modations in Puebla, Cuetzalan and porary present blend to create a unique synergy with a foot in both worlds. Mexico City Mexico City, breakfasts and selected is a world-class destination that rivals the great cities of the world with the warmth of its lunches, transportation by bus, hospitality, quality of its services and the diversity of its attractions. Puebla de los Ange- entrance fees, guides and a $300 tax les, also known as Puebla de Zaragoza, has preserved its fantastic colonial center with deductible donation to the Museum its stunning cathedral and its many beautiful churches. Pueblan fine cuisine, traditional of New Mexico Foundation/Friends candies, artists’ neighborhoods and museums evoke Puebla’s epic past. Both cities are of Archaeology. close to both Pre-Hispanic and Spanish Colonial archaeological sites many of which are cultural properties inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage list. The trip fee is $3,475.00 and is subject to change depending on Special visits focusing on pre-Hispanic art and architecture include: Yohualinchan, currency exchange fluctuations and fuel charges. Trip cancellations are an ancient religious center built on four different terraces, with structures similar to subject to penalties. For a specific those in “El Tajín”. Cacaxtla, considered one of the first cities of the Olmec civilization. and in depth day-by-day itinerary as Tula, the probable capital of the ancient Toltec civilization, best known for its fearsome well as important terms and condi- 15-foot-high sculpted stone warrior figures. Teotihuacán, established between 100 BCE tions, please go to www.museum- and 250 CE by an unknown people who built one of the great civilizations of the West- foundation.org/friends-archaeology ern Hemisphere. Museum and Templo Mayor de Tenochtitlán, the excavated site of the or contact Rosa Carlson at 505-310- holiest shrine of the Aztecs, located in the heart of Mexico City (World Heritage Site). 1863 or [email protected] Curator-led tour at the Museo Nacional de Antropología, one of the great museums of the and request more information. Sign world. Cholula, considered the third largest pyramid in the world. up cut-off date is July 15, 2012. A deposit of $500 must be made by Trip participants will also visit Spanish Colonial sites from the 16th to the 19th that date to reserve your place. century which include: the Historic center of Puebla (World Heritage Site), the Historic center of Mexico City (World Heritage Site), Catedral Metropolitana, the largest colonial cathedral in the Americas, Acolman, a 16th-century Augustinian church and monastery and the charming Mexico City neighborhood of Coyoacán. The tour will also visit Cuet- zalan, Tula and Tepotzotlan, a series of towns that offer visitors a special experience due to their natural beauty, cultural riches, or historical relevance. Trips Field Trip - A Look at 1,000 Years of History in the Deming Area September 14-17, 2012

The Friends of Archaeology invite you to come explore Deming’s past and culture with a three-day trip to the region. Participants will have the opportunity to see Native American rock art at Pony Hills, visit a Mimbres ruin near Massacre Peak, explore the Butterfield Trip Rating Overland Stage stop at Cookes Spring, learn about the U.S. war against the Apache at Ft. Moderate. Cummings, and discover the hardships and history of hard-rock mining at Cookes Peak and Lake Valley. Throughout it all, enjoy the beautiful Chihuahuan desert landscape with splen- Participants must be in good did views of Cookes Peak. physical health. We will be on rocky uneven ground for much of the time; The trip begins Friday evening, September 14, with a delicious dinner at Palma’s Italian walking sticks will be helpful. Grill in Deming. Matt Barbour, historic archaeologist with OAS, will give an overview of what will be seen in the next 2 1/2 days including a slide show of recent OAS archaeological The cost per person is $300.00 for FOA members or $320.00 for investigations in the area. non-members. This includes Friday evening dinner with a no-host bar, Saturday morning, September 15, participants will carpool from Deming to the Pony group lunch on Saturday, a box Hills rock art site. There, BLM Archaeologist Tom Holcomb will lead the group as we ex- lunch on Sunday, archaeological plore Jornada style petroglyphs. This rock art site is known for its numerous life-like images guide fees, and a donation to the of local and exotic wildlife, including a parrot, turtles and a rattlesnake. Trip members will Deming-Mimbres-Luna Museum. A then return to Deming for a group lunch at La Fonda Restaurant. Following lunch, partici- $125.00 tax deductible contribution pants will be treated to a tour of the Deming Luna Mimbres Museum, famous for its Mim- to the OAS Research and Education bres pottery collection. Then, we will have the opportunity to sample local wines at Dem- Program is included in the trip fee. ing’s own St. Clair Winery. Dinner is on your own. The trip is limited to 20 participants. On Sunday, September 16, tour participants will spend a full day of exploring prehis- Signup begins on August 1 at 12:05 toric and historic sites on a private Hyatt Family ranch normally off-limits to the public. AM. Please call the FOA Reserva- Participants will be guided by both Matt Barbour and Tom Holcomb as the group traverses tion Hotline, (505) 982-7799, ext. 5, along the eastern foothills of Cookes Peak. Our first stop will be a Classic Period Mimbres to reserve your place. site, dating from ca. AD 975-1150. Next, we will visit “Rock House,” historic homestead of the Hyatt family and initially the headquarters of the adjacent Graphic Mine during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Then participants will visit the nearby Graphic Mine Stage station and farrier’s shop. After a box lunch, participants will visit the remnants of Fort Cummings, the Butterfield Overland Stage stop, and an associated cemetery near Cookes Spring. Built to protect the Butterfield Overland Stage route in 1863, the fort played a key role in U.S. Army war with the Apache in the late nineteenth century. After a full day in the field, participants will return to Deming. Dinner is on your own.

After breakfast and check out on Monday, September 17, participants will caravan to the ghost town of Lake Valley on the way back to Santa Fe. Lake Valley was a silver-mining town which had its heyday ca. AD 1881 to 1893. Dr. Neal Ackerly, archaeologist/historian from Silver City, will guide us on a tour through the abandoned, but still standing, structures as well as some of the nearby reclaimed mines. The trip will end at the conclusion of the Lake Valley tour. Participants will be responsible for their own lodging and transportation to and from Deming. A group rate at the Deming La Quinta Inn of $60.00 plus tax per night, which includes breakfast bar, has been arranged. Trip participants must make their own individual reservations and should tell the clerk that they are with the Friends of Archaeology in order to receive the group rate. We will be carpooling to the sites each day. High clear- ance vehicles are encouraged. No pets. From the Field Friends of Archaeology May | 9 Protohistoric & Early Historic Native American Features in Cookes Range by Donald E. Tatum and Matthew J. Barbour, OAS Staff The OAS recently completed a large archaeological survey on mal hide or brush covering. behalf of the New Mexico Abandoned Mine Land Program in Another, somewhat more elaborately constructed shelter Cookes Range northeast of Deming. Roughly 4,500 acres were was discovered farther east near the upper end of the ridge. surveyed, 30 archaeological sites were recorded, and more than The feature consisted of a stone-walled structure roughly 4.5 2,000 archaeological features were documented. Two feature meters in diameter with an opening on the east side. The walls types found in the survey area were emblematic of mobile were stacked tabular quartzite sandstone slabs. The three walls hunter and gather groups which occupied the area after the col- had collapsed, obscuring the original geometry of the structure, lapse of Mimbres culture (ca. AD 1450): rock-ringed huts and continued on next page burned rock ring middens. Rock-Ringed Huts Center for New Mexico Rock-ringed and slab-ringed huts are described in the historic literature by early Spanish explorers and the U.S. Army. Archaeology Update By Eric Blinman PhD, OAS Director These shelters were often attributed to the Apache and other hunting and gathering groups, such as the Manso, which lived in the Chihuahua and Sonoran Deserts. Often these features are Back in the late 1960s, a high school acquaintance wrote a described as being located on prominent, high-elevation ridge- song titled “Beginnings are a mess” that captured the awk- lines that afford sweeping views of the desert below. wardness of initiating adolescent romance. I could write the sequel, “Endings are a mess,” describing the comple- One of the structures found during the Cookes Range tion of CNMA, but that feeling isn’t any different than Survey was located near a rock-walled hunting blind. The blind the false immediacy of the ups and downs of adolescence. was perched on the edge of an extensive cliff band bordering However, I can’t wait until we are moved and I can view it the northern and western sides of a ridge locally referred to all in the rear view mirror. as Quartzite Rim. A hut was situated approximately 5 meters behind the blind. The structure was represented by a circular After a long hiatus, water is no longer an issue, funding depression 2 meters in diameter and 40 cm deep. The size and is no longer an issue, and we are on the road toward occu- shape of the feature matches similar structures found elsewhere pancy. The complications of the long delay have included in southern New Mexico. subcontractors that have gone out of business, and Lock- wood Construction is rising to the challenge of mobilizing ghost plumbers and mechanical specialists. Despite the frus- trations, there is still a chance that we will have a certificate of occupancy by the end of April, but we are also guaranteed that work on the building will continue into May. What- ever the status, we will have a donor event to celebrate the building, and the MNMF Board of Trustees will hold their meeting at CNMA on May 11. With the permission of the building inspectors we hope to start moving shelving to the new building in late April, but nothing vital hinges on that timing. I have told myself and the staff that our real move is likely in June, and I still believe that today (early April). In preparation for the completion of this saga I’ve been compiling what might be called a history of the effort. The best I can tell, the realization of the need for CNMA dates back to 1984, when the Archaeological Research Collec- tions were moved from the Laboratory of Anthropology to the newly acquired (by the State) old St. Vincent’s Hospital Clark Draw hunting blind (known subsequently as the La Villa Rivera Building). As part of the move, it was discovered that the weight of the The circular depression probably functioned as the floorof this collections was so great that only the basement was suit- expedient shelter. Jose Cortès y de Olarte (1799), a lieutenant able for collections storage. Basement space was limited, in the Royal Corps of Engineers, described “rock ringed huts” and the handwriting was on the wall … someday more with flat or slightly depressed floors, often devoid of rocks space would be needed, space actually designed for collec- unless severely eroded or having bedrock or boulders exposed tion care. The rest of the story will be history, soon …  from beneath. These shelters had a superstructure with an ani- From the Field Archaeological Investigations into the Braverman Property by Matthew J. Barbour, Isaiah T. Coan, and Mary Y. Weahkee

On April 12, 2012, OAS archaeologists were called to the resi- This size cannon saw action throughout the American Revolu- dence of award winning author, Kate Braverman. Recently, land- tion and the War of 1812. The U.S. Army was in the process of scapers working in her yard had uncovered a small rock alignment phasing out the eighteen-pounder when the American Civil War and a large iron ball. Interested in the implications of finding these began. Based on limited archival research, it is unclear how many items on her property, Ms. Braverman contacted the Museum of eighteen-pounder cannons were present in the American West and New Mexico. where they were located. The only mention of eighteen-pounder Research in the New Mexico archaeological site files indi- cannon balls being encountered in the archaeological record was cated that her property lay near a previously recorded but unnamed on the prairie of Palo Alto, a Mexican American War battlefield site American Territorial Period (AD 1846-1912) archaeological site near Brownsville, Texas (Haecker 1994). The association of the but that nothing was previously known about her property. Hence, artillery piece with the Mexican American War and its presence in the findings on the Braverman Estate represent a newly discovered Santa Fe could suggest that the Braverman cannon ball is associ- archaeological site. ated with the Mormon Battalion. Based upon the 1846 Gilmer Map of Santa Fe, the Mormon Battalion was known to have camped The rock alignment was found near Braverman’s driveway. south of the Santa Fe River, near the Braverman Estate in 1846. It consisted of large fire-cracked granite cobbles arranged in a roughly circular pattern, 1.2 m north-south, 1 m east-west and 20 Ultimately, more research will be necessary to link the cannon to 30 cm deep. Inside, the circle was the charcoal-rich sediment ball with a particular military unit or period of time. Alternatively, indicative of a hearth. Clear and brown mold-blown bottle glass the ball may have been collected as a curio somewhere in the east fragments found both inside and around the feature suggest use and brought to Santa Fe at some later time. However, the pres- during the nineteenth or early twentieth century. ence of the hearth and the cannon ball on the Braverman property illustrate the potential for encountering interesting archaeological The iron ball was found nearby in the Braverman rose garden. deposits throughout the Santa Fe area. You never know what you The cast-iron ball measured roughly 13 cm in diameter and could might find in your own backyard!  be positively identified as an eighteen-pounder solid shot cannon ball. The presence of the eighteen-pounder cannon ball is a References : bit perplexing. Historical accounts of the artillery at Fort Marcy list 2 twenty-four pounder howitzers, 4 nine-pounder cannon, 2 Gibson, George Rutledge twelve-pounder howitzers, 11 four-pounder howitzers [and] 2 four- 1935 Journal of a Soldier under Kearny and Doniphan, 1846–1847. In Marching with the Army of the West, edited by Ralph P. Beiber. Arthur H. Clark Company, Glendale, California. Haecker, Charles M. 1994 A Thunder of Cannon: Archaeology of the Mexican-American War Battlefield of Palo Alto. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Lentz, Stephen C. and Matthew J. Barbour 2011 Settlers and Soldiers: The Historic Component at El Pueblo de Santa Fe (LA 1051). Archaeology Notes 410. Office of Archaeological Studies, Museum of New Mexico, Santa Fe.

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Eighteen-pounder cannon ball with 30 cm scale which was roughly square or circular. The interior floor space was from two to three meters in diameter, was flatter than the pounder cannon” (Gibson 1935:265; Lentz and Barbour 2011:408). ground surface outside the walls, and appeared to have been Lighter weight artillery, such as the twelve-pound mountain cleared of rocky detritus during construction. Four flaked stone howitzer, was preferred in the American West because it could be choppers (two made of basalt and two made of chert) were disassembled and packed on mules. These lighter weight pieces discovered immediately outside of the structure. were utilized by soldiers stationed at Fort Marcy and elsewhere in numerous engagements with Native American tribes and for put- This shelter resembles a variation on the slab-ringed hut ting down the Taos Revolt of 1847. described by Deni Seymour (2004), in which stacked cobbles, The eighteen-pounder was large enough to be considered a boulders, and slabs circle the perimeter, defining its border. “garrison” or siege gun. However, the cannon’s relatively light- continued on next page weight for a siege weapon made it a fairly dubious artillery piece. Friends of Archaeology May | 11

COOKES RANGE continued from previous page Office of Archaeological Studies The Office of Archaeological Studies (OAS) The entry is indicated by an opening in the wall and the floor space was the first museum program of its kind in the is a flat or slightly depressed clearing. The superstructure of these United States. Its staff conducts international dwellings consisted of a circular brush frame covered with hides field and laboratory research, offers which may have been weighted by the peripheral slabs, boulders, educational opportunities for school groups and cobbles. Considering the construction techniques, relatively and civic organizations and works to preserve, small size of the structure, and its inconspicuous location at the very protect and interpret New Mexico’s prehistoric edge of Quartzite Rim, a Protohistoric Native American - probably and historic sites. Apache - origin seems likely. If you would like to know more about OAS, Burned Rock Ring Middens please see our Weblink: The term “ring midden” or “midden circle” refers to a ring-shaped www.nmarchaeology.org burned rock deposit surrounding a roasting pit. These features are formed during the process of roasting hearts of mescal or sotol Friends of Archaeology plants, which involves digging a large pit, preparing a fire, placing the hearts in the coals, and covering them with rocks. After roasting The Friends of Archaeology is a support for several hours, the rocks are removed and cast away in a circu- group of the Museum of New Mexico lar arrangement around the pit. Over time, the process results in a Foundation for the Museum of New Mexico, large, heaping donut-shaped arrangement of burned rock surround- Office of Archaeological Studies. ing a depression representing the location of the central roasting pit. Mission Statement The use of roasting features resulting in the development of burned rock middens, including midden circles, has been ethnographically The mission of the Friends of Archaeology is and archaeologically associated with the Apache and other groups, to support the Office of Archaeological Studies including the Mescalero and Chiricahua, many of which continue the in the achievement of its archaeological practice into the present day. services mandate from the state of New Mexico by participation in and funding of One such very large midden circle was associated with the slab- research and education. ringed structure discussed above. This particular ring midden was unusual in that it consisted of two adjacent ring middens that merged Friends of Archaeology Board into one large burned rock feature, known as a compound ring midden. Over time, the discard stones from the two features merge together, creating an irregular rectangular or oblong perimeter. The Officers compound burned rock discard pile measured 11.5 m north-south by 9 m east-west. Two depressions in the discard pile indicate the central hearths of the middens in which the cooking took place. The Chair: Ann Noble smaller, shallower, higher depression in the south side of the mid- Treasurer: John Karon den represents the older, abandoned roasting area from which the Secretary: Tim Maxwell thermally depleted stones were no longer discarded as the newest midden circle began to build and superimpose. Board Members Dick Huelster The presence of both the rock-ringed structures and ring mid- Sid Barteau den features on Quartzite Rim and elsewhere with the Cookes Range Joyce Blalock suggest a substantial Native American presence during the proto- Jennifer Kilbourn historic and early historic time periods (ca. AD 1450-1800). Several Kathleen McRee tribes, including the White Mountain and Fort Sill Apache, claim to Pamela Misener have once lived and hunted in the Cookes Range area. Examination Bob Mizerak of these features represents a first step towards locating possible an- Linda Mowbray cestral sites associated with these two groups and understanding the Dick Schmeal types of activities these groups engaged in while living in the area. Mary Anne Sanborn Cookes Range Survey reporting is currently ongoing.  Eric Blinman (OAS Director) NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATION U.S. POSTAGE P.O. Box 2065 PAID SANTA FE, NM Santa Fe, NM 87504-2065 PERMIT NO. 45

FOA NEEDS VOLUNTEERS 2012 to work our two Reservation Hotlines. These Hotlines and the volunteers who answer them are essential for FOA trips and other event reservations. Checking recorded mes- sages and responding to them by returning calls is a relatively painless task that you as a Hotline volunteer can do from your own home on your own schedule. Please contact Jennifer Kilbourn at jennifer_kilbourn@ yahoo.com. Photo: Cookes Spring House