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Research Article Zircon (U-Th)/He Thermochronologic Constraints on the Long-Term Thermal Evolution of Southern New Mexico and Western Texas

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Research Article Zircon (U-Th)/He Thermochronologic Constraints on the Long-Term Thermal Evolution of Southern New Mexico and Western Texas GeoScienceWorld Lithosphere Volume 2020, Article ID 8881315, 25 pages https://doi.org/10.2113/2020/8881315 Research Article Zircon (U-Th)/He Thermochronologic Constraints on the Long-Term Thermal Evolution of Southern New Mexico and Western Texas 1 1 1 2 Nathan Z. Reade, Julian M. Biddle, Jason W. Ricketts , and Jeffrey M. Amato 1Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Ave., El Paso, Texas 79968, USA 2Department of Geological Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, USA Correspondence should be addressed to Jason W. Ricketts; [email protected] Received 20 November 2019; Revised 20 February 2020; Accepted 2 July 2020; Published 1 September 2020 Academic Editor: Sarah Roeske Copyright © 2020 Nathan Z. Reade et al. Exclusive Licensee GeoScienceWorld. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0). Zircon (U-Th)/He (ZHe) dates are presented from eight samples (n = 55) collected from three ranges including the Carrizo and Franklin Mountains in western Texas and the Cookes Range in southern New Mexico. ZHe dates from Proterozoic crystalline rocks range from 6 to 731 Ma in the Carrizo Mountains, 19 to 401 Ma in the Franklin Mountains, and 63 to 446 Ma in the Cookes Range, and there is a negative correlation with eU values. These locations have experienced a complex tectonic history involving multiple periods of uplift and reburial, and we use a combination of forward and inverse modeling approaches to constrain plausible thermal histories. Our final inverse models span hundreds of millions of years and multiple tectonic events and lead to the following conclusions: (1) Proterozoic exhumation occurred from 800 to 500 Ma, coinciding with the break-up of Rodinia; (2) elevated temperatures at approximately 100 Ma occurred during final development of the Bisbee basin and are a likely result of elevated heat flow in the upper crust during continental rifting; (3) a pulse of cooling associated with Laramide shortening is observed from 70 to 45 Ma in the Cooks Range and 80 to 50 Ma in the Franklin Mountains, whereas the Carrizo Mountains were largely unaffected by this event; and (4) final cooling to near-surface temperatures began 30–25 Ma at all three locations and was likely a result of Rio Grande rift extension. These data help to bridge the gap between higher and lower temperature isotopic systems to constrain complex thermal histories in tectonically mature regions. 1. Introduction respectively [3, 4]. Multidiffusion domain (MDD) analysis of K-feldspar using the 40Ar/39Ar system [5] could fill in Thermochronology is a powerful tool to constrain the ages the temperature gap between biotite 40Ar/39Ar and apatite and durations of past geologic events because exhumation (U-Th)/He, although it has been shown to be problematic leads to cooling, the timing of which is recorded by different in some instances (e.g., [6–8]), whereas MDD analysis of isotopic systems. Cooling ages are interpreted in context of muscovite shows promise [9, 10]. Zircon fission-track, sensi- closure temperatures of different minerals (e.g., [1]) in which tive to temperatures of ~270–210°C [11], is a widely used diffusion of radiogenic daughter isotopes slows significantly thermochronometer to partially fill this temperature range, below a known temperature range. However, there can be a although there can still be a gap in the thermochronologic gap in the dates obtained from high-temperature thermo- history between 40Ar/39Ar methods and apatite (U-Th)/He chronologic systems such as titanite U-Pb, hornblende because of variations in closure temperature related to 40Ar/39Ar, and mica 40Ar/39Ar, which record the timing of cooling rate. cooling from ~600 to 300°C [2], versus low-temperature sys- Limitations in deciphering thermochronologic histories tems such as apatite fission-track and (U-Th)/He, which related to this gap may be overcome by the work of record the timing of cooling below 120–60°C and 90–30°C, Guenthner et al. [12], who describe a helium diffusion Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/lithosphere/article-pdf/doi/10.2113/2020/8881315/5293569/8881315.pdf by guest on 03 October 2021 2 Lithosphere model that incorporates an important relationship between New Mexico and the Franklin Mountains and Carrizo zircon (U-Th)/He (ZHe) dates and radiation damage accu- Mountains of west Texas (Figure 1). ZHe dates for each sam- mulation and annealing in zircon crystals. This relation- ple have significant intrasample ZHe date variability which ship is typically expressed by intrasample ZHe dates that we use to produce a series of forward and inverse thermal his- sometimes span hundreds of millions of years. For grains tory models. We also present ZHe data from several detrital that have experienced identical thermal histories, differ- samples and discuss the ways in which these data compli- ences in ZHe dates are governed by differences in the ment ZHe dates from crystalline samples. Our new thermal effective uranium (eU = U +0:235Th) that are reflected as history models capture multiple pulses of cooling and reheat- either positive or negative ZHe date-eU relationships. ing that can be directly tied to known geologic events and These relationships result from differences in the ability provide an important link between disparate higher- of each grain to retain helium that are dependent on eU temperature 40Ar/39Ar cooling ages and lower-temperature values. Positive and negative ZHe date-eU trends are the apatite fission-track and (U-Th)/He datasets. Finally, we cumulative result of the overall thermal history and the evaluate the use of both inverse and forward models to com- effects of radiation damage on helium diffusion, and these pare the long-term thermal history of rocks in this region and allow for continuous thermal histories to be reconstructed. determine an improved application of the ZHe thermochro- Helium diffusion models in zircon suggest a temperature nology method. sensitivity window ranging from approximately 210 to 50°C [12, 13], which partially overlaps with zircon 2. Key Tectonic Events of the Region fission-track and K-feldspar 40Ar/39Ar data at the higher range and with apatite fission-track and (U-Th)/He tech- From 1.8–1.6 Ga, Paleoproterozoic growth of southwest niques at the lower end. The large ZHe temperature sensitiv- Laurentia occurred by progressive accretion of arc terranes, ity window makes it possible to constrain more complete and including the Yavapai and Mazatzal Provinces [29–31], continuous thermal histories, offering an opportunity to where final assembly of the supercontinent Rodinia occurred bridge the gap between higher and lower temperature during Grenville tectonism in the late Mesoproterozoic methods. Previous studies have relied on this intrasample (Figure 1) [32]. The Grenville orogeny in southwestern spread in ZHe dates to investigate a wide range of geologic Laurentia records arc accretion and continent-continent col- processes, such as the Proterozoic thermal history of rocks lision between 1350 and 980 Ma [33]. Some of the Grenville (e.g., [14]), timing of Laramide exhumation [15], and devel- orogenic foreland is exposed in western Texas in the Carrizo opment of the South American passive margin [16]. How- Mountains [33, 34]. The ca. 1380–1327 Ma Carrizo Moun- ever, additional studies are needed to further assess the tain Group (Figure 1(b)), composed of immature clastic efficacy of this method. rocks, within-plate rhyolitic volcanic rocks, and minor car- Proterozoic crystalline rocks of southwestern North bonates, likely records rifting of continental crust within a America have experienced a complex tectonic history that back-arc basin during overall convergence [35–37]. The spans over a billion years (e.g., [17]). In southwestern New Franklin Mountains (Figure 1(b)) record continued sedimen- Mexico and western Texas, this history includes, but is not tation within this back-arc basin from ca. 1260–1240 Ma [36] limited to, Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic assembly until continent-continent collision ca. 1150–1120 Ma [36]. and break-up of the supercontinent Rodinia, Pennsylvanian- North of the Grenville deformation front (Figure 1), magma- Permian Ancestral Rocky Mountain deformation, widespread tism in the Franklin Mountains is represented by ~1.1 Ga plu- Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentation, latest Cretaceous- tonic and volcanic rocks, including the Red Bluff granite Eocene Laramide compression, and culminating with which was targeted in this study for ZHe dating [38, 39]. Pet- Neogene extension related to development of the Rio Grande rological and geochemical studies classify the Red Bluff gran- rift (e.g., [18–22]). ite as a within-plate, A-type granite and support a model 40Ar/39Ar cooling ages from Proterozoic crystalline rocks where these rocks were emplaced within a more regional in New Mexico typically range from approximately 1600 to strain field dominated by NW-SE shortening and orthogonal 1000 Ma and reflect thermal pulses during intracontinental NE-SW extension related to Grenville convergence [39, 40]. tectonism and plutonism (e.g., [23, 24]). However, apatite Final shortening along the southern margin of Laurentia fission-track and (U-Th)/He studies from the same region occurred between ~1035 and 980 Ma [33, 41]. in New Mexico yield dates that are typically younger than Models for the breakup of Rodinia suggest diachronous about 100 Ma, reflective of cooling during exhumation asso- disassembly with early rifting occurring between 780 and ciated with the Laramide orogeny and Rio Grande rift exten- 680 Ma, followed by the main rifting phase between 620 sion [25–28]. These two disparate datasets each provide brief and 550 Ma [18, 21, 42, 43]. Supercontinent breakup may snapshots into a more complex thermal history, but a contin- have also been accompanied by a major pulse of denudation uous thermal record remains lacking, particularly in the recorded in ZHe datasets [14].
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