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HYDROGEOLOGIC FRAMEWORK and PRELIMINARY SIMULATION of GROUND-WATER FLOW in the MIMBRES BASIN, SOUTHWESTERN NEW MEXICO by R.T

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HYDROGEOLOGIC FRAMEWORK and PRELIMINARY SIMULATION of GROUND-WATER FLOW in the MIMBRES BASIN, SOUTHWESTERN NEW MEXICO by R.T HYDROGEOLOGIC FRAMEWORK AND PRELIMINARY SIMULATION OF GROUND-WATER FLOW IN THE MIMBRES BASIN, SOUTHWESTERN NEW MEXICO By R.T. Hanson, J.S. McLean, and R.S. Miller__________________ U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4011 Prepared in cooperation with the NEW MEXICO STATE ENGINEER OFFICE Albuquerque, New Mexico 1994 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Gordon P. Eaton, Director For additional information Copies of this report can write to: be purchased from: U.S. Geological Survey District Chief Earth Science Information Center U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Reports Section Water Resources Division Box 25286, MS 517 4501 Indian School Rd. NE, Suite 200 Denver Federal Center Albuquerque, New Mexico 87110 Denver, Colorado 80225 CONTENTS Page Abstract.................................................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction...................................................~ 2 Purpose and scope...................................................................................................................... 2 Location and physiographic setting......................................................................................... 2 CHmate.....................................................^ 4 Well- and spring-numbering system........................................................................................ 6 Acknowledgments...................................................................................................................... 6 Structural setting................................................................................................................................... 6 Structures of the Colorado Plateau........................................................................................... 9 Structures of the Basin and Range Province........................................................................... 9 Structures of the Rio Grande Rift............................................................................................. 10 Water use................................................................................................................................................ 11 Surface water......................................................................................................................................... 16 Ground water........................................................................................................................................ 21 Occurrence in geologic units..................................................................................................... 21 Cenozoic rocks................................................................................................................... 21 Quaternary and upper Tertiary............................................................................. 21 Middle and lower Tertiary..................................................................................... 24 Mesozoic rocks................................................................................................................... 25 Paleozoic rocks.................................................................................................................. 26 Permian..................................................................................................................... 26 Pennsylvanian, Mississippian, and Devonian.................................................... 26 Silurian, Ordovician, and Cambrian..................................................................... 27 Precambrian rocks............................................................................................................. 28 Hydraulic properties of the bolson-fill aquifer....................................................................... 28 Transmissivity.................................................................................................................... 28 Horizontal hydraulic conductivity..........................................................................'....... 34 Storage coefficient............................................................................................................. 37 Recharge....................................................................................................................................... 37 Mountain-front runoff...................................................................................................... 41 Infiltration from streams and springs............................................................................ 42 Underflow.......................................................................................................................... 43 Movement.................................................................................................................................... 43 Discharge...................................................................................................................................... 45 111 CONTENTS-Concluded Page Ground water - Concluded Discharge - Concluded Evapotranspiration........................................................................................................... 46 Playas and lakes....................................................................................................... 46 Vegetation................................................................................................................. 46 Underflow.......................................................................................................................... 48 Water-level fluctuations............................................................................................................. 48 Ground-water quality................................................................................................................. 50 Simulation of ground-water flow in the bolson-fill aquifer........................................................... 57 Conceptual model....................................................................................................................... 57 Model construction..................................................................................................................... 59 Computer code.................................................................................................................. 59 Finite-difference grid........................................................................................................ 60 Boundary conditions........................................................................................................ 60 Constant-flow boundaries...................................................................................... 60 Constant-head boundaries..................................................................................... 63 Head-dependent flow boundaries........................................................................ 63 Aquifer thickness.............................................................................................................. 63 Steady-state simulation.............................................................................................................. 63 Calibration.......................................................................................................................... 64 Calibration criteria and methods.......................................................................... 64 Calibration results................................................................................................... 64 Sensitivity analysis............................................................................................................ 71 Limitations of the model.................................................................................................. 73 Transient simulation................................................................................................................... 74 Ground-water withdrawals............................................................................................. 74 Calibration.......................................................................................................................... 75 Calibration criteria and methods.......................................................................... 75 Calibration results................................................................................................... 76 Sensitivity analysis............................................................................................................ 84 Limitations of the model.................................................................................................. 84 Summary and conclusions.................................................................................................................. 87 References............................................................................................................................................^ 90 iv PLATES [Plates are in pocket] 1. Geologic map and sections of the Mimbres Basin, southwestern New Mexico 2. Predevelopment water-level contour map of the bolson-fill aquifer, Mimbres Basin, southwestern New Mexico FIGURES Page 1. Map showing location of the study area in the Mimbres Basin........................................... 3 2. Map showing average annual precipitation
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